# data[].attributes.body
Salam and good morning Dr.Yaz, sorry for disturbing, im fatin from y1 speech science programme, i have few questions regarding our devpsychpath assignments.

1. For padlet assignment 1, we have to create a flowchart on how to browse dsm5 and icd, my question is do we have to create a flowchart or a video specifically targeting our disorders of interest or just a general way how to find information easily on both websites?

2. Secondly, it is regarding our analogy project. There have been some confusion on how to complete the task. This is how I’ve been planning to do it and i would love to have a comment from Dr if this is the right way of doing it.

For example, i would like to make an analogy of life based on my orange cats. I found my cat when it is sick and weak but now have grown so healthily. So i want to compare this progress into discontinuity (changes) . Does it mean, the analogy have to touch the aspect of changes, adaptation and what we learnt from all the papers?

Thank you Dr Yaz for the time.

# data[].attributes.body
Members :

1. SITI AISYAH BINTI MOCHAMAD TAUFIK (A202575)

2. RASHIKA PARI VENTHAN (A204213)

3. NUR IMTIYAZ BINTI NORZLI (A203668)

4. SARAH NABILA BINTI MOHD HAFIZ (A204075)

5. LAU XIN YU (A201429)

# data[].attributes.body
Trichotillomania, also known as hair-pulling disorder, is a mental health condition characterized by an irresistible urge to pull out one's hair, leading to noticeable hair loss and significant distress. Symptoms include repetitive hair-pulling, often from the scalp, eyebrows, or eyelashes, which can result in bald spots and other visible signs. The behavior is often driven by a sense of tension before pulling and relief or pleasure afterward. Causes of trichotillomania are multifaceted, involving genetic factors, age, co-occurring mental health conditions, stressful events, and environmental triggers such as boredom and isolation. Understanding these symptoms and causes is crucial for identifying and managing this disorder. Read more from this article to learn more about this disorder!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Overview

Trichotillomania (trik-o-til-o-MAY-nee-uh), also called hair-pulling disorder, is a mental disorder that involves recurrent, irresistible urges to pull out hair from your scalp, eyebrows or other areas of your body, despite trying to stop.

Hair pulling from the scalp often leaves patchy bald spots, which causes significant distress and can interfere with social or work functioning. People with trichotillomania may go to great lengths to disguise the loss of hair.

For some people, trichotillomania may be mild and generally manageable. For others, the compulsive urge to pull hair is overwhelming. Some treatment options have helped many people reduce their hair pulling or stop entirely.

Products & Services

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of trichotillomania often include:

Repeatedly pulling your hair out, typically from your scalp, eyebrows or eyelashes, but sometimes from other body areas, and sites may vary over time

An increasing sense of tension before pulling, or when you try to resist pulling

A sense of pleasure or relief after the hair is pulled

Noticeable hair loss, such as shortened hair or thinned or bald areas on the scalp or other areas of your body, including sparse or missing eyelashes or eyebrows

Preference for specific types of hair, rituals that accompany hair pulling or patterns of hair pulling

Biting, chewing or eating pulled-out hair

Playing with pulled-out hair or rubbing it across your lips or face

Repeatedly trying to stop pulling out your hair or trying to do it less often without success

Significant distress or problems at work, school or in social situations related to pulling out your hair

Many people who have trichotillomania also pick their skin, bite their nails or chew their lips. Sometimes pulling hairs from pets or dolls or from materials, such as clothes or blankets, may be a sign. Most people with trichotillomania pull hair in private and generally try to hide the disorder from others.

For people with trichotillomania, hair pulling can be:

Focused. Some people pull their hair intentionally to relieve tension or distress - for example, pulling hair out to get relief from the overwhelming urge to pull hair. Some people may develop elaborate rituals for pulling hair, such as finding just the right hair or biting pulled hairs.

Automatic. Some people pull their hair without even realizing they're doing it, such as when they're bored, reading or watching TV.

The same person may do both focused and automatic hair pulling, depending on the situation and mood. Certain positions or rituals may trigger hair pulling, such as resting your head on your hand or brushing your hair.

Trichotillomania can be related to emotions:

Negative emotions. For many people with trichotillomania, hair pulling is a way of dealing with negative or uncomfortable feelings, such as stress, anxiety, tension, boredom, loneliness, fatigue or frustration.

Positive feelings. People with trichotillomania often find that pulling out hair feels satisfying and provides a measure of relief. As a result, they continue to pull their hair to maintain these positive feelings.

Trichotillomania is a long-term (chronic) disorder. Without treatment, symptoms can vary in severity over time. For example, the hormonal changes of menstruation can worsen symptoms in women. For some people, if not treated, symptoms can come and go for weeks, months or years at a time. Rarely, hair pulling ends within a few years of starting.

When to see a doctor

If you can't stop pulling out your hair or you feel embarrassed or ashamed by your appearance as a result of your hair pulling, talk to your doctor. Trichotillomania is not just a bad habit, it's a mental health disorder, and it's unlikely to get better without treatment.

Causes

The cause of trichotillomania is unclear. But like many complex disorders, trichotillomania probably results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Risk factors

These factors tend to increase the risk of trichotillomania:

Family history. Genetics may play a role in the development of trichotillomania, and the disorder may occur in those who have a close relative with the disorder.

Age. Trichotillomania usually develops just before or during the early teens - most often between the ages of 10 and 13 years - and it's often a lifelong problem. Infants also can be prone to hair pulling, but this is usually mild and goes away on its own without treatment.

Other disorders. People who have trichotillomania may also have other disorders, such as depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Stress. Severely stressful situations or events may trigger trichotillomania in some people.

Although far more women than men are treated for trichotillomania, this may be because women are more likely to seek medical advice. In early childhood, boys and girls appear to be equally affected.

Complications

Although it may not seem particularly serious, trichotillomania can have a major negative impact on your life. Complications may include:

Emotional distress. Many people with trichotillomania report feeling shame, humiliation and embarrassment. They may experience low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and alcohol or street drug use because of their condition.

Problems with social and work functioning. Embarrassment because of hair loss may lead you to avoid social activities and job opportunities. People with trichotillomania may wear wigs, style their hair to disguise bald patches or wear false eyelashes. Some people may avoid intimacy for fear that their condition will be discovered.

Skin and hair damage. Constant hair pulling can cause scarring and other damage, including infections, to the skin on your scalp or the specific area where hair is pulled and can permanently affect hair growth.

Hairballs. Eating your hair may lead to a large, matted hairball (trichobezoar) in your digestive tract. Over a period of years, the hairball can cause weight loss, vomiting, intestinal obstruction and even death.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) - Symptoms and causes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Trichotillomania (trik-o-til-o-MAY-nee-uh), also called hair-pulling disorder, is a mental disorder that involves recurrent, irresistible urges to pull out hair from your scalp, eyebrows or other areas of your body, despite trying to stop. Hair pulling from the scalp often leaves patchy bald spots, which causes significant distress and can interfere with social or work functioning.

# data[].attributes.headline
For you to build on in your study groups for your analogies project!

# data[].attributes.subject
For you to build on in your study groups for your analogies project!

# data[].attributes.body
Members:

1)HARSHINI SURESH

2)POON WEI TOM

3)AMER AIMAN

4)LEE JIA LE

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Psychological Disorder Makes People Pull Out Their Own Hair

# data[].attributes.body
Members :

1. Sumayyah binti Abdul Malek (A204342)

2. Iffah Aqilah binti Shaari (A200287)

3. Adriana Nadhirah binti Rehan Iskandar (A200913)

4. Nur Syuhada Adila binti Zulkifli (A200953)

5. Nur Anis Syazwani binti Mohamad Sharif (A201923)

# data[].attributes.body
Members:

1. Fazwina Azaleya Balqish Binti Mohd Fadhil (A200736)

2. Caren Tan Kai Yan (A200815)

3. Loh Jin Xuan (A204371)

4. Geraldine Khoo Sze Yuin (A200703)

# data[].attributes.body
Before we got into details, you guys can check this out first to get the gist of what DID is. Enjoy!!

# data[].attributes.body
Members:

1. CHOW MENG WEI (A201229)

2. CHIN YUE YING (A203322)

3. JANICE TEOH JIA YIN (A201373)

4. WAI JIA JIA (A200903)

5. LAW YING LUO (A201861)

# data[].attributes.body
Members :

1. NURBAITIE NAJWA BINTI ZAINAL - A201077

2. NUR ARISSA SOFEA BINTI MOHD KHAIRUL ANUAR - A202605

3. FATIN NURSYAHIRAH BINTI ZAMRI - A200262

4. AMIRA SYAFIQAH BINTI ABDUL NASIR - A200474

5. NUR SHUHADA BINTI IKHWAN - A200143

# data[].attributes.body
Helloo guys. Here is the setup for our upcoming debate, can refer this for the groups yaa

# data[].attributes.headline
NARCOLEPSY : NEUROLOGICAL SLEEP DISORDER

# data[].attributes.subject
NARCOLEPSY : NEUROLOGICAL SLEEP DISORDER

# data[].attributes.body
1. SITI NURHANA MOHAMAD RAPANDI (A200617)

2. SITI NURDIANA BINTI SUID (A202482)

3. THANESAVARRTINI (A204783)

4. NIVASHINI CHANDRAN (A203865)

# data[].attributes.body
Before we start asking technical questions. It helps to at least understand the terms that are used to describe a specific disorder.

Let's break down the meaning of the individual words that makes up the name of our disorder.

# data[].attributes.headline
DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE-CONTROL & CONDUCT DISORDERS 

# data[].attributes.subject
DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE-CONTROL & CONDUCT DISORDERS 

# data[].attributes.body
GROUP MEMBERS:
1. NUR SYAKILAH BINTI ALBARIS (A202176)
2. IRDEENA BINTI ZULHISHAM (A201986)
3. ⁠NUR HAMISAH BINTI HAMDAN (A203167)
4. NURUL IZZATI BINTI ZULFAMI (A205548)
5. NOOR AIN SYAHIRA BINTI AB.MUTTALIB (A203718)

# data[].attributes.headline
Caffeine Overload : Recognizing the Signs

# data[].attributes.subject
Caffeine Overload : Recognizing the Signs

# data[].attributes.body
The more caffeine consumed daily, the more intense withdrawal symptoms tend to be. Symptom duration varies but might end between 2 and 9 days.

# data[].attributes.body
'Analogies' involve intentional comparisons between different things to illustrate a point or concept.

'Describing' an observation' simply involves stating facts or details about something you have seen or experienced without necessarily drawing comparisons or making connections to other concepts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Angry Mad GIF - Angry Mad Kid - Discover & Share GIFs

# data[].attributes.headline
Too long to remember? What Are Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders anyway?

# data[].attributes.subject
Too long to remember? What Are Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders anyway?

# data[].attributes.body
Hey there! You might be thinking something like..
"Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders? That's mouthful!" Let us help to break it down so it's easy for you to understand.

These are a group of some kids and adults that have a really hard time controlling their feelings and actions. Imagine a kid who can't stop themselves from doing things that are dangerous to others.

Here are some examples:

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): This is when a kid often argues, being mean, blames others for mistakes, and gets angry a lot.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED): This is when a kid has sudden, intense outbursts such as temper tantrums, verbal arguments, and physical fights,
such as temper tantrums, verbal arguments, and physical fights,

Conduct Disorder (CD): A condition where a kid might hurt people or animals, destroy things, lying to obtain goods, stealing items or even worse running away from home.

