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An intransitive verb is a type of verb that does not require an object to complete its meaning in a sentence. Instead, it expresses an action, state, or occurrence that doesn't transfer action to an object.

Eg: She sleeps on the bed.

She - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as a Subject (S)

sleeps - Verb (V) functioning as a Predicator (pr)

on the bed - Prepositional Phrase (PP) functioning as an Adverbial (A)

How to check

Try deleting the object or complement from the sentence and end the sentence at the verb. If it still make sense, then it mean it can stand on its own and is an intransitive verb.

E.g: She sleeps.

It still makes sense.

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A transitive verb is a type of verb that requires a direct object to complete its meaning in a sentence. These verbs transfer action from the subject of the sentence to the direct object, indicating who or what receives the action.

E.g: She eats an apple

She - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as a Subject (S)

eats - Verb (V) functioning as a Predicator (pr)

an apple - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as a Direct Object (dO)

How to check

Same as Intransitive verb, try deleting the object in the sentence. If it doesn't make any sense then it is a transitive verb because it cannot stand on its own.

E.g: She eats. (?)

She eats what? The sentence feel unfinished.

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Here you can assess all the examples of the tree diagrams involving verb groups.

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Modal verbs are a specific group of auxiliary verbs that express various modes of possibility, necessity, ability, permission, or obligation within a sentence. They function alongside the main verb to modify its meaning or add additional information about the action or state.

Modal verbs:

1. Can

2. Could

3. May

4. Might

5. Must

6. Shall

7. Should

8. Will

9. Would

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Ditransitive verbs can take both a direct object and an indirect object without requiring a preposition. They directly transfer the action to the direct object and indirectly to the recipient of the action.

Eg: She gave him a gift.

Gave - Verb functioning as a Predicator (pr)

him - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as an Indirect Object (iO)

a gift- Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as a Direct Object (dO)

How to check

You need to make sure that there are two objects in the sentence. One is an indirect object and the other is direct object.

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Complex-transitive verbs take a direct object and an object complement. They require both a direct object and an additional element that describes or renames the direct object.

Eg: They elected him president.

They - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as a Subject (S)

elected - Verb functioning as a Predicator (pr)

him - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as a Direct Object (dO)

president - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as an Object Complement (oC)

How to check

There must be a direct object accompanied by an object complement. The sentence does not make any sense if you just stop at the object.

E.g: They elected him. (?)

They elected him as what? You need to put something to complete the sentence.

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Lesson 10   Complex Transitive Verbs - SimpleStep Learning

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Intensive verbs, also known as copular verbs or linking verbs, connect the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, often describing a state or condition.

Eg: She is happy

She - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as a Subject (S)

is - Verb functioning as a Predicator (pr)

happy - Adjective Phrase (AdjP) functioning as a Subject Complement (sC)

How to check

Try replacing the verb with an equal sign.

E.g: She = Happy

It's showing that the subject is equal to happy. If you can put an equal sign in the sentence and it still make sense then it is an intensive verb.

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These verbs are followed by a preposition and an object. The meaning of the verb is often altered by the preposition.

Eg: She relies on her friend

She - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as a Subject (S)

relies - Verb functioning as a Predicator (pr)

on her friend - Prepositional Phrase (PP) functioning as Prepositional Object (pO)

How to check

Ask a question in this format : (Wh- question + Aux + Subject + Verb + preposition ?)

E.g: Who does she rely on?

Answer: She relies on her friend.

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Prepositional Verbs, Verbs + Preposition - Learn English with Julia

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IMPORTANT TERMS OF FORMS YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!

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IMPORTANT TERMS OF FORMS YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!

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The big one:

1. S - sentence

2. NP - Noun Phrase

3. VP - Verb Phrase

4. PP - Prepositional Phrase

5. AdjP - Adjective Phrase

6. AdvP - Adverb Phrase

7. N' - N Bar

The small one:

8. N - Noun

9. V - Verb

10. Vgp - Verb group

11. Adj - Adjective

12. Adv - Adverb

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Phrasal verbs consist of a main verb combined with one or more particles (usually prepositions or adverbs). The meaning of the verb often changes or becomes idiomatic with the addition of the particle(s).

E.g: She takes off her coat

She - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as a Subject (S)

takes off - Verb functioning as a Predicator (pr)

her coat - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as a Direct Object (dO)

How to check

Put the dO in between the verb. If it makes sense then it is a Phrasal Verb. If not, then it might be a prepositional or phrasal-prep verb.

E.g: She takes her coat off

Original: She takes off her coat

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50+ COMMON ENGLISH PHRASAL VERBS (with workbook!)

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Phrasal-prepositional verbs are similar to phrasal verbs but include both a particle and a preposition. The combination of the main verb, particle, and preposition creates a distinct meaning.

Eg: She looks forward to meeting her

She - Noun Phrase (NP) functioning as a Subject (S)

looks forward - Verb (V) functioning as a Predicator (pr)

to meeting her - Prepositional Phrase (PP) functioning as a Prepositional Object (pO)

How to check

As mentioned before, if you cannot put the object in between the verb then it is most likely a phrasal prepositional verb.

To confirm it, you need to ask a question in this order : (Wh- questions + Aux + Subject + verb + preposition)

E.g: What does she look forward to?

Answer: She looks forward to meeting her.

*How to differentiate if it is Phrasal-Prep or Prepositional verb?

Easy peasy, lemon squeezy! In a phrasal-prep sentence you will notice there are more than one preposition!

Let's see... a prepositional verb sentence would be:

She was sitting on the floor.

One preposition comes right after the verb sitting.

While a phrasal-prep verb sentence would be:

She was looking forward to swim.

There are two prepositions here. "Forward" is attached to the verb "looking" while "to" is attached to the verb "swim".

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IMPORTANT TERMS OF FUNCTION YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!

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IMPORTANT TERMS OF FUNCTION YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!

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1. Subject (S)

2. Predicate (pe)

3. Predicator (pr)

Adverbial

4. Adverbial (A)

Objects

5. Direct Object (dO)

6. Indirect Object (iO)

7. Prepositional Object (pO)

Complements

8. Subject complements (sC)

9. Object Complements (oC)

10. Prepositional Complements (pC) *not that important

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Tense is a grammatical term used to indicate the time when an action, event, or state described by a verb occurs. It is one of the fundamental elements in English and many other languages that helps establish when something happens or happened in relation to the present and past.

Tenses used in tree diagram:

present

past

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In linguistic terms, a "perfect tense" usually refers to a verb form that indicates completed actions or states. The perfect aspect of a verb is used to convey that an action has been completed or has occurred before a specific point in time.

Perfect tenses in tree diagram

1. Have (present perfect)

2. Has (present perfect)

3. Had (past perfect)

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A progressive verb, also known as a continuous verb or progressive tense, indicates an ongoing action, event, or state that is in progress at a particular point in time. Progressive verbs emphasize the duration or continuous nature of an action.

Common progressive verb:

1. Acting: He is acting in the school play.

2. Eating: She is eating lunch right now.

3. Running: They are running in the park.

4. Reading: She is reading a book.

5. Writing: He is writing an essay.

6. Singing: They are singing a song together.

7. Dancing: She is dancing in the competition.

8. Sleeping: He is sleeping in his room.

9. Playing: They are playing football.

10. Talking: She is talking on the phone.