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12. Use durable materials for cage construction.

13. Maintain appropriate dimensions and orientation for cage construction.

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27.	Providing clean water with mixture of vitamin premix to aid growth and performance	

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27.	Providing clean water with mixture of vitamin premix to aid growth and performance	

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provide clean water = scale 5

provide premix = scale 4

1. Provide clean water

Water sources = pipe water

Poly round water tank

enough water supply

to prevent the growth of algae, bacteria, or any contaminants

Nipple Drinker

minimize water wastage

minimize water contamination

minimize wet floor

2. Mixture of vitamin premix

Adding to Feed

5g per day

Mixing evenly ensures that each portion of the feed contains an appropriate amount of the premix.

Mixing roughly or vigorously might cause the powder to disperse into the air rather than blending properly with the feed.

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sanitation scale = 2

1. Provide tire dip

reducing the risk of spreading diseases

2. Spillage of feed

attract rats and other pests to a farm

3. Does not provide foot dip

Without foot dips, there's a higher risk of spreading diseases from one area to another.

4. Brushing the floor without using water

Brushing alone might remove visible debris, but it may not effectively eliminate bacteria, parasites, or pathogens that can accumulate on the floor. Over time, this can lead to health issues for the sheep.

5. Improper waste management

Improperly managed waste can harbor pathogens, bacteria, and parasites, posing health risks to both animals and humans on the farm. This can lead to the spread of diseases and infections.

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4. Detect females on heat period and provide bedding material

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4. Detect females on heat period and provide bedding material

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1. Detect females on heat. (Scale: 4)

Observation of heat signs = common practice.

Mating Start Age and Weigh = Initiating mating at minimum age of 10 months and 30kg; ensure female goats are sufficiently developed for breeding.

Management practice = putting male with on-heat females for 45 days (2 cycle); reasonable.

Twinning Rate = 4 times per doe; good reproductive performance in herd.

Improvement: make record keeping; implement recording observations and mating activities to better track the heat cycles.

2. Provide bedding material. (Scale: 1)

No bedding material provided

The animal waste accumulated underneath the pens.

Improvement: Providing bedding material helps maintain cleanliness, provides insulation, and offers comfortable resting areas for the goats.

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31. Use weigh scale to sort, grade, and standardize livestock products

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31. Use weigh scale to sort, grade, and standardize livestock products

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Scale: 2

No weigh scale used in farm; simply filled up the milk in 250mL bottle.

No systematic sorting, grading and standardization practices.

Improvement: use measuring cup; cheap and easy to use.

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Practice of recommended breeding ratio is extremely important (Scale 7)

The profitability of dairy goat operation is largely reliant on successful reproduction programs for continuous milk production.

Breeding system that are being practiced in the farm :

1. Breeding ratio

The recommended buck-to-doe ratio is typically around 1 ♂ : 15 ♀

The breeding ratio may be adjusted to farm management practices and business goals

2. Natural service

Pen breeding system is used to facilitate natural mating

The male and females are kept together for 40-45 days in 1 pen (2 estrous cycle period)

Benefits:

Natural mating allows for behavioral selection, where the buck can detect receptive does (on heat does) without any intervention (human, heat detection tools)

Cost-effective method for ensuring successful mating and conception, eliminate the need for AI

Repeat breeder can be detected after 3 times of failed mating

Challenges:

Pen breeding resulting in non uniform kidding cycles which may affect lactation yield and herd management

Pen breeding may require individual pregnancy detection

Improvement:

Practice record keeping of breeding dates, heat cycles, and reproductive performance for specific goat

3. Maintaining continuous milk production by controlling reproduction

Segregate the herd into groups based on reproductive status, such as lactating does to provide continuous milk supply and those targeted for breeding

Improvements:

Manage lactation cycles of the goat in the farm by planning mating schedule

Plan breeding cycles to synchronize with the desired lactation period and rest period for optimal milk production

Practice record keeping in the farm

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39. Decide profit or loss account of the business through proper financial record keeping 

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39. Decide profit or loss account of the business through proper financial record keeping 

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Financial record keeping (including the cost and revenues) is an important element of good livestock business management (Scale 5)

1. No record keeping is properly practiced for any types of record (identification of goats, financial, milk production, health, farm input, feed and labor records)

Reasons why do they might not prioritize record-keeping:

Consider record-keeping as time-consuming and too much work with limited labor

Assuming capable of managing small scale farm without record-keeping

Perceived record keeping as complicated and unnecessary

2. Small scale dairy goat farms still use manual record-keeping / hand written record books

only use to record big orders and important cash flow, not including small expenditure and cost

Why do they rely on manual record-keeping?