Pyromania: When a kid feel an intense desire to start fires, where they experience internal tension before setting a fire and feel pleasure afterward.

Pyromania 👇

https://youtu.be/-i6dZMF4aeo?si=yqGbzXBoGzQwftQG

Kleptomania: This is when a kid feels a strong urge to steal things they do not need and often do not even want, although they may also feel guilt and shame for their actions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Angry Mad GIF - Angry Mad Kid - Discover & Share GIFs

# data[].attributes.body
🎯💡 Attention, curious minds?!! Get ready to delve into the fascinating world of narcolepsy - a neurological sleep regulation disorder. Stay tuned as we share valuable insights, tips, and resources to help you understand these conditions better. 🧠✨

# data[].attributes.headline
BDD: it's like being a prisoner to our bodies

# data[].attributes.subject
BDD: it's like being a prisoner to our bodies

# data[].attributes.headline
Kleptomania Disorder from Drama "Budak Tebing"

# data[].attributes.subject
Kleptomania Disorder from Drama "Budak Tebing"

# data[].attributes.body
MEMBERS: ﻿﻿﻿

1) ALESHA BINTI NORRULAZLI (A203334) ﻿﻿﻿

2) MUHAMMAD DARWIS BIN MD RAIS (A202454) ﻿﻿﻿

3) ONG JIA EN (A201677) ﻿﻿﻿

4) CARYN CHUA XIN YU (A202768)

# data[].attributes.headline
Symptoms Of Disruptive, Impulsive Control and Conduct Disorders

# data[].attributes.subject
Symptoms Of Disruptive, Impulsive Control and Conduct Disorders

# data[].attributes.body
Oppositional Defient Disorder ODD
1. Frequent temper tantrums or episodes of anger.
2. Argumentative and defiant behavior towards authority figures.
3. Refusal to comply with rules and requests.
4. Deliberately annoying others.
5. Blaming others for one's own mistakes or misbehavior.
6. Being easily annoyed or angered by others.
7. Spiteful or vindictive behavior.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder IED
1. Verbal aggression such as temper tantrums, tirades, arguments, or fights.
2. Physical aggression towards property or animals.
3. The aggressive episodes are grossly out of proportion to the provocation or any precipitating stressor.
4. The aggressive outbursts are not premeditated and are not committed to achieve some tangible objective (such as money, power, intimidation.

Conduct Disorder CD
1. Bullying
2. Weapon usage
3. Cruel with animal
4. Vandalism
5. Arson
6. Theft
7. Tantrum

Pyromania
1. Starting fire

Kleptomania
1. Recurrent Urges to Steal
2. Tension Before Stealing: Experiencing increasing tension, anxiety, or arousal before committing the theft.
3. Pleasure or Relief During and After Theft

# data[].attributes.body
Wondering what is SSD? Have a look in to this simple slide to get a brief introduction on the disorder...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbeQW8YZCtE&list=PPSV

Feel free to watch this video too!!!

# data[].attributes.body
Some of the causes that might lead to disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders are-

1. Harsh parenting styles, exposure to physical or sexual abuse during childhood, and unstable upbringing.

2. Personal or family history of  substance use

3.  Pre- existing mental illnesses and family history of mental illnesses

# data[].attributes.body
Narcolepsy is a chronic condition that causes excessive daytime sleepiness and leads to an increased tendency to fall asleep during daytime activities. The majority of people who suffer from narcolepsy also experience cataplexy, which involves brief, sudden episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis---often brought on by strong positive emotions. The muscle weakness in cataplexy may be severe enough to cause someone to fall to the ground and be unable to speak or move for a short period of time despite remaining conscious. Patients with narcolepsy also often experience other sleep-related problems, such as disrupted sleep, sleep paralysis, and hallucinations when falling asleep or waking up. Today, narcolepsy is often classified as narcolepsy type 1 or narcolepsy type 2. Type 1 typically involves narcolepsy with cataplexy, and low levels of a neuropeptide called orexin, also known as hypocretin. Type 2 does not involve cataplexy, and levels of orexin are normal. Narcolepsy type 2 generally has less severe symptoms, but little is known about its cause. Narcolepsy type 1 is linked to a loss of orexin-producing neurons in the hypothalamus, leading to low orexin levels. Orexin neurons have an excitatory effect on several regions of the brain that are involved in promoting wakefulness and suppressing REM sleep. Thus, the loss of these neurons leads to deficiencies in maintaining wakefulness and is linked to the dysregulation of REM sleep. This REM sleep dysregulation is thought to cause episodes of muscle paralysis and other aspects of REM sleep to occur during wakefulness, which is the basis for cataplexy. The cause of the loss of orexin neurons in narcolepsy is not completely understood, but several lines of evidence implicate an autoimmune mechanism. According to this view, a combination of genetic and environmental factors leads to an inflammatory process in the brain that causes the immune-mediated destruction of orexin neurons, bringing about the symptoms of narcolepsy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Overview

What is narcolepsy?

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that causes an urge to fall asleep suddenly during the daytime that's almost impossible to resist. Although this condition isn't common, it's widely known because of its symptoms and how they happen. Narcolepsy is usually treatable, but the condition can still cause severe disruptions in your life, ability to work and social relationships.

What are the symptoms of narcolepsy?

There are four main symptoms of narcolepsy, but most people with this condition don't have all four. The four symptoms are:

Excessive daytime sleepiness. This symptom happens to everyone with narcolepsy. People with narcolepsy and experts on the condition often describe these as "sleep attacks."

Sudden muscle weakness (cataplexy). This can have mild effects, affecting one side of your body or only light muscle weakness. (See below for more about this symptom.)

Sleep-related hallucinations. These happen right after falling asleep or right before waking up.

Sleep paralysis. When you have this symptom, you'll wake up - sometimes fully, but not always - but find yourself unable to move. (See below for more about this symptom.)

More about cataplexy

There are two main types of narcolepsy, and whether or not you have cataplexy separates the two. The two types are:

Narcolepsy type 1: This form involves cataplexy. About 20% of narcolepsy cases are type 1.

Narcolepsy type 2: This form doesn't involve cataplexy. The majority of narcolepsy cases - about 80% - are type 2.

Under ordinary circumstances, your brain shuts down most muscle control in your body to keep you from acting out your dreams. People with cataplexy will have sudden muscle weakness, similar to how your body blocks movements during REM sleep.

Mild cataplexy may only affect your face and neck - such as your jaw dropping involuntarily - or just one side of your body. Severe cataplexy can make you collapse to the ground, which can lead to injuries. These events usually last under a few minutes, but you may not be able to move or talk at all during that time.

Cataplexy is also unusual because certain emotions cause it to happen. Positive emotions are most likely to trigger cataplexy, especially laughing, making jokes or other humor-related behavior. Surprise, fear and anger can also trigger cataplexy, but aren't as likely to do so.

Cataplexy can take slightly different forms in children and in people whose symptoms started within the past six months. For them, cataplexy can look like sudden, uncontrollable grimacing or face-scrunching, sticking out their tongue or loss of muscle tone (making muscles feel soft and limbs "floppy") throughout their body without an emotion-related cause.

More about sleep paralysis

Your brain shuts down muscle control in your body to keep you from acting out your dreams, but this should end when you wake up. However, if you have sleep paralysis, your body doesn't regain muscle control as it should. You can still breathe and move your eyes, but you can't talk or move the rest of your body.

Hallucinations during sleep paralysis are very common, and they're often vivid and extraordinarily frightening. Fortunately, sleep paralysis is usually very short-lived, lasting only a couple of minutes at most (though people with this often describe that it feels longer).

Other symptoms

In addition to the four main symptoms, some other symptoms or behaviors are common in people with narcolepsy. Some of the more common or easily noticeable behaviors include:

Automatic movements. People with narcolepsy can often fall asleep, but may keep moving parts of their body like their hands.

Amnesia or forgetfulness. It's common for people with this condition to not remember what they were doing right before falling asleep.

Sudden outbursts around sleep attacks. A person with narcolepsy may suddenly speak up and say something (usually words or phrases that are nonsensical or unrelated to what's happening around them). When someone with narcolepsy does this, it might startle them back to being fully awake, but most people who do this also don't remember doing it.

Who does narcolepsy affect?

Healthcare providers usually diagnose narcolepsy in people between the ages of 5 and 50. However, it's most likely to appear in young adults in their late teens and early 20s. Men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB) have a higher risk of developing narcolepsy.

How common is narcolepsy?

Narcolepsy is uncommon. Available research shows that it affects 25 to 50 people out of every 100,000 worldwide. However, this condition often takes years to diagnose, so the actual number of people with it is difficult to estimate.

How does narcolepsy affect my body?

To understand narcolepsy, it helps to know more about the way the human sleep cycle works. That cycle involves the following stages:

Stage 1: Light sleep. This short stage begins right after you fall asleep and accounts for about 5% of your total sleep time.

Stage 2: Deeper sleep. This stage is deeper and makes up about 45% to 50% of all the time you spend sleeping (this number goes up as you get older).

Stage 3: Slow wave sleep. This stage makes up about 25% of the time you spend sleeping (this number goes down with age). It's very hard to wake someone up in stage 3 sleep, and waking up directly from it usually causes "sleep inertia," a state of "mental fog" and slowed thinking. This is also the stage where sleepwalking or sleeptalking typically happens.

REM sleep: REM stands for "rapid eye movement." This stage is when you dream. When a person is in REM sleep, you can see their eyes moving beneath their eyelids.

If you don't have narcolepsy, you typically enter stage 1 when you fall asleep and then move into stages 2 and 3. You'll cycle between these stages and ultimately go into REM sleep and start dreaming. After the first REM cycle, you start a new cycle and go back into stage 1 or 2. One cycle normally takes about 90 minutes before another begins. Most people go through four or five cycles per night (assuming they get a full eight hours).

If you have narcolepsy, your sleep cycle doesn't happen like that. Instead, you'll go into the REM stage shortly after falling asleep. The rest of the night, you'll sleep only in short stretches, often without going through the typical sleep cycle.

With narcolepsy, no matter how well you sleep at night, you'll feel extremely sleepy during the daytime. That urge to fall asleep is usually impossible to resist, but these sleep periods are also short (about 15 to 30 minutes) during the day. Once you wake up, you'll feel rested and ready to resume whatever you were doing before. However, this happens several times during the day, which is why narcolepsy is so disruptive.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes narcolepsy?

The causes of narcolepsy depend on the type of narcolepsy itself. However, they all have links to your hypothalamus, a specific area in your brain that helps regulate your sleep and wake times.

Type 1 narcolepsy

In 1998, researchers discovered orexins, a type of chemical molecule created and used by certain neurons (brain cells) for communication. The neurons that use orexins are in a part of your brain called the hypothalamus, and those neurons are key to how you stay awake.

Orexin (sometimes called hypocretins) is a molecule produced by neurons that's usually detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a thin layer of fluid surrounding and cushioning your brain and spinal cord. However, CSF levels of orexin are very low - or undetectable - in people with narcolepsy. That means the cells that make orexin either stopped working or something destroyed them.

According to further research, the most likely reason those neurons stopped working is an autoimmune problem. That means your immune system attacked the neurons that make and use orexins, the orexins themselves or both.

