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which cambridge english exam should i take

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Beverly Hills of Dubai – level 3 - News in Levels

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20-12-2023 07:00 In Emirates Hills, dubbed the Beverly Hills of Dubai, wealthy Indians are now outpacing China’s affluent in contributing to global wealth

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19-12-2023 07:00

European Union leaders agreed to initiate accession talks with Ukraine and Moldova, granting formal candidate status to Georgia.

Ukraine, a candidate since 2022, has a history of EU relations dating back 30 years, marked by the Orange Revolution and the 2014 Maidan Revolution. Moldova, a candidate since 2022, had to address issues like judiciary reform and anti-corruption measures to start accession talks. Turkey, a candidate since 1999, faces a freeze on accession talks due to human rights concerns. Other Western Balkan nations, like North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, have different stages of negotiations.

EU leaders also recognized Kosovo's EU perspective in 2022, although not all member states recognize its independence.

Difficult words: accession (the act of formally joining a group), judiciary (the system of courts in a country).

You can watch the video news lower on this page.

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EU candidate countries - level 3 - News in Levels

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19-12-2023 07:00 European Union leaders agreed to initiate accession talks with Ukraine and Moldova, granting formal candidate status to Georgia. Ukraine,

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Use our large set of English quizzes, grammar exercises and worksheets to improve your grammar and learn vocabulary. These are practical online exercises for learners designed to help you learn the English language. Teachers and instructors can use these in lessons as printable worksheets and answer sheets are provided. These free language quizzes cover grammar, usage and vocabulary for beginner, intermediate and advanced level English students.

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English Quizzes: Grammar Exercises & Worksheets - UsingEnglish.com

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Use our large set of English quizzes, grammar exercises and worksheets to improve your grammar and learn vocabulary. These are practical online exercises for learners designed to help you learn the English language. Teachers and instructors can use these in lessons as printable worksheets and answer sheets are provided.

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Use our large set of English quizzes, grammar exercises and worksheets to improve your grammar and learn vocabulary. These are practical online exercises for learners designed to help you learn the English language. Teachers and instructors can use these in lessons as printable worksheets and answer sheets are provided. These free language quizzes cover grammar, usage and vocabulary for beginner, intermediate and advanced level English students.

Teacher Note: Our teacher handouts have now been merged with our online quizzes. Simply navigate to the desired quiz and then click on printable worksheet.

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English Quizzes: Grammar Exercises & Worksheets - UsingEnglish.com

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Use our large set of English quizzes, grammar exercises and worksheets to improve your grammar and learn vocabulary. These are practical online exercises for learners designed to help you learn the English language. Teachers and instructors can use these in lessons as printable worksheets and answer sheets are provided.

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Use our large set of English quizzes, grammar exercises and worksheets to improve your grammar and learn vocabulary. These are practical online exercises for learners designed to help you learn the English language. Teachers and instructors can use these in lessons as printable worksheets and answer sheets are provided. These free language quizzes cover grammar, usage and vocabulary for beginner, intermediate and advanced level English students.

Teacher Note: Our teacher handouts have now been merged with our online quizzes. Simply navigate to the desired quiz and then click on printable worksheet.

Browse Exercise Categories

Here we provide access to 305 exercises and quizzes which have been divided into 37 grammar-themed categories. Click a category below to browse related quizzes.

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English Quizzes: Grammar Exercises & Worksheets - UsingEnglish.com

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Use our large set of English quizzes, grammar exercises and worksheets to improve your grammar and learn vocabulary. These are practical online exercises for learners designed to help you learn the English language. Teachers and instructors can use these in lessons as printable worksheets and answer sheets are provided.

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The planning and conduct of war in 1914 were crucially influenced by the invention of new weapons and the improvement of existing types since the Franco-German War of 1870-71. The chief developments of the intervening period had been the machine gun and the rapid-fire field artillery gun. The modern machine gun, which had been developed in the 1880s and '90s, was a reliable belt-fed gun capable of sustained rates of extremely rapid fire; it could fire 600 bullets per minute with a range of more than 1,000 yards (900 metres). In the realm of field artillery, the period leading up to the war saw the introduction of improved breech-loading mechanisms and brakes. Without a brake or recoil mechanism, a gun lurched out of position during firing and had to be re-aimed after each round. The new improvements were epitomized in the French 75-millimetre field gun; it remained motionless during firing, and it was not necessary to readjust the aim in order to bring sustained fire on a target.

See how No Man's Land between World War I trenches led to the use of chemical weapons, tanks, and warplanes

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. See all videos for this article

Machine guns and rapid-firing artillery, when used in combination with trenches and barbed-wire emplacements, gave a decided advantage to the defense, since these weapons' rapid and sustained firepower could decimate a frontal assault by either infantry or cavalry.

There was a considerable disparity in 1914 between the deadly effectiveness of modern armaments and the doctrinal teachings of some armies. The South African War and the Russo-Japanese War had revealed the futility of frontal infantry or cavalry attacks on prepared positions when unaccompanied by surprise, but few military leaders foresaw that the machine gun and the rapid-firing field gun would force armies into trenches in order to survive. Instead, war was looked upon by many leaders in 1914 as a contest of national wills, spirit, and courage. A prime example of this attitude was the French army, which was dominated by the doctrine of the offensive. French military doctrine called for headlong bayonet charges of French infantrymen against the German rifles, machine guns, and artillery. German military thinking, under the influence of Alfred, Graf von Schlieffen, sought, unlike the French, to avoid frontal assaults but rather to achieve an early decision by deep flanking attacks; and at the same time to make use of reserve divisions alongside regular formations from the outset of war. The Germans paid greater attention to training their officers in defensive tactics using machine guns, barbed wire, and fortifications.

