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Module 1 introduced me to top, middle, and first line managers. Top managers hold most responsibility for plans in the long term. They can propose laws, handle stakeholder demands, and handle relations with both the public and consumers. 

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First-line managers can include assistant managers, shift managers, foremen, office managers, or section chiefs. They are responsible for following rules/specifications set by the top level managers. Customers and the public are generally first to see them as compared to the middle or top level managers. They typically handle day to day operations within a business.

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There are four main ways in which a company can engage in corporate social responsibility or CSR. These 4 methods include volunteerism, philanthropy, environmental efforts, and ethical labor practices. For example, Apple iPhone parts are sourced from 20 different countries, and each company maintains ethical labor laws, meaning no child labor or ethics laws have been broken.

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Diversity is something that may or may not be very important to an organization. Many organizations make it a point to hire people from different ethnic backgrounds, races, genders, and religions. These people come together in a business or organization, despite differences, to work towards goals.

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There are four major ways to enter into a global operation. Amazon chose to become a global operation by using the export strategy. This means that they ship their goods to many different countries all over the world. They ship internationally. 

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McDonald's became a global operation using the multi-domestic strategy. They customize their goods in order to meet the tastes/cultures/preferences of the country in which they are doing business. They are invested in the people, the employees, and customizing to meet residents needs.  

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A company must have a mission statement in order to be successful. This statement is a manifestation of the planning part of managing. This statement should be the foundation of an organization and encapsulate their purpose, what they started the business for, their passions, and overall what they are trying to accomplish. 

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An organization may have centralized, decentralized, or formalized decision-making. A doctor is an example of someone who can make decisions using formalization. They can make their decisions within regulations as they have undergone intensive studying and specialized training.

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Within a business, there can be short term, intermediate, and long term plans. A short term plan should be executed within a year or less. An intermediate plan should be within a 3 to 5 year span. A long term plan should be at least 5 years in length. There are both advantages and disadvantages to planning. A plan can help business stay organized and focused, while also being timely. However, they can lead to inflexibility and inhibit creativity. 

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There are a number of ways in which an organization may structure itself in order to provide their product/service. Within the functional structure, there are specific departments that are specific to their product and or service. For example, a company may have a human resources, sales, finance, customer service, marketing, and logistics department. Each department works to a specific goal set by the organization. 

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Module 6 taught me about full time, part time, and contingent employees. There disadvantages and advantages to hiring contingent employees within an organization. They may be brought into a business for larger projects and during busy periods to provide aid to current employees. Additionally, the downsides are that they are not trained fully and likely not as motivated. However, contingent and part time employees can be very valuable assets to a business. 

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There are a number of communication forms, including verbal, non-verbal, and written. In order to verbally communicate well, a leader or manage should utilize effective body language and tone of voice. A leader should be able to effectively communicate to their employees and colleagues in order to convey information. 

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Leadership and management are similar but have very distinct differences. Module 7 states that leaders are people who choose a direction following a decision and influence other people to follow. Managers are those who are responsible for "administering complex details" in relation to an organizations practices. Leaders are those who challenge the status quo and want to have change occur. 

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Employees can be motivated in one of two ways. Intrinsic motivation may include a person's beliefs, feeling accomplished, or personal pride. Extrinsic motivation may include monetary gain, promotions, or vacation time away from work. Most people are motivated both intrinsically and extrinsically. 

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Budgets are crucial to a business as they help to determine the total amount of money needed for a project and the timeframe for said project. It helps the business to spend their money wisely. Without a budget to follow, a business can overspend or allocate money to unimportant tasks. 

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A business may utilize a break even analysis to figure out the minimum amount of a good or service that they need to sell in order to cover their costs without gains or losses. This can be beneficial as it sets a baseline for how much a company needs to sell in order to remain in business. If a company does not "break-even" or cover their costs, they cannot remain in business. 