About 90% to 95% of people with type 1 narcolepsy have a specific genetic mutation (the identifier for this mutation is HLA-DQB1*06:02) that affects their immune system. However, about 25% of all people also have this mutation but don't have narcolepsy. As a result, experts rarely test for this mutation and they aren't certain what role it plays. There's also some evidence that this condition runs in families, as having a first-degree relative (a parent, sibling or child) with narcolepsy puts you at higher risk for developing it.

However, people can also develop type 1 narcolepsy after certain viral and bacterial infections, especially strains of H1N1 influenza and bacteria like those that cause strep throat. Experts suspect that's because infections can sometimes trigger changes and malfunctions in your immune system.

Type 2 narcolepsy

While experts know much of why type 1 narcolepsy happens, that's not the case with type 2 narcolepsy. Experts still don't fully understand why type 2 narcolepsy happens. But they suspect it happens for similar reasons. Those include less-severe loss of the neurons that use orexin or a problem with how orexin travels in your brain.

Secondary narcolepsy

In rare cases, narcolepsy can happen because of damage to your hypothalamus. You can have this kind of damage from head injuries (such as concussions and traumatic brain injuries), strokes, brain tumors and other conditions.

Narcolepsy can also happen as a feature of unrelated conditions that you can inherit. Examples of this include:

Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, narcolepsy and deafness (ADCADN).

Autosomal dominant narcolepsy, type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Is narcolepsy contagious?

Narcolepsy isn't contagious. You can't spread it to or catch it from others.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is narcolepsy diagnosed?

A healthcare provider can suspect narcolepsy based on your symptoms. However, narcolepsy shares symptoms with several other brain- and sleep-related conditions. Because of that, the only way to diagnose narcolepsy conclusively is with specialized diagnostic tests.

Before doing most of the main tests for narcolepsy, a healthcare provider will first make sure that you're getting enough sleep. That usually involves simple tracking methods for your sleep-wake patterns, such as actigraphy. This typically uses a watch-like device that you wear on your wrist to track movement patterns (such as when you're sleeping vs. when you're up and moving around while awake).

What tests will be done to diagnose narcolepsy?

Some possible tests for diagnosing narcolepsy include:

Sleep study (polysomnogram)

A sleep study involves multiple types of sensors that track how you sleep. A key part of a full sleep study, formally known as a polysomnogram, is that it includes electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors. Those sensors track your brain waves, allowing healthcare providers to see what stage of sleep you're in from minute to minute.

A sleep study can help diagnose narcolepsy because people who have this condition go into the REM stage sleep unusually fast compared to people who don't. They'll also have sleep broken up by periods of wakefulness, which the sleep study can also detect and record.

Another key reason why a sleep study is necessary is that excessive daytime sleepiness is also a main symptom of sleep apnea. A sleep study can rule out sleep apnea.

Multiple sleep latency test

This test involves testing whether or not you're prone to falling asleep during the daytime. This test involves timed naps that happen in a specific timeframe. This test can help determine if a person has excessive daytime sleepiness, which is a required symptom of narcolepsy. This test often happens the following day after an overnight sleep study.

Maintenance of wakefulness test

This test determines if you can stay awake during the daytime, even in situations where it would be easy to fall asleep. While it's not common in testing for narcolepsy, it's still possible and can rule out other issues. It's also useful for testing if stimulant treatments are helping.

Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

This test can help determine if the orexin levels in your CSF are low. This is a key way to diagnose type 1 narcolepsy. Low orexin levels can also signal that someone with narcolepsy may develop cataplexy, even if they haven't yet shown that symptom. Unfortunately, orexin levels don't change in people with type 2 narcolepsy, so it isn't always a test that helps with diagnosis.

Other tests

Many other tests are also common for people who have narcolepsy. An example of why this might happen is having cataplexy as a symptom. Cataplexy is similar to several other motor (movement-related) symptoms of brain conditions, such as atonic seizures (also known as drop attacks).

Because of that, healthcare providers might first test for more severe conditions like seizures and epilepsy, which means narcolepsy may take longer for providers to pinpoint and diagnose. Other tests are possible, too, and your healthcare provider is the best person to explain what tests they recommend and why.

Management and Treatment

How is narcolepsy treated, and is there a cure?

Narcolepsy is treatable but not curable. Treatments usually start with medications, but changes to your daily routine and lifestyle can also help. In general, narcolepsy responds well to treatment, which helps limit the disruptions that symptoms can cause.

What medications or treatments are used to treat narcolepsy?

Medication is the main method for treating narcolepsy. Most medications target excessive daytime sleepiness, but some target other symptoms, too. Possible medications for this condition include:

Wakefulness medications. These are usually the first line of treatment. Examples of these drugs include modafinil and armodafinil. These medications stimulate your nervous system, which can help reduce the severity or frequency of daytime sleepiness.

Amphetamines and amphetamine-like stimulants. Drugs like methylphenidate (better known under several trade names, including Ritalin®, Concerta® or Qullivant®) or amphetamine/dextroamphetamine combinations (better known by the trade name Adderall®).

Antidepressants. Medications like serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as venlafaxine (commonly known by the trade name Effexor®), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine (better known under the trade name Prozac®), or tricyclic antidepressants like clomipramine or protriptyline (but these are less common).

Sodium oxybate. This drug can help you sleep and also reduces how often cataplexy happens. Most countries control this drug very tightly because of its effects, but it's still used frequently for treating type 1 narcolepsy.

Histamine-affecting drugs. An example of this type of drug is pitolisant, a histamine receptor antagonist. Receptor antagonists are drugs that block specific chemicals in your body from attaching to cells. That slows down or prevents the cells from doing certain things.

While there are multiple treatment options for narcolepsy in adults, treatment options in children are very limited. Your child's pediatrician or a specialist provider is the best person to tell you what treatment options are available or what they recommend.

Complications/side effects of narcolepsy treatment

Many medications that treat narcolepsy or its symptoms are more likely to interact with other drugs. High blood pressure (hypertension) and irregular heart rhythms are just two possible complications with stimulant medications of any kind. Sodium oxybate in particular is dangerous if combined with other drugs that dampen how your central nervous system works, and you should never mix it with alcohol.

In general, your healthcare provider is the best person to tell you what side effects, complications or medication interactions to watch for or avoid. They can tailor the information to your specific case and situation, accounting for your health history and personal circumstances.

How do I take care of myself or manage my symptoms?

You shouldn't try to self-diagnose and self-treat narcolepsy. That's because the symptoms of this condition happen commonly with other conditions like sleep apnea or epilepsy, which are also dangerous. This condition can also make certain activities like driving or swimming dangerous, so you should always see a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment.

How soon after treatment will I feel better, and how long does it take to recover from this treatment?

The recovery time or time to feel the effects of treatments for narcolepsy depends on many factors. Your healthcare provider is the best person to tell you what to expect in your case, including the timeline on when you should see the effects of medications or changes in your symptoms.

Prevention

How can I reduce my risk or prevent narcolepsy?

Narcolepsy happens unpredictably in almost all cases. Because of that, it's impossible to reduce your risk of developing it or prevent it from happening.

Outlook / Prognosis

What can I expect if I have narcolepsy?

Narcolepsy isn't usually dangerous on its own, but the sudden, irresistible need to sleep is very disruptive. People with this condition may be unable to drive (either temporarily or permanently, depending on their specific symptoms and circumstances).

While narcolepsy usually isn't dangerous, type 1 narcolepsy does have added risks of injury from falls when cataplexy is severe. Narcolepsy can also create dangerous situations when driving, using power tools or heavy equipment, swimming and more.

Narcolepsy in children

Children with narcolepsy often struggle because of the effects of the condition. Daytime sleepiness can make it hard to pay attention in school, maintain social relationships and participate in school and non-school activities.

However, narcolepsy is a medical condition. Because of this, children with narcolepsy often have legal protections, and the law requires schools to provide suitable accommodations. Some examples include adjusting class schedules, having time built in time for naps or rest periods and taking medications while at school. Your child's pediatrician or other experts can help you navigate this and find solutions that can help your child.

Narcolepsy in working adults

Much like the legal protections for children in schools, adults with narcolepsy also commonly have legal protections because of this condition. The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discriminating against someone because of a medical condition (including narcolepsy) in the United States.

That legal protection means people with narcolepsy can often work out accommodations agreements with their employers to make it possible for them to have a career while still managing their condition.

How long does narcolepsy last?

Narcolepsy is permanent once you develop it, so it's a lifelong condition. However, it doesn't get worse over time.

What is the outlook for narcolepsy?

Narcolepsy isn't dangerous on its own, but it can make it hard to go to certain places or do certain activities. It also can disrupt going to school, having a job and other common parts of your life. While treatment isn't always totally effective, most cases of narcolepsy respond to treatment. That means you can usually manage this condition and limit how it affects your life.

Living With

How do I take care of myself?

If you have narcolepsy, there are several things you can do to help manage your condition and make treatments more effective. Most of these relate to practicing good sleep hygiene or otherwise adjusting your schedule and routine, including the following actions:

Be consistent with your sleep habits. Sticking to a sleep schedule can improve how well you sleep.

Make time for sleep. Set a bedtime that allows you to get the recommended amount of sleep for your age. You should also build some time into your schedule before going to sleep to wind down and relax.

Limit the time you spend around bright lights or using electronics. Light from these too close to bedtime can disrupt your body's natural sleep-wake functions.

Avoid drinking alcohol or caffeine, using tobacco or eating a meal too close to bedtime. A light snack is the best option if you feel hungry before bedtime. You should avoid alcohol entirely if you take certain medications (your healthcare provider can tell you if they prescribe any of these for you). Experts also strongly recommend quitting tobacco products entirely (including vaping and smokeless tobacco).

Be physically active. Staying active, even just going for a walk, can help with the quality of your sleep.

Have a nap. People with narcolepsy will often feel better after taking a short nap. Once you figure out the times of day you feel sleepiest, adjusting your schedule to nap at those times can help you.

Avoid dangerous activities or take precautions when you do them

Narcolepsy can - and does - lead to serious or even deadly auto crashes. To keep yourself and those around you safe, you should never drive unless a healthcare provider specifically clears you to drive.

If you notice that narcolepsy symptoms are happening while you're driving, you should stop driving entirely and contact your healthcare provider. While this is inconvenient even in the best of cases, it's also crucial to avoiding deadly or life-changing consequences of a car crash because you fell asleep behind the wheel.

Another key area where narcolepsy creates a specific danger is in the water. If you have narcolepsy, it's very important that you always wear a life preserver when swimming or are in any kind of boat or watercraft where a life preserver is recommended. Without a life preserver or lifejacket - worn properly at all times - a sleep attack in the water could have deadly consequences.

When should I see my healthcare provider?

Falling asleep suddenly without an expected reason is a sign that you need to see a healthcare provider. All of these are symptoms of many conditions, not just narcolepsy, and several of those conditions are severe. With many of these conditions, the longer you wait to get a diagnosis and treatment, the more likely you'll face complications or that treatment will be less effective.

When should I go to the ER?

You should seek medical care at a hospital or emergency room if you collapse or pass out unexpectedly. This is a key symptom of many conditions, including heart attack, stroke, irregular heart rhythms and more. Those conditions are medical emergencies and need immediate care.