The initial stages of the war

Initial strategies

Years before 1914, successive chiefs of the German general staff had been foreseeing Germany's having to fight a war on two fronts at the same time, against Russia in the east and France in the west, whose combined strength was numerically superior to the Central Powers'. The elder Helmuth von Moltke, chief of the German general staff from 1858 to 1888, decided that Germany should stay at first on the defensive in the west and deal a crippling blow to Russia's advanced forces before turning to counterattack the French advance. His immediate successor, Alfred von Waldersee, also believed in staying on the defensive in the west. Alfred, Graf von Schlieffen, who served as chief of the German general staff from 1891 to 1905, took a contrary view, and it was the plan he developed that was to guide Germany's initial wartime strategy. Schlieffen realized that on the outbreak of war Russia would need six full weeks to mobilize and assemble its vast armies, given the immense Russian countryside and population, the sparsity of the rail network, and the inefficiency of the government bureaucracy. Taking advantage of this fact, Schlieffen planned to initially adopt a purely defensive posture on the Eastern Front with a minimal number of troops facing Russia's slowly gathering armies. Germany would instead concentrate almost all of its troops in the west against France and would seek to bypass France's frontier fortifications by an offensive through neutral Belgium to the north. This offensive would sweep westward and then southward through the heart of northern France, capturing the capital and knocking that country out of the war within a few weeks. Having gained security in the west, Germany would then shift its troops to the east and destroy the Russian menace with a similar concentration of forces.

By the time of his retirement in 1905, Schlieffen had elaborated a plan for a great wheeling movement of the right (northern) wing of the German armies not only through central Belgium but also, in order to bypass the Belgian fortresses of Liège and Namur in the Meuse valley, through the southernmost part of the Netherlands. With their right wing entering France near Lille, the Germans would continue to wheel westward until they were near the English Channel; they would then turn southward so as to sever the French armies' line of retreat from France's eastern frontier to the south; and the outermost arc of the wheel would sweep southward west of Paris, in order to avoid exposing the German right flank to a counterstroke launched from the city's outskirts. If the Schlieffen Plan succeeded, Germany's armies would simultaneously encircle the French army from the north, overrun all of northeastern France, and capture Paris, thus forcing France into a humiliating surrender. The large wheeling movement that the plan envisaged required correspondingly large forces for its execution, in view of the need to keep up the numerical strength of the long-stretched marching line and the need to leave adequate detachments on guard over the Belgian fortresses that had been bypassed. Accordingly, Schlieffen allocated nearly seven-eighths of Germany's available troop strength to the execution of the wheeling movement by the right and centre wings, leaving only one-eighth to face a possible French offensive on Germany's western frontier. Thus, the maximum of strength was allocated to the wheel's edge-that is, to the right. Schlieffen's plan was observed by the younger Helmuth von Moltke, who became chief of the general staff in 1906. Moltke was still in office when war broke out in 1914.

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World War I - Military technology and initial strategies

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The modern machine gun and the rapid-fire field artillery gun changed how warfare was conducted, and existing military plans did not always reflect this fact. Initially Germany followed the Schlieffen Plan, which called for a defensive posture on the Eastern Front and launching a massive offensive attack on France.

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10 Body Language Tips for Presentations by EnglishClub

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Look on body language as a positive, powerful tool to help you in any presentation. 10 simple tips for presentation success.

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English news and easy articles for students of English

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16-11-2022 07:00

In Munich, Germany, the Deutches Museum has put a Cipher Machine 41 or SG-41 on display. It was the successor of the Enigma Machine, and Nazi Germany's military used it in 1941 to encrypt strategic messages during World War II.

Fritz Menzer designed the machine to replace the Enigma machine after Alan Turing and his team cracked Enigma. Thanks to an improved irregular encryption algorithm, SG-41 had significantly more encryption combinations compared to the Enigma. Menzer developed other machines, too, and he also worked on cryptanalysis machines to crack the codes of other countries.

In 2017, an amateur treasure hunter discovered SG-41 in the forest near Ayin. It was badly corroded because the Nazis stored it underground to probably hide.

The Deutches Museum is using 3D visualizations to make the exhibit more accessible and engaging for visitors. Modern technologies make it possible to explore the encryption technologies hidden inside without opening the machine, which would cause irreparable damage.

Difficult words: encrypt (to convert information or data into a code), cryptanalysis (the study of codes of encrypted text to understand how they work), encryption algorithm (a method to transform data into a coded message).

You can watch the video news lower on this page.

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Nazi Germany cipher machine - level 3 - News in Levels

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16-11-2022 07:00 In Munich, Germany, the Deutches Museum has put a Cipher Machine 41 or SG-41 on display. It was the successor of the Enigma Machine, and

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What English people SAY vs What English people MEAN! | Passive Aggressive Business English!

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22 Business English Acronyms & Abbreviations You NEED