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Detached, Omniscient Observer: The poem employs a third-person perspective that observes the aftermath of war with clinical precision. The voice is impersonal yet authoritative, resembling a historical chronicler or a force of nature.

Initial Tone (Matter-of-Fact):

"After every war / someone has to clean up" – sounds almost bureaucratic, emphasising inevitability.

Middle Tone (Darkly Ironic):

"All the cameras have left / for another war" – critiques media sensationalism and short public memory.

Final Tone (Resigned, Weary):

"Those who knew / must make way for those who know little" – suggests the cyclical nature of historical amnesia.

Impact of Shifts: The progression from neutral → ironic → melancholic underscores the poem’s central theme: society’s tendency to forget trauma as time passes.

Highly Reliable but Ironic: The narrator sees and reports the truth but does so with a detached, almost cynical tone. This makes the poem’s critique of war and memory more biting.

Example: "No sound bites, no photo opportunities" – highlights how rebuilding lacks the drama that attracts attention.

Unemotional Delivery: The lack of sentimental language ("someone must lie there / with a clump of dirt in his mouth") forces readers to confront horror without the buffer of emotional rhetoric.

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Themes and techniques The End and The Beginning

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Themes and techniques The End and The Beginning

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MAJOR THEMES

1. The Cyclical Nature of War

The poem frames war and its aftermath as an endless loop: destruction → rebuilding → forgetting → repeat.

Key evidence: The title itself ("The End and the Beginning") implies that every conclusion is just the start of the next conflict.

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Both include then aftermath of war and devastating consequences.

Language is similar to each other (minimal)

Emphasis on time (Terrorist, He's watching, focuses on the countdown of war (countdown to destruction) whereas our second poem focuses on after the war (passage of time)