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After Teen’s Suicide, a New Jersey Community Grapples With Bullying

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Amid grief and outrage over the death of Adriana Kuch, 14, students have mounted protests, and a schools superintendent has resigned.

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Abstract

Purpose

Social media use (SMU) has become an intrinsic part of adolescent life. Negative consequences of SMU for adolescent health could include exposures to online forms of aggression. We explored age, gender, and cross-national differences in adolescents' engagement in SMU, then relationships between SMU and victimization and the perpetration of cyber-bullying.

Methods

We used data on young people aged 11-15 years (weighted n = 180,919 in 42 countries) who participated in the 2017-2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study to describe engagement in the three types of SMU (intense, problematic, and talking with strangers online) by age and gender and then in the perpetration and victimization of cyber-bullying. Relationships between SMU and cyber-bullying outcomes were estimated using Poisson regression (weighted n = 166,647 from 42 countries).

Results

Variations in SMU and cyber-bullying follow developmental and gender-based patterns across countries. In pooled analyses, engagement in SMU related to cyber-bullying victimization (adjusted relative risks = 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-1.19] to 1.48 [95% CI: 1.42-1.55]) and perpetration (adjusted relative risk = 1.31 [95% CI: 1.26-1.36] to 1.84 [95% CI: 1.74-1.95]). These associations were stronger for cyber-perpetration versus cyber-victimization and for girls versus boys. Problematic SMU was most strongly and consistently associated with cyber-bullying, both for victimization and perpetration. Stratified analyses showed that SMU related to cyber-victimization in 19%-45% of countries and to cyber-perpetration in 38%-86% of countries.

Conclusions

Accessibility to social media and its pervasive use has led to new opportunities for online aggression. The time adolescents spend on social media, engage in problematic use, and talk to strangers online each relate to cyber-bullying and merit public health intervention. Problematic use of social media poses the strongest and most consistent risk.

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Social Media Use and Cyber-Bullying: A Cross-National Analysis of Young People in 42 Countries

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Social media use (SMU) has become an intrinsic part of adolescent life. Negative consequences of SMU for adolescent health could include exposures to online forms of aggression. We explored age, gender, and cross-national differences in adolescents' engagement in SMU, then relationships between SMU and victimization and the perpetration of cyber-bullying.

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Cyberbullying and teenagers - ReachOut Parents

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Learn about what you can do if online behavior gets nasty, and how you can help your teenager.

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With the vast majority of teens spending hours upon hours of time in the online world, teen cyberbullying has become rampant. Social media and other online forums provide ways for teens to bully peers without real-life repercussions. Less online supervision and increased stress among this age group have also contributed to high rates of teenage cyberbullying.

Even without a physical component, cyberbullying has a significant negative impact on teens. It causes distress and can exacerbate symptoms of teen anxiety, teen depression, and teen isolation. Moreover, victims of cyberbullying are four times as likely to engage in suicidal thoughts or attempts.

Key Takeaways

About half of all US teens (ages 13-17) have been bullied or harassed online.

Adolescents who experience cyberbullying experience higher rates of depression, anxiety, loneliness, and suicidal behavior.

Parents can educate their teens and use online safety features to combat cyberbullying.

For teens who have been bullied online, mental health treatment may be necessary.

Both older and younger teens reported being the target of name-calling or rumor spreading. However, older teens were twice as likely than younger teens to have been sent explicit images they didn't ask for, a type of online bullying referred to as cyberflashing. Older teens were also twice as likely to have had someone share explicit images of them without their consent (also known as "revenge porn"). Furthermore, Black teens were about twice as likely as Hispanic or White teens to have been bullied online due to their race or ethnicity.

The Mental Health Effects of Cyberbullying

Online harassment does significant psychological and emotional damage. Research shows that adolescents who experience cyberbullying are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, loneliness, suicidal behavior, and physical symptoms triggered by mental health issues. Moreover, young people who perpetrate cyberbullying have higher rates of substance use, aggression, and delinquent behaviors.

Here are some recent statistics on the mental health impacts of cyberbullying on teens.

Teen cyberbullying victims are four times as likely to engage in self-harming or suicidal behavior vs. those who were not cyberbullied.

In one study, 93 percent of cyberbullying victims reported negative mental health effects, primarily feelings of sadness and hopelessness.

Two-thirds of students who experienced teenage cyberbullying say that it "really affected their ability to learn and feel safe at school."

One-third of all cyberbullying victims experience at least one symptom of stress.

66 percent of female victims have feelings of powerlessness because of cyberbullying.

Both targets and perpetrators of online harassment are more likely to have low self-esteem.

Furthermore, researchers have found that being a victim of cyberbullying has a more negative effect on adolescents' social and emotional well-being than traditional bullying. Given these disturbing statistics on teenage cyberbullying, parents, teens, school administrators, and policymakers need to work together to end online harassment.

Where Does Teen Cyberbullying Happen?

Unlike face-to-face teenage bullying, cyberbullying creates a sense of distance-in both time and space-between bullies and their victims. This gap gives bullies the illusion of anonymity, and thus increases a tendency toward even harsher harassment. Places where cyberbullying occurs among teens include the following:

Social media platforms like TikTok, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, and YOLO (a question-and-answer app that teen cyberbullies use to shame and embarrass vulnerable adolescents, by asking hurtful questions about them)

Text messaging on cell phones and other devices, including both one-on-one messages and group messaging

Gaming forums or during online video game playing, where teens play gaming characters in multiplayer formats.

Instant messages delivered via social media messaging features, smartphone apps, and other messaging services

Anonymous messaging apps and sites like Kik, Sarahah, and Askfm, which allow for messages and feedback without identifying the source

Email, although this is less common since teens now see email as being somewhat old-fashioned.