Collapsing or passing out unexpectedly also puts you at risk for fall-related injuries. You should always get medical attention if you have a possible injury to your head, neck or any part of your back and spine. Fractures and injuries to your spinal cord at any level can cause permanent damage, paralysis or even death.

You should also get medical attention if you fall and you're taking blood-thinning medications of any kind, especially if you hit your head. Falls and injuries create a risk for dangerous internal bleeding, and you need medical attention to make sure you don't have injuries that could lead to deadly complications.
A note from Cleveland Clinic
Narcolepsy is a brain-related condition that causes disruptions in your body's natural sleep/wake processes. While this condition isn't usually dangerous directly, it can create risks in certain situations. It's also a condition that can seriously disrupt your life, routine and activities. Many people with this condition may have issues with routine activities like working and driving.

Fortunately, this condition is treatable, and most people with narcolepsy see at least some improvements from treatment. Adjusting sleep-related behaviors can also help. While it's not always possible to prevent the symptoms of narcolepsy, many people can manage this condition and adapt to most - if not all - of its effects.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Narcolepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Narcolepsy is a disorder that affects your brain's control over sleeping and waking up, making you fall asleep during the daytime. This condition is usually treatable.

# data[].attributes.body
What is the the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Narcolepsy ???

# data[].attributes.headline
🌟Understanding Narcolepsy: Explore the Types, Symptoms, and Management Strategies!🌟

# data[].attributes.subject
🌟Understanding Narcolepsy: Explore the Types, Symptoms, and Management Strategies!🌟

# data[].attributes.headline
Diagnostic Criteria For Narcolepsy Type 1 & 2 ‼️

# data[].attributes.subject
Diagnostic Criteria For Narcolepsy Type 1 & 2 ‼️

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antisocial Personality Disorder, Causes , Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Exploring the Narcolepsy Journey Through the "Life With Narcolepsy" Podcast with Bella.

# data[].attributes.body
The "Life With Narcolepsy" podcast offers a comprehensive and insightful exploration of this chronic neurological sleep disorder, guiding listeners through various aspects of the condition.In the first episode, "What is Narcolepsy?", the podcast delves into the fundamental understanding of this sleep disorder. Listeners can gain a clear picture of the different types of narcolepsy, including Narcolepsy Type 1 (with cataplexy) and Narcolepsy Type 2 (without cataplexy), along with the underlying causes and core symptoms, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations.

The second episode, "My Journey to a Narcolepsy Diagnosis," provides a deeply personal account of Bella's experience in navigating the diagnostic process. By sharing her story, the podcast aims to offer empathy, guidance, and valuable insights for those currently grappling with unexplained symptoms and seeking answers. This episode highlights the challenges, emotions, and practical implications of receiving a narcolepsy diagnosis, potentially serving as a relatable resource for listeners in similar circumstances.

Rounding out the series, the third episode, "Let's Bust Some Myths: Clearing Up Misconceptions About Narcolepsy," tackles the various myths and misconceptions surrounding this condition. By addressing and dispelling these common misunderstandings, the podcast empowers listeners with accurate information, helping to foster a better overall understanding and awareness of narcolepsy.

All in all, this trio of podcast episodes from "Life With Narcolepsy" offers a comprehensive and multifaceted exploration of the narcolepsy journey. From understanding the fundamentals of the disorder to navigating the diagnostic process and addressing prevalent myths, this podcast series provides a valuable resource for individuals living with narcolepsy, their loved ones, and healthcare professionals seeking to deepen their knowledge on this complex sleep condition.To sum up, this well-rounded series serves as an encouraging and worthwhile guide, offering insights and support for the narcolepsy community as a whole. I am suggesting you give this podcast a listen to get a better understanding of narcolepsy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
#EP3 - Let’s Bust Some Myths: Clearing Up Misconceptions About Narcolepsy

# data[].attributes.headline
What to know about narcolepsy with cataplexy !!!

# data[].attributes.subject
What to know about narcolepsy with cataplexy !!!

# data[].attributes.body
- Narcolepsy with cataplexy, or type 1 narcolepsy, is a chronic neurological disorder that affects a person’s sleep-wake cycle and involves muscle weakness.

- People with this condition have significant daytime drowsiness and sudden urges to fall asleep.

-They also experience a sudden loss of muscle control with retention of clear consciousness that follows a strong emotional stimulus.

-This can cause serious problems in their daily routine and can be mistaken for seizure activity.

-While cataplexy is often associated with narcolepsy, the Sleep Foundation points out that “30% of cataplexy episodes are related to other disorders''.

# data[].attributes.headline
Let's observe and discover what a cataplexy attack is like

# data[].attributes.subject
Let's observe and discover what a cataplexy attack is like

# data[].attributes.body
A cataplexy attack is a sudden and transient episode of muscle weakness accompanied by full conscious awareness, typically triggered by strong emotions such as laughter, anger, surprise, or excitement. It is a hallmark symptom of narcolepsy type 1 but can also occur in other conditions. Here's what a cataplexy attack is generally like:

1. Triggering Event: The attack is usually precipitated by an emotional response. For instance, a person might be laughing at a joke, feeling excited, or experiencing sudden anger.

2. Onset: The onset of muscle weakness is sudden. The individual may feel their knees buckling, jaw slackening, or their head drooping. The severity can vary from mild (slight drooping of the eyelids) to severe (collapse to the ground).

3. Muscle Weakness: The muscle weakness can affect various parts of the body. Commonly, the facial muscles (jaw dropping), neck muscles (head dropping), or limbs (buckling knees, dropping objects) are involved. In severe cases, the person might collapse completely, becoming unable to move.

4. Consciousness and Awareness: Despite the loss of muscle control, the person remains fully conscious and aware of their surroundings. They can hear and see everything happening around them but cannot respond or move until the episode passes.

5. Duration: The duration of a cataplexy attack can range from a few seconds to several minutes. Most attacks are brief, lasting less than two minutes.

6. Recovery: Recovery is usually quick and complete. Once the episode ends, muscle control returns, and the person can resume their activities. There are typically no residual effects after an attack.

7. Frequency and Impact: The frequency of cataplexy attacks varies widely among individuals. Some may experience multiple episodes a day, while others may have them infrequently. The impact on daily life can be significant, leading to avoidance of situations that might trigger strong emotions.

In summary, a cataplexy attack involves sudden muscle weakness triggered by emotions, with the person remaining fully aware throughout the episode. The condition can be managed with lifestyle adjustments and medication to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Narcolepsy: What is it like to have a cataplexy attack - BBC News

# data[].attributes.headline
Does trichotillomania occur with other psychiatric disorders? Let's us see a case report of a schizophrenic patient with trichotillomania and trichorhizophagia!!!!

# data[].attributes.subject
Does trichotillomania occur with other psychiatric disorders? Let's us see a case report of a schizophrenic patient with trichotillomania and trichorhizophagia!!!!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Trichotillomania is a disorder characterized by chronic hair pulling that often results in alopecia. Once believed to be rare, trichotillomania is now thought to affect as much as 4% of the population. Usually beginning in early childhood or adolescence, most patients with trichotillomania do not seek treatment until 17 years of age.[ 1] Patients with trichotillomania often hide their hair-pulling behavior, and the disorder is often suspected by typical dermatological findings, such as alopecia. Eating the part of hair pulled out is a common practice and trichorhizophagia is a new term to denote the habit of eating the root of hairs pulled out, associated with trichotillomania.[ 2] Comorbidity of trichotillomania with different psychiatric disorders is common. However, until recently there have been only few reports of trichotillomania in schizophrenia.[ 3, 4] Here we report a case of trichotillomania with trichorhizophagia in schizophrenia and discussed the various treatment options.

CASE REPORT

A 58-year-old, married, Hindu, unemployed male, a confirmed case of schizophrenia of 30 years duration with no family or past history of psychiatric illness, no history of any medical or surgical illnesses, presented in our OPD with pulling hair and eating the hair root for the last 5 years. There were no positive symptoms but had predominant negative symptoms. Prior to the consultation in our hospital, he was on irregular treatment with haloperidol. He used to pluck hair from the scalp and eyebrows and developed patches of hair loss in these areas. Usually he plucks one or two hairs at a time and plays with hair for some time or rubs the root of the hair along the lips and then discards it. At times he bites the hair and swallows the bitten part containing the root of hair discarding the rest. The patient admitted hair-pulling behavior and reported a kind of pleasure in doing this activity. He has not attempted to resist this habit and it was not a concern for him. There were patches of alopecia on the scalp and right eyebrows with no local inflammation, itching, or pain. The patient's symptoms qualified for a diagnosis of trichorhizophagia.

As an outpatient, he was started on olanzapine and the doze was titrated to a maximum dose of 20 mg per day over a period of 1 month. He showed significant improvement of schizophrenic symptoms except hair pulling behavior. Since behavior therapy was not possible at this stage as the patient was not cooperative, escitalopram 10 mg was added to the previous regime for controlling the hair pulling behavior. After 3 months of combined therapy he almost completely stopped the hair pulling behavior, subsequent biting, and eating hair roots without any exacerbation of psychotic symptoms. There was regrowth of scalp hair as well. Till date, the patient is maintaining improvement and is attending our OPD with regular follow up.

DISCUSSION

Trichotillomania is considered to be a rare disorder encountered in clinical practice. Although trichotillomania was reported to occur with many psychiatric disorders, the exact prevalence rate was not reported. Other comorbid conditions reported include dissociative experiences, dementia, Parkinson's disease, partial seizures, and Prader- Willi syndrome.[ 5] Possible hypothesized causes include a biological basis, as well as hair pulling in response to life stresses.

Current treatment strategies involve a multimodal approach. Some of the SSRIs especially escitalopram, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine are found to be effective. Antipsychotics like haloperidol were also suggested. In some cases, a combination of SSRI with a typical antipsychotic may be warranted. Recently, there was a report of resistant trichotillomania treated with risperidone augmented with fluoxamine.[ 6] This combination worked well without any exacerbation of psychotic symptoms. The index case had compulsive plucking of hair and eating the hair root for the last 5 years, which was not part of any delusions or hallucinations. Although olanzapine has shown efficacy as monotherapy against psychosis, addition of escitalopram only produced marked improvement in compulsive behavior. Escitalopram was shown to be effective in many of the obsessive spectrum disorders. This case points to the efficacy of combination of olanzapine and escitalopram particularly in patents showing psychotic symptoms along with trichotillomania. Moreover, in patients with hair pulling behavior, it is prudent to inquire about trichophagy because it can lead on to rare but potentially life-threatening condition called trichobezoar.

Footnotes

Source of Support: Nil

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

REFERENCES

Articles from Indian Journal of Psychiatry are provided here courtesy of Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Trichotillomania with trichorhizophagia in a schizophrenic patient: Case report and review of literature

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Trichotillomania is a disorder characterized by chronic hair pulling that often results in alopecia. Eating the part of hair pulled out is a common practice and trichorhizophagia is a new term to denote the habit of eating the root of hairs pulled out, ...

# data[].attributes.body
Sleep-wake disorders are a group of conditions characterized by disturbances in the normal sleep pattern, which can significantly impact a person's ability to function during the day. These disorders are classified and diagnosed according to the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), which is a widely used manual for diagnosing mental health conditions.