Small-scale farms may feel that the complexity of digital systems outweighs the benefits, as their operations might not require sophisticated record-keeping

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Scale = 6

Check history of chosen buck

performance

health

visual and physical check for female

injury

BCS

Not cull the female that not pregnant after end of cycle (3 time try)

separated injury goat like can't stand, leg injury, disease.

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24. Remove items that can be injurious to livestock from their surroundings.

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24. Remove items that can be injurious to livestock from their surroundings.

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Scale = 5

In pen

there are nails sticking out of the board

there is a sharp wire attached to the door

nipple drinker generally safe and efficient for goats

Whole farm

there are dangerous items under the pen

there is a kind of pond

does not affect because of the intensive system used

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Scale = 7

Appropriate time for weaning = 6 - 8 weeks

wean at 2 month years old

For the last 2 weeks, kids will be separated from doe from evening (6:30 p.m.) until morning after milking.

It helps kids become less dependent on their mother's milk, encouraging them to consume other feeds or substitutes.

Increase milk production for doe

reduce stress and bawling

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Question 1

Identify prolific breed of livestock (scale 6 )

Identify breed in the farm is very important step because in ensure the quantity and quality of the milk production

In the farm visited, they prefer to have sannen goat and use a male line with sannen mixed. The farm is unable to acquire the pure blood sannen due to the cost and inability to function well in Malaysia. The goat farm have history of holding sannen goat but the sannen it cant handle the environment.

Moreover, a lot of goat received from the government are meat breed such as Jamnapari and Boer. The milk production of sannen is low but its milk quality are acceptable. Thus, the owner mixed the Boer and Jamnapari with sannen line producing a offspring with higher milk quality.

At first the owner plan to use Anglo-nubian but ended up not using it because the production efficient.

7.Maintain breeding environment at adequate temperature and relative humidity.(scale 1)

Goat are resilent among livestock and can life in various harsh environment.

In fact, the male goat is the only one move from pen to pen. From my observation, there no different in the environment. The only change they did is diet which is giving more mineral to the goat.

The goat are expose to the outside environment with good ventilation. I don't see any equipment use to control temperature and humidity.

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37. Sell product at farm gate, designated markets or to invited wholesalers or retailers 

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37. Sell product at farm gate, designated markets or to invited wholesalers or retailers 

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Scale = 5

Sell product at farm gate.

On the day of the visit, there were buyers buying milk in front of the farm gate.

Accept buyers to buy goat milk at the farm gate

Designated markets or to invited wholesalers or retailers.

For now, the farmer puts his products on 3 retailers at Ikhwan Mart Putrajaya, Darul Shifa Bangi and Usrah Walmart Shah Alam.

In the future, farmer wants to increase the number of retailers to increase sales of milk products.

Put the product in a place/retail, where there are many people.

The quantity of products delivered to the retailer depends on the location, usually only 20 bottles will be placed for 3 weeks.

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34. Take risks, advertise and fix prices on products for customers

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34. Take risks, advertise and fix prices on products for customers

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Scale 6

Risk

To get customers is quite difficult in the beginning

Competition in the market

Advertise

Make a poster and stick it on the car mirror

Sell products from one house to another

On social media, Facebook is the place for advertising the sale of milk products. The name of the page on Facebook is 'Susu Kambing Segar Delivery'

Fix Price

Goat milk is not included in the price of controlled goods in Malaysia, it is not like chicken or meat

The price is not fixed because it depends on the area or place as well

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36. DIPOSE AND SELL ADULT LIVESTOCK AT ATTRACTIVE BODY WEIGHT. 

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36. DIPOSE AND SELL ADULT LIVESTOCK AT ATTRACTIVE BODY WEIGHT. 

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The attractive body weight of dairy goats is vital for market success, economic returns, and customer satisfaction. It directly influences milk production, reputation building, and marketability.

Dairy goat ( 40 kg to 60 kg )

Meat goat ( 30 kg to 50 kg )

Female virgin goat - “ maiden doe “ – sold when the age reaches 7 months and above.

Male goat - “ buck “ – sold when the age reaches 4 months and above.