To combat cyberbullying and other abusive online behaviors, some platforms have developed stricter policies and reporting platforms. For example, Instagram has a page with specific guidelines where people can report Instagram frauds. And Snapchat has developed a Snapchat Safety Center that makes reporting any abuses on the platform faster and easier. There is also a TikTok Safety Center that provides general cyberbullying safety tips.

Teen Cyberbullying Methods

There are many different types of cyberbullying that happen online among students in middle, primary and high school. The most common teen cyberbullying tactics include:

Posting comments about a teen online that are cruel, hurtful, or embarrassing

Posting an embarrassing picture or video of a teenager, particularly common among teen girls

Starting rumors about a teen online that damage their reputation

Ask nasty questions that are designed to hurt their feelings

Posting hateful slurs or comments about a teen's race, religion, gender identity, sexual orientation, or ethnicity online

Threatening online to hurt a teen, or encouraging them to self-harm or to kill themselves

Posing as someone else online or using fake accounts to solicit personal or false information about a teenager, including impersonating a teenager online

Doxing (from the word "documents")-online harassment in which a teen's personal information is made public, including addresses, social security numbers, credit cards, and phone numbers. This can lead to identity theft.

What makes cyberbullying particularly insidious for teens is that it can happen anywhere, at any time, and the perpetrators can be either known or anonymous.

The best approach for preventing teen cyberbullying on TikTok, Snapchat, and other apps is to talk to kids about what they're experiencing. By having ongoing open communication, asking questions, and listening closely, parents and mentors of teens may uncover valuable information.

Parents also need to watch for signs of bullying and help teens take steps to stop online harassment. Here are some cyberbullying prevention strategies:

Encourage teens to never share their passwords, private photos, or personal data online. This can help prevent fake social media accounts such as Instagram frauds.

Remind teens to think before they post. If they are upset or angry, they need to pause and wait before engaging with social media.

Remind teens of how quickly online images and information can be spread. When they share something, it might be shared with anyone.

Advise teens to imagine when posting or sending a message how they would feel if someone said that about them.

Coach teens to take steps to prevent future cyberbullying and social media harassment by managing safety features across their social media platforms.

Parents can also use TikTok safety features like Family Pairing, which allows them to control how long a teen can spend on TikTok each day, limit the appearance of content that may not be appropriate, and restrict or turn off direct messaging. Moreover, TikTok just expanded this feature by adding advice for parents on how to approach conversations with teens about digital literacy and safety.

What Teens Can Do to Combat Cyberbullying

Here are some positive responses and proactive steps that teens can take:

Foremost, teens should not participate in cyberbullying by "liking" or commenting on images, posts, or videos that humiliate others.

Teens who experience TikTok cyberbullying or another form of online bullying need to let adults know what is happening. Such feedback is not "tattling," but rather preventing damage and distress.

Also, teens should report cyberbullying harassment. Given the growing awareness around teen cyberbullying, most platforms have reporting mechanisms for online bullying as well as infringements like creating fake online profiles.

Addressing the Mental Health Impacts of Cyberbullying on Teens

Teen cyberbullying and social media harassment can trigger or exacerbate adolescent mental health issues. If teens are experiencing suicidal thoughts or other symptoms of depression or anxiety, treatment with a mental health professional is essential.

Contact Newport Academy today to learn more about how we guide teens to rebuild self-worth and form strong, trusting connections with peers.

Frequently Asked Questions About Teenage Cyberbullying

Sources
J Med Internet Res. 2018 Apr;20(4):e129. Front Psychol. 2018 Mar; 9: 367.
Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2014; 5: 143-158.

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Cyberbullying: The Mental Health Impact and How to Help Your Teen

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Teen cyberbullying happens on social media and other online platforms, and while it is not physical, it has a significant negative impact on mental health

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When it comes to social media, teens know the terrain. But as the digital landscape has expanded, so has online bullying.

Leanne Nasser is a senior at Fordson High School in Dearborn, Michigan, and An'Davantae Bussey is a senior at Hickman High School in Columbia, Missouri. Both say that bullies can hide behind screens to send hateful messages they wouldn't say in real life, face to face.

"When you don't have to see someone's face, and when you don't have to be confronted with that actual person, it's a lot easier to say what we call 'out of pocket' things," Bussey says.

An'Davantae Bussey: "When I was in middle school, I was an athlete. I've always been an athlete, but when I was younger, I wasn't as good as I am today. So I remember one time after a game just getting a lot of criticism from a lot of my peers that I thought were my friends.

"That negativity and the things that were being said to me, it caused me to be anxious and it caused me to not feel comfortable as I was attending school because they would say these things and then it was so different when I would see them in person."

Leanne Nasser: "I personally wasn't a victim of that big of cyberbullying, but I had a friend who was. It's pretty hard being a girl because people always find ways to nit pick, you're not being the perfect standard.

"And I got to see how that left a toll on her, and I was mentally right there for her. I can tell she was not doing well and these people that were leaving comments against her appearance, picking (at] what she did, what she said, they never said it in person. They all said it over Snapchat or Instagram."
Listen to the full conversation to hear the Class of 2024 talk about fake news, happy hormones and more. Hafsa Quraishi produced and edited this interview for broadcast with Catherine Welch. Welch adapted it for the web.

This segment aired on October 30, 2023.

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Teens and social media: What's true, what hurts and what stays around forever

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Between cyberbullying, tackling misinformation, and higher depression rates in young adults, social media is a platform with unending potential.

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Social media is filled with rumours and offensive messages that stalk students from school to home - here's one young woman's solution.

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How one teen's app stops cyberbullying before it starts

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Trisha Prabhu hopes to nip nasty messages in the bud on social media.