In DSM-5, sleep-wake disorders are categorized into several subtypes, including insomnia disorders, hypersomnolence disorders, narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorders, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, and parasomnias. Each subtype has specific criteria that must be met for diagnosis, such as the frequency, severity, and duration of symptoms. Among these, insomnia is the most common type. Sleep wake disorders often come along with mental health problems or medical health problems.

# data[].attributes.headline
WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PEDOPHILIC DISORDER?

# data[].attributes.subject
WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PEDOPHILIC DISORDER?

# data[].attributes.body
💡PEDOPHILIC DISORDER may present as:

• Exclusive. Attraction is only toward children.

• Non-exclusive. Attraction toward both children and adults.

📌Acting on a PEDOPHILIC URGE could mean:

• Engaging in various sex acts with children

• Viewing child pornography

• Fantasizing about or masturbating to images of children, either real or imaged

🔎Some SIGNS & SYMPTOMS that you’re living with pedophilic disorder include:

• Being sexually aroused by prepubescent children

• Denial (try to justify your thoughts or behaviors, or call inappropriate interactions accidental or unintentional)

• Extensive use of child pornography

• Feelings of shame or guilt

• Psychosocial impairment

• Sexual frustration

⚠️To achieve a DIAGNOSIS per the DSM-5, you must also:

• Have acted on, or experienced interpersonal distress or difficulty related to, your urges or fantasies

• Be at least 16 years of age and be at least 5 years older than the child you’re focused on

# data[].attributes.body
Let's have a look at this slide which will give you the full and clear insights and understanding.

# data[].attributes.body
Symptoms fall along a spectrum of severity and range from relatively mild (lying, cheating) to very serious (rape and murder)

# data[].attributes.headline
LET'S WATCH A SHORT FILM AND  LEARN on DICs!! 

# data[].attributes.subject
LET'S WATCH A SHORT FILM AND  LEARN on DICs!! 

# data[].attributes.body
Conduct Disorders are mental and behavioural problems in young people and the most common reason for a child to be referred to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. (CAMHS)

This film explains how to recognise and help a child who shows the symptoms of conduct disorder

# data[].attributes.headline
Introducing insomnia: the silent thief of peaceful slumber.

# data[].attributes.subject
Introducing insomnia: the silent thief of peaceful slumber.

# data[].attributes.body
Learn more about the sleep thief that keeps you counting sheep.

# data[].attributes.body
Members :

1. Afif Aisar bin Azhari A202413

2. Muhammad Amir Firdaus bin Izzuddin A204382

3. Muhammad Danish bin Abdul Hakim A200588

4. Umie Marzieha binti Ismail A202221

5. Nur Ameerah binti Zulkornain A205684

# data[].attributes.body
Insomnia's grip extends beyond restless nights—it can strain your hearing, exacerbating conditions like tinnitus.

# data[].attributes.body
What is it like to live with constant pain and discomfort ? How does one with SSD try to go about in life ?

# data[].attributes.headline
JOURNEY OF MICHELLE FOLEY (46, SINGLE MUM) IN BATTLING INSOMNIA FOR 4 YEARS !

# data[].attributes.subject
JOURNEY OF MICHELLE FOLEY (46, SINGLE MUM) IN BATTLING INSOMNIA FOR 4 YEARS !

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mother Takes Action After Battling Insomnia For 4 Years: ‘I Just Want To Sleep’ | Megyn Kelly TODAY

# data[].attributes.body
Do you know how many people in the world suffer from SSD?? Let's have a look at this slide, which will show you the prevalence of SSD.

# data[].attributes.headline
The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder in the general population is an estimated 5% to 7%,3 making this one of the most common categories of patient concerns in the primary care setting

# data[].attributes.subject
The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder in the general population is an estimated 5% to 7%,3 making this one of the most common categories of patient concerns in the primary care setting

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Article Sections

With the release of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., the diagnostic category previously known as somatoform disorders is now called somatic symptom and related disorders. The revisions were intended to increase their relevance in the primary care setting. The main feature of this disorder is a patient's concern with physical symptoms that he or she attributes to a nonpsychiatric disease. Primary care physicians often treat patients who manifest symptoms for which there are no biologic cause, and patients with somatic symptom disorder may be subjected to unnecessary testing and procedures. As a result, appropriate diagnosis is essential. Screening instruments are useful in determining the presence of somatic symptom disorder. It is important for the primary care physician to schedule regular appointments, establish a strong therapeutic alliance, acknowledge and legitimize the patient's symptoms, and limit diagnostic testing or referrals to subspecialists. Proven treatments include cognitive behavior therapy, mindfulness-based therapy, and pharmacotherapy. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants has been effective in alleviating symptoms. Referral to a mental health professional may be necessary when treatment by the primary care physician is ineffective.

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., (DSM-5), the nomenclature for the diagnostic category previously known as somatoform disorders was changed to somatic symptom and related disorders.3 The purpose of this change was to better define these disorders to make them more relevant to the primary care setting.

Somatic symptom disorder may be no less debilitating than physical disorders.4 Patients experiencing somatization whose physicians incorrectly think they may have a biologic disorder can experience harm from unnecessary testing and treatment.5 Some physicians find patients with somatic symptom disorder frustrating, and may describe them in derogatory terms. They may consider physical disorders genuine, while essentially accusing somaticizing patients of manufacturing their symptoms.6 This article provides practical suggestions for improving the care of these patients.

The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder in the general population is an estimated 5% to 7%,3 making this one of the most common categories of patient concerns in the primary care setting.7 An estimated 20% to 25% of patients who present with acute somatic symptoms go on to develop a chronic somatic illness.8 These disorders can begin in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood.4, 9 Females tend to present with somatic symptom disorder more often than males, with an estimated female-to-male ratio of 10:1.9

Somatic symptom disorder presents a problem for both the physician and patient because it puts patients at risk of unnecessary testing and treatment.8, 9, 11 The main feature of these disorders is a concern with physical symptoms that are attributed to a nonpsychiatric disease.12 This concern can manifest as one or more somatic symptoms that result in excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to those symptoms and that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life. One of the following criteria must also be present: significant thoughts about the seriousness of the symptoms; a high level of anxiety about the symptoms; or excessive energy spent with regard to symptomatic concern. Although somatic symptoms need not be continuously present, they must be persistent (present for more than six months). Two specifiers of this condition in the DSM-5 are "with predominant pain" and "persistent." These disorders can be mild, moderate, or severe (Table 1).3 Characteristics of the subclasses of somatic symptom disorder are described in Table 2.3

The following diagnoses should be considered in patients with suspected somatic symptom disorder because the symptoms may be indicative of other mental health disorders: depression, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, substance use disorder, syndromes of unclear etiology (e.g., nonmalignant pain syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome), and nonpsychiatric medical conditions.12

Although the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (eTable A) is perhaps the most commonly used screening instrument to detect somatization symptoms in the general population,13 the more recently developed Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (Table 3 14) shows promise in measuring somatic symptom burden. A study to determine the reliability and validity of this newer tool concluded that it is a reliable and valid self-report measure of somatic symptom burden, and that cutoff scores identify persons with low, medium, high, and very high somatic symptom burden.15 This instrument was validated on a representative random sample, including 2,510 persons 14 years and older, with overall good reliability. Because of overlap with symptoms of depression and anxiety, it is recommended that clinicians assess for these comorbidities as well.14 It should be emphasized, however, that although screening instruments are useful as a first step in the diagnostic process, the DSM-5 criteria still must be met to diagnose somatic symptom disorders.

The management of somatic symptom disorders requires a multifaceted approach tailored to the individual patient. To choose the correct treatment plan, primary care clinicians should keep in mind psychological, social, and cultural factors that influence somatic symptoms.

General treatment tenets for the primary care clinician include scheduling regular, short-interval visits to avoid the need for symptoms to get an appointment; establishing a collaborative, therapeutic alliance with the patient; acknowledging and legitimizing symptoms once the patient has been evaluated for other medical and psychiatric diseases; limiting diagnostic testing; reassuring the patient that serious medical diseases have been ruled out; educating patients about coping with physical symptoms; setting a treatment goal of functional improvement rather than cure; and appropriately referring patients to subspecialists and mental health professionals.16 The CARE MD (consultation/cognitive behavior therapy, assessment, regular visits, empathy, medical/psychiatric interface, do no harm) treatment approach was developed to help primary care clinicians work more effectively with patients who have somatic symptom disorder (Table 4).17 Proven therapies provided by mental health care professionals include cognitive behavior therapy and mindfulness-based therapy (Table 5).18- 27

Medications used to treat somatic symptom disorder include antidepressants, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, and natural products. The effectiveness of many of these treatments has limited support.

There is little support for the use of mono-amine oxidase inhibitors, bupropion (Wellbutrin), antiepileptics, or antipsychotics in the treatment of somatic symptom disorder. These medications have significant adverse effects and are best avoided for this use.25

Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials reviewed the effectiveness and safety of St. John's wort for the treatment of somatic symptom disorder.26, 27 Both of these studies showed that St. John's wort was superior to placebo, and that it is well-tolerated and safe.

Somatic symptom disorders are generally chronic, with waxing and waning symptoms. However, some studies have shown that patients can recover; the natural history of the disorders suggests that approximately 50% to 75% of patients with medically unexplained symptoms show improvement, whereas 10% to 30% deteriorate.28 Better prognostic indicators include having fewer physical symptoms and better functioning at baseline.28, 29 A strong, positive relationship between the physician and the patient is essential and should be coupled with frequent, supportive visits, while avoiding the temptation to medicate or test when these interventions are not clearly indicated.

Data Sources: Medline searches via Ovid and PubMed were completed using the key terms somatoform disorder, somatization, somatic, medically unexplained symptoms, and treatment. The search included reviews, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials. Also searched were the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Essential Evidence Plus, UpToDate, and evidence-based guidelines from the National Guideline Clearinghouse. Search dates: August 2014 through November 2014.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
With the release of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., the diagnostic category previously known as somatoform disorders is now called somatic symptom and related disorders. The revisions were intended to increase their relevance in the primary care setting.

# data[].attributes.headline
Related Disorder: Illness Anxiety Disorder

# data[].attributes.subject
Related Disorder: Illness Anxiety Disorder

# data[].attributes.body
Know how to differentiate between a tortoise and a turtle - likewise between SSD and IAD.

Though they may seem similar at first glance, the struggle faced by each disorder may vary, as well as the symptoms and the diagnostic criteria.

# data[].attributes.body
✒️A self-described pedophile created an online support group called VIRTUOUS PEDOPHILES that he believes it may hold the key to PROTECTING YOUR KIDS. He claimed that this organisation is within the law and they will help those with pedophilic disorder to manage the attraction on kids well.

🔍In the comment section, I found that people have different views on this matter. Obviously, there will be arguments on that and I found that most of the comments are showing their disagreement.

"The devil tries to lie to people about what they should see in kids and I think he did good for coming forth to speak his real thoughts regardless of how people may see him."

"Is he trying to say that this is a legit illness?"

Also, there are some people trying to speak for the pedophile in that video.

"Obviously pedophiles and child molesters are two different things. It's important to understand that distinction, and not treat pedophiles like criminals, so that more pedophiles get some help to keep themselves from offending. We have to help these people in order to protect children from being abused."