What will happen if selling a goat does not have an attractive weight?

-  Selling goats below desired weights can impact overall financial success.

-  Unattractive weights can negatively affect breeding program goals.

-  Buyers may reject goats that don't meet desired weight standards.

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40. Infrastructure ( road, electric , water, internet, etc ), self-made or provided by municipal.

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40. Infrastructure ( road, electric , water, internet, etc ), self-made or provided by municipal.

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Scale = 6

-There are three buildings ( worker's house, milk storage house, pen )

-Get help from JPV and self-made

-For pen, the floor is made of wood and the walls are made of iron

-Why using steel instead of wood?

-durability

-resistance to elements such as moisture, insects and rot

Road

provided by municipal

a little narrow but it's quite good

little problems like the irrigation system

Electric

available

Water

available

SYABAS and rainwater

Internet

available

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14. Maintain appropriate stocking density

15. Provide transporting box and other facililities.

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32. Transport and distribute the products to customers

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32. Transport and distribute the products to customers

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For the transport and distribution;

The buyers able to walk-in the farm to buy the milk

Use agent and delivery to distribute to the buyers and retailers.

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33. Process, package and store products in safe containers during marketing

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33. Process, package and store products in safe containers during marketing

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1. Processing

At the beginning of business, sell the milk unpasteurised to the buyers.

As the owner gain knowledge about pasteurise,

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There are two ways to collect money.

Breeders will sell products to retailers and buyers directly.

The sales method is like bill pay.

The breeder will earn the first profit in the second round of sales.

1. Cash

Purchase and sales receipts will be kept by both parties to be used as proof of purchase.

If the amount purchased is large, the money will be collected by transfer.

2. QR code

Every purchase record will be automatically saved through a bank receipt.

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5. Remove male as soon as pregnancy or incubation is detected

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5. Remove male as soon as pregnancy or incubation is detected

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The male goat (Buck) will be separated from the female goat (Doe) when the female goat starts to become pregnant.

The male goats can be separated from the pregnant female goat starting about two months before the expected date of the ewes giving birth.

Aiming to ensure that female goat are less stressed during the birthing process and can produce a lot of milk.

But on the day of the visit to the farm, the male goats were not separated due to lack of labor, due to illness.

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17) identify and maintain adequate feed nutrient content before feeding

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17) identify and maintain adequate feed nutrient content before feeding

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Time feed given

- morning - 8.45

- evening - 3.30

Type of feed given-

- morning - concentrate

- evening - grass and concentrate

- Coarse salt mix with the feed

- mineral block (expensive)

Improvement:

-follow nutrient requirement

-cut cost

Scale:5

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11. Provide comfortable cages.
Flooring made from wood with spaces in between - spaces to allow fecal matter to fall through and hit the ground.
Material used wood is due to not being cold for the goats when they lay down to rest or sleep to avoid hypothermia. Also prevents the heat retention that would cause hyperthermia or damage hooves.
Pen is made from steel fences in the shape of a perfect square where the sides are each 10ft long. Made from steel for strength and sturdiness. Also to prevent the goats from nibbling and consuming any residue that would be toxic to their health. Fences have slits where the slits adjacent to the feed troughs are larger for the heads to fit through to consume feed easily. The other slits are small enough just for the mouths to fit, prevents head from entering neighbouring pens and stimulate aggressive behaviours such as “head ramming”. The last bar bwtween the slits closest to the feed trough are adjustable to create an opening between 11.00cm and 27.00cm

18. Provide adequate clean water.
Nipple drinker used to provide adequate water for the goats at all times.
Water comes from the tank from SYABAS. There is zinc drains along the roof, draining and collecting rainwater for drinking water as well. My only concern regarding the use of the drains along the roof collecting the rain water is the cleanliness within the pipes over time.

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20. Quarter slice leaves, fruits and skin fruits/vegetables to ease feeding

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20. Quarter slice leaves, fruits and skin fruits/vegetables to ease feeding

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Scale: 1

None of the above were given

Limited resources

Concerns about potential digestive issues

Stick to traditional feeding practices

1. All goats are fed with premix diet:

Pellet + mineral diets + salt

2. Feeding time:

Morning 830: pelleted feed

Afternoon 1530: pelleted feed + napier

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Paralysed goat was seperated from the healthy goats.

