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The devastating bubonic plague first entered Europe through the port of Caffa (modern-day Feodosiya) in Crimea. Carried by merchant ships and rats, this marked the beginning of Europe's most catastrophic pandemic, which would eventually kill 30-60% of Europe's population. The disease spread rapidly through trade routes, fundamentally altering medieval society's social, economic, and religious structures.

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The Great Famine began in Flanders with unprecedented rainfall and crop failures. This three-year period of extreme weather and agricultural disaster weakened the European population significantly before the arrival of the Black Death. Up to 15% of the population perished, setting the stage for the catastrophes to come.

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The war began when Philip VI of France confiscated English territories in Gascony. Edward III of England responded by claiming the French throne, launching a conflict that would last over a century. The war introduced new military technologies and tactics, including the devastating English longbow.

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Joan of Arc led French forces to a crucial victory at the Siege of Orleans, turning the tide of the Hundred Years' War. Her inspiring leadership and claimed divine visions rallied French forces, leading to a series of victories that would eventually secure French independence.

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Pope Clement V moved the papal court to Avignon, beginning the 'Babylonian Captivity' of the Catholic Church. This controversial 68-year period saw French dominance over the papacy and growing criticism of church corruption, contributing to calls for reform.

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Led by Wat Tyler, peasants marched on London protesting poll taxes and social inequities. This largest popular uprising in medieval English history represented growing class tensions and the breakdown of traditional feudal relationships in the wake of the Black Death.

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Henry V's famous victory over a numerically superior French force demonstrated the devastating effectiveness of the English longbow and changed medieval warfare. Despite being outnumbered, English archers decimated the French cavalry in one of the most significant battles of the Hundred Years' War.

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1397: Birth of Renaissance Humanism in Florence

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1397: Birth of Renaissance Humanism in Florence

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Florence emerged as the cradle of Renaissance humanism under the patronage of the Medici family. Scholar Coluccio Salutati, as Chancellor of Florence, promoted classical learning and secular education, helping establish Florence as the intellectual center of the early Renaissance.