Let's have a look on this video!! 🖱️🖱️

What do you think about this? Feel free to leave your views below!! 📢

# data[].attributes.headline
Espresso Extremes : From Habit to Addiction 

# data[].attributes.subject
Espresso Extremes : From Habit to Addiction 

# data[].attributes.body
Let us find out and understand more about Functional Neurologic Disorder !

# data[].attributes.headline
HAVE YOU HEARD OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (OSA) ?

# data[].attributes.subject
HAVE YOU HEARD OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (OSA) ?

# data[].attributes.body
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a type of breathing-related sleep disorders.

It is caused by the collapse of the upper airway during sleep. The muscles supporting soft tissues in the throat relax, narrowing or closing the airway and temporarily interrupting breathing.

SNORING is often associated with OSA, especially if the snoring is interrupted by periods of silence.

It is important to remember that snoring doesn’t necessarily indicate something potentially serious, and not everyone who snores has OSA.

This link introduces the symptoms ,causes, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment methods for OSA.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is caused by the collapse of the upper airway during sleep. The muscles supporting soft tissues in the throat relax, narrowing or closing the airway and temporarily interrupting breathing.

OSA is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder.

Normally, air should flow smoothly from the mouth and nose into the lungs at all times, including during sleep.

Periods when breathing stops completely are called apnea or apneic episodes. In OSA, the normal flow of air is repeatedly stopped throughout the night.

OSA is most common among older males, but it can affect anyone, including children. The incidence rises following menopause, such that the rates are similar in men and postmenopausal women.

Snoring is often associated with OSA, especially if the snoring is interrupted by periods of silence. Snoring is caused by airflow squeezing through the narrowed airway space.

It is important to remember that snoring doesn't necessarily indicate something potentially serious, and not everyone who snores has OSA.

Untreated OSA can cause serious health problems such as:

Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing complications.

Most people with OSA complain of daytime sleepiness. OSA causes episodes of decreased oxygen supply to the brain and other parts of the body, so sleep quality is poor. This causes daytime drowsiness and a lack of clarity in the morning.

Those who share beds with people with OSA may report the following:

loud snoring

gasping

choking

snorting

interruptions in breathing while sleeping

These symptoms are also often detected when checking on another complaint or during health maintenance screening.

People with OSA may also experience the following symptoms:

morning headaches

feeling disgruntled or grumpy

forgetfulness

drowsiness

repetitive awakenings throughout the night

Other symptoms include:

Daytime drowsiness puts people with sleep apnea at risk for motor vehicle crashes and industrial accidents. Treatment can help to completely relieve daytime drowsiness.

The following are some conditions associated with OSA:

obesity hypoventilation syndrome, a breathing disorder in people with obesity

endocrine conditions, such as hypothyroidism, acromegaly, and polycystic ovary syndrome, which may affect your breathing when you're asleep

chronic lung disease, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis

neuromuscular conditions, such as a stroke, which can interfere with brain signals to your chest muscles and airway

heart or kidney failure, which may cause fluid to build up in your neck and obstruct the upper airway

The risk for OSA increases if you have physical features that narrow your upper airway. Risk factors of OSA include:

obesity

large tonsils

men with a collar size of 17 inches or more

women with a collar size of 16 inches or more

a large tongue, which can block the airway

retrognathia, which is when your lower jaw is shorter than your upper jaw

a narrow palate or airway that collapses more easily

smoking

family history of OSA

A diagnosis of sleep apnea begins with a complete history and physical examination. A history of daytime sleepiness and snoring are important clues.

Your doctor will examine your head and neck to identify any physical factors that are associated with sleep apnea.

Your doctor may ask you to fill out a questionnaire about daytime drowsiness, sleep habits, and quality of sleep.

In some cases, the evaluation for OSA may be performed at home without a technician in attendance. However, home sleep apnea testing is only useful for the diagnosis of OSA in certain people. It is not a substitute for other diagnostic tests if other sleep disorders are suspected.

The following tests may be performed to diagnose OSA.
If you need help finding a primary care doctor, then check out our FindCare tool here.
Polysomnography (PSG)

During a polysomnography, you sleep overnight in a hospital or sleep center while connected to a variety of monitoring devices that record physiologic variables.

Patterns of physiologic abnormalities during sleep may indicate sleep-disordered breathing as well as many other sleep disorders.

While you sleep, the PSG will measure the activity of different organ systems associated with sleep. It may include:

EEG and EOM

During an EEG, electrodes are attached to your scalp that will monitor brain waves before, during, and after sleep. The EOM records eye movement.

A small electrode is placed 1 centimeter above the outer upper corner of your right eye, and another is placed 1 centimeter below the outer lower corner of your left eye. When your eyes move away from the center, this movement is recorded.

Brain waves and eye movements tell doctors about the timing of the different phases of sleep. The two broad phases of sleep are non-REM (non-rapid eye movement) and REM (rapid eye movement).

Decreased muscle tone and paralysis occur during REM sleep.

EMG

During an EMG, two electrodes are placed on your chin: one above your jawline and the other below it. Other electrodes are placed on each shin.

The EMG electrodes pick up the electrical activity generated during muscle movements. Muscle relaxation should occur during sleep. The EMG picks up when your muscles relax and move while you're sleeping.

ECG

A single lead ECG records the electrical signals from your heart during the sleep study to monitor your heart rate and rhythm.

Pulse oximetry

In this test, a device called a pulse oximeter is clipped onto a thin area of your body that has good blood flow, such as a fingertip or earlobe.

The pulse oximeter uses a tiny emitter with red and infrared LEDs to measure the oxygen saturation level of your blood. This level may decrease during episodes of apnea.

The goal for the treatment of OSA is to make sure airflow isn't obstructed during sleep. Treatment methods include the following:

Weight loss

Weight management and exercise are usually recommended for people with OSA who also have obesity.

Although it may not lead to complete remission, weight loss has been shown to decrease the severity of OSA.

Losing weight, if your doctor has recommended it, could also reduce blood pressure, improve your quality of life, and decrease daytime sleepiness.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is the first line of treatment for OSA. It is administered through a face mask worn at night.

The face mask gently delivers positive airflow to keep the airways open at night. The positive airflow props the airways open.

CPAP is a highly effective treatment for OSA.

For people with mild or moderate OSA who don't benefit from CPAP therapy, an oral appliance is a reasonable alternative to positive airway pressure.

Bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP)

Bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) machines are sometimes used for the treatment of OSA if CPAP therapy is not effective.

BPAP machines, sometimes called BiPAP machines, have settings that deliver two pressures in response to your breathing: inhaled pressure and exhaled pressure. This means the pressure changes during inhaling versus exhaling.

Sleeping on your side

Since sleeping on your back (supine position) can make OSA worse for some people, positional therapy is used to help you learn to sleep on your side.
Shop all Healthline-approved products for side sleepers in our sleep shop
Surgery

There is no consensus regarding the role of surgery in adult patients with OSA. In general, you may consider surgical therapy when CPAP or BPAP machines or an oral appliance aren't effective.

Surgical treatment may be the most effective for people who have OSA due to a severe, surgically correctable, obstructing lesion of the upper airway.

Being a surgical candidate depends on factors such as:

your desire to have surgery

if you have a surgically correctable problem

your overall health to undergo surgery

Surgical evaluation begins with a physical exam to check on the anatomy of your upper airway.

In addition, your doctor will insert a flexible laryngoscopy, a thin instrument inserted through your nose that lights and magnifies the upper airway, while you are awake or, if necessary, asleep.

Surgical treatment for OSA provides long-term benefits in some patients, although the complete elimination of OSA is often not achieved, depending on the specific procedure.

You should always talk with your doctor if you're experiencing daytime drowsiness or having consistent problems sleeping.

OSA has many treatment options to help you manage symptoms. Your doctor will create a treatment plan that combines lifestyle changes and other therapies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Causes & Treatments

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn about obstructive sleep apnea, a condition in which breathing stops involuntarily for brief periods of time during sleep.

# data[].attributes.headline
Some reading on Somatic Symptom Disorder

# data[].attributes.subject
Some reading on Somatic Symptom Disorder

# data[].attributes.body
Psychiatry.org - What is Somatic Symptom Disorder?

# data[].attributes.body
How Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) Affects Meeting People:

Body Dysmorphic Disorder is more than just feeling self-conscious; it involves an intense worry about body flaws that others often don't notice. This worry can cause someone to avoid places where there are people because they fear being judged. People with BDD might constantly look at others and think that everyone is only noticing their flaws. This makes it very hard for them to be around people, which can make them feel lonelier and can make the disorder worse.

# data[].attributes.body
The diagram illustrates the cyclical nature of body dysmorphia through interconnected stages. It is centered around the main cycle labeled "Body Dysmorphia Cycle." The cycle comprises five distinct stages, each represented by a circle containing descriptive text.

Perceived Flaw Fixation (Brown)

Focus on perceived flaws like facial features, birthmarks, or body fat.

Engages in Compensative Behavior (Orange)

Actions include mirror checking, body pinching, covering flaws, and avoiding mirrors.

Temporary Relief (Light Purple)

Short-term relief by reducing body checking or getting social affirmations.

Feelings of Shame/Guilt/Sadness (Light Blue)

Leads to feelings of hopelessness, social isolation, and depression.

Increased Compensatory Behavior (Pink)

Escalation to more frequent checking, considering cosmetic surgery, or adding new checking behaviors.

# data[].attributes.body
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is not just about vanity. People with BDD fixate on perceived flaws in their appearance, causing significant anxiety and distress. These flaws are often minor or unseen by others, yet they can dominate a person's thoughts and lead to compulsive behaviors. Let's take a closer look at the causes and symptoms of BDD to understand this complex condition better. This will help us explore why these distorted perceptions take hold and how they impact daily life.

# data[].attributes.headline
WHAT IS BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER (BDD) ?

# data[].attributes.subject
WHAT IS BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER (BDD) ?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
NHS information and advice about body dysmorphic disorder (BDD or body dysmorphia), including what the symptoms are and what can help.

# data[].attributes.headline
Introduction to Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders

# data[].attributes.subject
Introduction to Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders

# data[].attributes.body
Explore the causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders in this informative PDF.

Learn about various types, including delayed sleep phase disorder, advanced sleep phase disorder, and non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder For a simple explanation of these types, watch this insightful YouTube video: https://youtu.be/3OvIFN6Gr9c?si=UC0gR5aU1GlCcOID.

Click to discover more!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders (CRSWDs)

# data[].attributes.body
Members:

1. Chung Li Er (A198399)

2. Ashley Chong Wen Yi (A198568)

3. Dharshini A/P Rajendran (A202208)

4. Nur Qistina 'Asyura binti Mohd Hafiz (A204647)

5. Nurul Syafiqah binti Mohd Nazri (A203452)

# data[].attributes.body
and also this one hihi :))

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
DID in a nutshell - What is dissociative identity disorder?

# data[].attributes.body
"Hear Me Out" addressed body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in a sensitive and understandable manner. The episode's emotional core was provided by a guest with BDD sharing a moving personal story and a strong foundation of knowledge was established through the interview with a mental health expert. Emphasising links to other mental health problems provided insightful information. Despite not avoiding the difficulties, the episode ended by providing resources and success stories that gave viewers hope. A strong conclusion was the call to action to combat the stigma associated with BDD and support positive body image. This episode is essential listening for anyone who wants to help someone who is experiencing BDD or understand the disorder.