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29. Isolate the sick for care and disposal of the dead properly

Any sick goats will be separated from the healthy goats immediately when they are identified to be sick. There is no appropriate pen or designated area for the quarantine of sick goats as the space is limited. Main priority of the space is to accommodate healthy goats especially for reproduction.

During the visit, there was one sick goat and it is only placed right outside its pen, at the walkway of the goat barn. This can be an inconvenience for workers to walk along the pathway especially when they want to carry out activities like cleaning and maintenance of the barn.

On this farm, dead carcasses are usually disposed through the method of burial. Burial is known as a traditional method of disposing dead carcasses. A deep burial of 4 to 8 feet must be done.

30. Identify market for the sale of livestock

Goat's milk is advertised online on social media platform such as facebook (Susu Kambing Segar Delivery) and also google (Susu Kambing Segar Bukit Changgang Banting). Direct selling is also done at Putrajaya and Shah Alam night market. Their product is also sold through agents in Bangi (Darul Syifa) , Shah Alam (Usrah Mart Presint 3) and Putrajaya (Ikhwan Mart). Marketing is also done through word of mouth.

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26) Consult a veterinarian for routine inspection

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26) Consult a veterinarian for routine inspection

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Call vet only when emergency happen

Inspection every 4 to 6 months (brucella)

First: collected the blood sample from all of each goats

Second: collected randomly

Third: collected randomly

Lastly will get the certificate of free from brucella at the farm

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8. Keep hatchlings and pups in safe condition.

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8. Keep hatchlings and pups in safe condition.

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1. Kids will be separate with mom only by night time.

2. Kids usually being kept with mom till age 2 month.

3. Does with kids usually will be kept in isolate paddock.

4. Only for or five mothers are being kept in one paddack.

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16. Control predators and prevent parasites and diseases.

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16. Control predators and prevent parasites and diseases.

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1. Lack of footdip facilities.

2. Expose to disease transmit from visitors.

3. Paddock build higher than ground.

4. Prevent wild animal like wild boar and wild dog.

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22. Identify health defect in livestock

a) long hooves (24 goats)

Untimmed hooves can cause a lot of health issue such as lameness. Long hooves can alter the goat's gait and cause lameness. This can affect their ability to move, graze, and engage in normal activities. Also cause joint and Muscle Pain, improperly trimmed hooves can result in discomfort, leading to joint and muscle pain. This may affect the overall well-being of the goat, and hoof Rot which is overgrown hooves are more susceptible to moisture and bacterial infections, increasing the risk of hoof rot. This condition can be painful and, if left untreated, may lead to more severe issues.

b) Goitre (3 goats)

A severe deficiency of iodine causes a lack of essential thyroid hormone production and the thyroid gland enlarges. The enlarged thyroid gland is called goitre.

c) Swollen udder (5 goats)

This is an inflammation of the mammary gland, often caused by bacterial infection. It can lead to swelling, heat, and pain in the udder. Mastitis requires prompt veterinary attention. Also can cause by injury or trauma to the udder, such as kicks from other goats or injuries during kidding, can result in swelling.

d) Dehorn wound (2 goats)

When a goat is dehorned, the process involves removing the horn, which includes the outer horn sheath and the underlying tissue called the corium. The corium contains blood vessels and other structures. Sometimes, during dehorning, there can be some bleeding or exposure of the corium.

e) sneezing in most kid

Viral or Bacterial Infections cause respiratory infections caused by viruses or bacteria can lead to sneezing. Common respiratory illnesses in goats include pneumonia. Allergies to pollen or mold, which may cause sneezing.Nasal Irritation: Irritation of the nasal passages, possibly from drafts or strong odors, can lead to sneezing.

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35. IDENTIFY SOURCE OF FINANCE FOR THE BUSINESS.

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35. IDENTIFY SOURCE OF FINANCE FOR THE BUSINESS.

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Financial resources are very important for a person to start any business, whether small or large and depends on the business.

started this dairy goat farming business in 2004.

started with own money.

not make any loans from any bank.

bank loans can only be made after 2 years of running the business.

at first, he only had two dairy goats and one beef goat borrowed from his brother.

What happens if the capital or money is insufficient to start a business?

May limit the ability to set up proper infrastructure, such as barns, milking parlours, and equipment. This could impact the effieciency of daily operations.

Might restrict the ability to invest invest in high-quality breeding stock, affecting the overall productivity and quality of the dairy products.