All things considered, this episode of "Hear Me Out" is a worthwhile listen for anyone who wants to learn more about BDD, regardless of whether they are experiencing it themselves or are helping someone else. Indeed, it is a powerful example of using a podcast platform to raise awareness and create a more supportive environment for mental health.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
On this episode, my guests(Abigail, Samuel, Joshua) and I talked about a mental illness which many people experience but are unaware of its reputation and commonality. You will hear me talk about mine, do share yours if it pleases you.

# data[].attributes.headline
HOW TO NAVIGATE ICD (GENERAL AND FOR TOURETTE SYNDROME)

# data[].attributes.subject
HOW TO NAVIGATE ICD (GENERAL AND FOR TOURETTE SYNDROME)

# data[].attributes.headline
Inaccurate Portrayal of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) in the movie "Split"

# data[].attributes.subject
Inaccurate Portrayal of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) in the movie "Split"

# data[].attributes.body
The film "Split" is a 2017 American psychological thriller film written, directed and produced by M.Night Shyamalan, which stars James McAvoy, Anya Taylor-Joy and Betty Buckley. The film follows a man with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), who kidnaps and imprisons three teenage girls in an isolated underground facility.

However, experts say it is NOT an accurate portrayal of people living with this disorder :0

Read more about it on these webpages:

https://www.healthline.com/health-news/movie-split-harms-people-with-dissociative-identity-disorder#:~:text=The%20film%20%E2%80%9CSplit%E2%80%9D%20depicts%20a,Split%E2%80%9D%20has%20come%20under%20fire.

https://wp.nyu.edu/steinhardt-appsych_opus/split-a-review-and-its-unexpected-merit/

# data[].attributes.headline
HOW TO NAVIGATE DSM (GENERAL AND FOR TOURETTE SYNDROME)

# data[].attributes.subject
HOW TO NAVIGATE DSM (GENERAL AND FOR TOURETTE SYNDROME)

# data[].attributes.body
Both these disorders are similar yet different , lets have a look what makes them not the same disorder...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Health-related concerns are increasingly common, fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise of online health information. However, if constant health concerns are interfering with your daily life, it may be a sign of an underlying mental health condition. Two such conditions are somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and illness anxiety disorder (IAD). Both conditions can impact daily functioning and involve excessive health concerns, but SSD involves distressing physical symptoms with no clear medical cause, while IAD is marked by excessive worry about developing a serious illness. Below, we delve into the difference between the two mental health conditions and evidence-based treatment options for both.

Health concerns don't have to rule your life

We offer personalized, virtual treatment for complex mental health conditions.

The similarities between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

Excessive health concerns

With both conditions, people are preoccupied with worries about their health, believing that any physical symptom could be a serious medical condition, often leading to heightened anxiety and distress.

People with SSD and IAD may both frequently go to doctor's offices and ask for various tests. They may also both seek reassurance about their health from friends and medical providers.

Significant impact on daily life

Both conditions can greatly disrupt daily life and cause significant distress, impacting a person's ability to engage in regular activities.

Chronic conditions

SSD and IAD are both chronic, meaning symptoms persist over time and are recurrent, especially without treatment.

Treatment options

Treatment for both conditions often involves psychotherapeutic interventions (talk therapy) with similar therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (more on this below).

The differences between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

Physical symptoms

SSD symptoms are related to tangible physical health symptoms ( chronic pain, gastrointestinal distress, headaches, and more) whereas IAD manifests as intense health-related worries not always connected to a specific physical symptom.

Diagnostic criteria

Although both conditions must be diagnosed by a medical or mental health professional, the diagnostic criteria are different. SSD requires tangible physical symptoms that cause significant distress whereas IAD is diagnosed based on someone's excessive health-related worries.

Cause

The cause of both conditions is not entirely certain, but the research that does exist suggests different causes. Studies have indicated that SSD might be associated with psychosocial stressors, childhood neglect, sexual abuse, a history of substance abuse, or even certain personality disorders. Also, for those with SSD, stress can trigger physical symptoms( like heart palpitations, upset stomach, muscle tension, and chronic pain) perpetuating a cycle of symptoms and worries. IAD, by contrast, is linked to factors like having a generalized anxiety disorder, growing up with a family member who had health anxiety, experiencing a serious illness in childhood, or spending a lot of time reading health-related material online.

Overall prevalence

SSD is more common than IAD, according to available data. Research suggests about 5% to 7% of the general population may have SSD, whereas, in medical outpatient settings, 0.1% or less of people are estimated to have IAD.

Gender prevalence

SSD is more common among people assigned female at birth than those assigned male, whereas IAD is seen equally in people of all genders, research shows.

Gendered biases in healthcare

When discussing the gender prevalence of SSD and IAD, it's important to consider gender biases and gaslighting in healthcare. Unfortunately, several studies have shown that compared with patients assigned male at birth, female-identifying clients who present with similar symptoms may not receive the same caliber of care. In key areas like heart health and pain management, this may lead to poorer outcomes, research shows.

Regardless of your gender, if you're experiencing chronic physical health symptoms (like those in SSD and IAD) but being dismissed by medical professionals, you should consider whether to persist with advocacy or trust that you're healthy and concentrate on your mental well-being. There's no right answer for everyone, but taking the following steps may help you figure out how to proceed:

Find a primary care physician that you trust. This does not mean someone who orders every test you suggest, but rather someone who really listens to your health concerns. Sometimes this might mean finding a physician who matches your gender.

Ask your doctor to explain the results of tests and why this helps to rule out diseases.

Have someone come with you to appointments and take notes.

Keep in mind that seeking a second opinion is normal (but you may want to reconsider your approach before seeing a tenth option, for example).

Treatment options for somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

Both SSD and IAD are treatable, and, as mentioned, involve similar treatment approaches, typically including a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), can help people with both conditions address and modify dysfunctional thought patterns related to physical symptoms, health-related anxieties, and help-seeking behaviors. In addition to therapy, medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which have FDA approval for depression, generalized anxiety, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and more, can help alleviate SSD and IAD symptoms in certain people.

How Charlie Health can help with somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

If you feel fixated on the possibility of having a medical condition or can't get through your day without health-related worries, Charlie Health is here to help. Charlie Health's virtual Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP) provides more than once-weekly mental health treatment for young people dealing with complex mental health conditions, including health-related conditions, generalized anxiety disorder, and more. Our expert clinicians incorporate evidence-based therapy, like cognitive behavioral therapy, into individual counseling, family therapy, and group sessions. With treatment, managing SSD and IAD is possible. Fill out the form below or give us a call to start healing today.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Somatic Symptom Disorder vs Illness Anxiety Disorder: What's the Difference?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Constant health-related worries may be a sign of somatic symptom disorder or illness anxiety disorder. Click here to learn the differences between the conditions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Best Way to Study the DSM-5 (Easily Learn the DSM-5 and Learn Diagnostic Criteria)

# data[].attributes.headline
ROLE OF SLPs WHEN TREATING THOSE WITH TOURETTE SYNDROME

# data[].attributes.subject
ROLE OF SLPs WHEN TREATING THOSE WITH TOURETTE SYNDROME

# data[].attributes.body
Helloo everyone, hope you all will enjoy reading about how SLPs help those with TS and was able to learn something new from this post >3

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Tourette has a lot of impacts on daily life especially on speech. I've included some links for us to have better understanding on Tourette and some current available treatments to help them.

# data[].attributes.body
1.https://leader.pubs.asha.org/doi/full/10.1044/leader.FTR1.07142002.4

2.https://tourette.org/wp-content/uploads/Full-Family-Toolkit-rev.pdf

3.https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/stuttering

4.https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/tourette-syndrome#:~:text=This%20treatment%20may%20relieve%20simple,of%20dopamine%20in%20the%20brain.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Yellow llustrative Creativity Tips Infographic

# data[].attributes.headline
LIFE JOURNEY OF PEOPLE WITH TOURETTE SYNDROME

# data[].attributes.subject
LIFE JOURNEY OF PEOPLE WITH TOURETTE SYNDROME

# data[].attributes.body
There are a lot of movies that are so helpful to increase awareness and inclusivity for people with Tourette syndrome.

Top of the list :

1.Front of the class (2008)

2.The tic code (1999)

3.Motherless Brooklyn (2019)

# data[].attributes.body
The cause of DID is likely a psychological response to interpersonal and environmental stresses, particularly during early childhood years when emotional neglect or abuse may interfere with personality development. HOPE THIS HELPS🤗

# data[].attributes.body
After you guys have go through our padlet, you guys can try this game. You guys may pause for awhile before guessing hihi. Hope you enjoy !! 🙌🏻

# data[].attributes.body
Discover the intriguing world of parasomnia, a fascinating sleep-wake disorder that deserves our attention, alongside insomnia and sleep apnea. Let's delve into this captivating subject without delay!

# data[].attributes.headline
How to Know If You Have Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

# data[].attributes.subject
How to Know If You Have Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

# data[].attributes.body
You may forget about certain time periods, events and personal information.

Feeling disconnected from your own body.

Feeling disconnected from the world around you.

You might not have a sense of who you are.

You may have clear multiple identities.

You may feel little or no physical pain.

Depression

Delusions

Reference : https://www.rethink.org/advice-and-information/about-mental-illness/learn-more-about-conditions/dissociation-and-dissociative-identity-disorder-did/#:~:text=Some%20of%20the%20symptoms%20of,from%20the%20world%20around%20you.

In conclusion , if you have forgotten something but the people around keep insisting you that you did that , then you may have DID ☹️🥺😵‍💫

# data[].attributes.headline
🎥MYSTERIES OF THE MIND: THE PEDOPHILE'S BRAIN 

# data[].attributes.subject
🎥MYSTERIES OF THE MIND: THE PEDOPHILE'S BRAIN 

# data[].attributes.body
James Cantor, one of the world's leading experts on pedophilia, sharing about some physiological ideas on a pedophile's brain thinking system. According to Dr. Cantor, when they see a kid, instead of the parental nurturing, it's cross-wired and triggering the sex response system.

-Before reading further, kindly watch the video FIRSTT -🎬📽️✨

🧠His words made me think, our first thought is always to remove those "evils" from society forever, but will that make society better and peaceful? Actually, there are other pieces to the story. Things may get worse when some of them feeling that there's something wrong with them but they are afraid to meet with a psychologist because most of the people will avoid them. In fact, their conditions may get more serious since they don't receive sex drive reducing medications or any types of counseling and therapy in the first place.

"We need to be dispassionate, clinical and think rationally about the situation rather than giving in to our first instinct which usually shoot first and ask questions later which is unfortunately a great deal of public policy." -James Cantor

What do you think about it? 🤔🤔

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mysteries of the Mind: The Pedophile's Brain (HD)

# data[].attributes.body
This show was inspired by the book titled "The Minds of Billy Mulligan". If you guys wanna know, Billy Mulligan is a real person who was arrested in 1972 after committed numerous crimes. Later, it was discovered that he was suffering with Multiple Personality Disorder (now known as Dissociative Identity Disorder).

Overall, i think this show really opens my mind on seeing people that suffers with DID. I enjoyed this series and I hope you guys will do too <3

‼️ But, BEWARE because there are many explicit stuffs ‼️

# data[].attributes.body
Caffeine disorder, also know as caffeine use disorder, is characterized by the problematic consumption of caffeine leading to significant distress or impairment.

# data[].attributes.body
Caffeine is an energizer people used to maintain focus and stay awake. It give consumer benefits however excessive consummation may give negative effect to coffee lovers.

# data[].attributes.body
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a diagnosis where a person has two or more distinct personality states. Those with DID are often struggling with deep trauma or abuse. However, DID still remains unfamiliar to many people.

This short post points out on some of the misconceptions of DID, hope it helps!!

# data[].attributes.headline
 Breaking the Caffeine Habit : Ways to Cope

# data[].attributes.subject
 Breaking the Caffeine Habit : Ways to Cope

# data[].attributes.body
Every person's experience with quitting caffeine and going through withdrawal is unique. So, things like the quantity of caffeine that can lead to withdrawal symptoms, how you feel after withdrawal, etc., vary.

# data[].attributes.headline
Spilling the beans on caffeine - DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT APPROACHES

# data[].attributes.subject
Spilling the beans on caffeine - DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT APPROACHES

# data[].attributes.body
Get help for caffeine addiction !

# data[].attributes.body
This is a video about a lady who talks with a tone that does not belong to her age.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Woman Switches Personalities | Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In this video, you'll see a woman who has been diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder also known as DID, switch to an alternate personality in real ti...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Overview

Dissociative disorders are mental health conditions that involve experiencing a loss of connection between thoughts, memories, feelings, surroundings, behavior and identity. These conditions include escape from reality in ways that are not wanted and not healthy. This causes problems in managing everyday life.

Dissociative disorders usually arise as a reaction to shocking, distressing or painful events and help push away difficult memories. Symptoms depend in part on the type of dissociative disorder and can range from memory loss to disconnected identities. Times of stress can worsen symptoms for a while, making them easier to see.

Treatment for dissociative disorders may include talk therapy, also called psychotherapy, and medicine. Treating dissociative disorders can be difficult, but many people learn new ways of coping and their lives get better.

Products & Services

Show more products from Mayo Clinic

Symptoms

Symptoms depend on the type of dissociative disorder, but may include:

A sense of being separated from yourself and your emotions.

Thinking that people and things around you are distorted and not real.

A blurred sense of your own identity.

Severe stress or problems in relationships, work or other important areas of life.

Not being able to cope well with emotional or work-related stress.

Memory loss, also called amnesia, of certain time periods, events, people and personal information.

Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

The American Psychiatric Association defines three major dissociative disorders: Depersonalization/derealization disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder.

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

Depersonalization involves a sense of separation from yourself or feeling like you're outside of yourself. You may feel as if you're seeing your actions, feelings, thoughts and self from a distance, like you're watching a movie.

Derealization involves feeling that other people and things are separate from you and seem foggy or dreamlike. Time may seem to slow down or speed up. The world may seem unreal.

You may go through depersonalization, derealization or both. Symptoms, which can be very distressing, may last hours, days, weeks or months. They may come and go over many years. Or they may become ongoing.

Dissociative amnesia

The main symptom of dissociative amnesia is memory loss that's more severe than usual forgetfulness. The memory loss can't be explained by a medical condition. You can't recall information about yourself or events and people in your life, especially from a time when you felt shock, distress or pain. A bout of dissociative amnesia usually occurs suddenly. It may last minutes, hours, or rarely, months or years.

Dissociative amnesia can be specific to events in a certain time, such as intense combat. More rarely, it can involve complete loss of memory about yourself. It sometimes may involve travel or confused wandering away from your life. This confused wandering is called dissociative fugue.

Dissociative identity disorder

Formerly known as multiple personality disorder, this disorder involves "switching" to other identities. You may feel as if you have two or more people talking or living inside your head. You may feel like you're possessed by other identities.

Each identity may have a unique name, personal history and features. These identities sometimes include differences in voice, gender, mannerisms and even such physical qualities as the need for eyeglasses. There also are differences in how familiar each identity is with the others. Dissociative identity disorder usually also includes bouts of amnesia and often includes times of confused wandering.

When to see a doctor

Sometimes dissociative disorder symptoms occur in a crisis with severe or impulsive behavior. People with these symptoms need care more urgently and in an emergency department at a hospital when safety becomes a concern.

If you or a loved one has less urgent symptoms that may be a dissociative disorder, contact your doctor or other health care professional for help.

Suicidal thoughts or behavior

If you have thoughts of hurting yourself or someone else, call 911 or your local emergency number right away or go to an emergency department.

Share your concerns with a trusted relative or friend. Or contact a suicide hotline:

From Mayo Clinic to your inbox

Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview.

Email field is required

Include a valid email address

Learn more about Mayo Clinic's use of data.

To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail.

Thank you for subscribing!

You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox.

Sorry something went wrong with your subscription

Please, try again in a couple of minutes

Causes

Dissociative disorders usually start as a way to cope with shocking, distressing or painful events. The disorders most often form in children who go through long-term physical, sexual or emotional abuse. Less often, the disorders form in children who've lived in a home where they went through frightening times or they never knew what to expect. The stress of war or natural disasters also can bring on dissociative disorders.

When you go through an event that's too much to handle emotionally, you may feel like you're stepping outside of yourself and seeing the event as if it's happening to another person. Mentally escaping in this way may help you get through a shocking, distressing or painful time.

Risk factors

You're at greatest risk of having a dissociative disorder if you've had long-term physical, sexual or emotional abuse during childhood.

Other shocking, distressing or painful events also may cause dissociative disorders to arise. These may include war, natural disasters, kidnapping, torture, extensive early-life medical procedures or other events.

Complications

Having a dissociative disorder increases the risk of complications and having other mental health conditions. These may include:

Depression and anxiety.

Post-traumatic stress disorder.

Sleep disorders, including nightmares, insomnia and sleepwalking.

Physical symptoms such as lightheadedness or seizures that are not due to epilepsy.

Eating disorders.

Problems with sexual function.

Problems with alcohol and drug use.

Personality disorders.

Major problems in personal relationships, at school and at work.

Self-injury or high-risk behavior.

Suicidal thoughts and behavior.

Prevention

Children who are physically, emotionally or sexually abused are at increased risk of developing mental health conditions, such as dissociative disorders. If stress or other personal issues are affecting the way you treat your child, seek help.

Talk to a trusted person such as a friend, your health care professional or a leader in your faith community.

Ask for help finding resources such as parenting support groups and family therapists.

Look for churches, other faith-based groups and community education programs that offer parenting classes that also may help you learn a healthier parenting style.

If you or your child was abused or went through another shocking, distressing or painful event, see a doctor or other health care professional right away. Your doctor can refer you to a mental health professional who can help you or your child recover and learn healthy coping skills. Or you may be able to contact mental health services directly.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Dissociative disorders - Symptoms and causes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
These mental health conditions involve experiencing a loss of connection between thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions and identity.

# data[].attributes.body
Have you ever considered what life is like for a person with Tourette’s syndrome who has difficulty integrating into society and coping with daily activities?  As you can see in this video, there are seven different types of tics that happened while he was driving. So, this video aims to increase awareness and understanding of TS by promoting empathy and support for individuals affected by their condition.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Caffeine: How much is too much?

Caffeine has its perks, but it can pose problems too. Find out how much is too much and if you need to curb your consumption.
By Mayo Clinic Staff
If you rely on caffeine to wake you up and keep you going, you aren't alone. Millions of people rely on caffeine every day to stay alert and improve concentration.

How much is too much?

Up to 400 milligrams (mg) of caffeine a day appears to be safe for most healthy adults. That's roughly the amount of caffeine in four cups of brewed coffee, 10 cans of cola or two "energy shot" drinks. Keep in mind that the actual caffeine content in beverages varies widely, especially among energy drinks.

Caffeine in powder or liquid form can provide toxic levels of caffeine, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has cautioned. Just one teaspoon of powdered caffeine is equivalent to about 28 cups of coffee. Such high levels of caffeine can cause serious health problems and possibly death.

Although caffeine use may be safe for adults, it's not a good idea for children. Adolescents and young adults need to be cautioned about excessive caffeine intake and mixing caffeine with alcohol and other drugs.

Women who are pregnant or who are trying to become pregnant and those who are breast-feeding should talk with their doctors about limiting caffeine use to less than 200 mg daily.

Even among adults, heavy caffeine use can cause unpleasant side effects. And caffeine may not be a good choice for people who are highly sensitive to its effects or who take certain medications.

Read on to see if you may need to curb your caffeine routine.

You drink more than 4 cups of coffee a day

You may want to cut back if you're drinking more than 4 cups of caffeinated coffee a day (or the equivalent) and you have side effects such as:

Headache

Insomnia

Nervousness

Irritability

Frequent urination or inability to control urination

Fast heartbeat

Muscle tremors

Even a little makes you jittery

Some people are more sensitive to caffeine than are others. If you're susceptible to the effects of caffeine, even small amounts may prompt unwanted effects, such as restlessness and sleep problems.

How you react to caffeine may be determined in part by how much caffeine you're used to drinking. People who don't regularly drink caffeine tend to be more sensitive to its effects.

You're not getting enough sleep

Caffeine, even in the afternoon, can interfere with your sleep. Even small amounts of sleep loss can add up and disturb your daytime alertness and performance.

Using caffeine to mask sleep deprivation can create an unwelcome cycle. For example, you may drink caffeinated beverages because you have trouble staying awake during the day. But the caffeine keeps you from falling asleep at night, shortening the length of time you sleep.

You're taking medications or supplements

Some medications and herbal supplements may interact with caffeine. Examples include:

Ephedrine. Mixing caffeine with this medication - which is used in decongestants - might increase your risk of high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke or seizure.

Theophylline. This medication, used to open up bronchial airways, tends to have some caffeine-like effects. So taking it with caffeine might increase the adverse effects of caffeine, such as nausea and heart palpitations.

Echinacea. This herbal supplement, which is sometimes used to prevent colds or other infections, may increase the concentration of caffeine in your blood and may increase caffeine's unpleasant effects.

Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about whether caffeine might affect your medications.

Curbing your caffeine habit

Whether it's for one of the reasons above or because you want to trim your spending on coffee drinks, cutting back on caffeine can be challenging. An abrupt decrease in caffeine may cause withdrawal symptoms, such as headaches, fatigue, irritability and difficulty focusing on tasks. Fortunately, these symptoms are usually mild and get better after a few days.

To change your caffeine habit, try these tips:

Keep tabs. Start paying attention to how much caffeine you're getting from foods and beverages, including energy drinks. Read labels carefully. But remember that your estimate may be a little low because some foods or drinks that contain caffeine don't list it.

Cut back gradually. For example, drink one fewer can of soda or drink a smaller cup of coffee each day. Or avoid drinking caffeinated beverages late in the day. This will help your body get used to the lower levels of caffeine and lessen potential withdrawal effects.

Go decaf. Most decaffeinated beverages look and taste much the same as their caffeinated counterparts.

Shorten the brew time or go herbal. When making tea, brew it for less time. This cuts down on its caffeine content. Or choose herbal teas that don't have caffeine.

Check the bottle. Some over-the-counter pain relievers contain caffeine. Look for caffeine-free pain relievers instead.

The bottom line

If you're like most adults, caffeine is a part of your daily routine. Usually, it won't pose a health problem. But be mindful of caffeine's possible side effects and be ready to cut back if necessary.

From Mayo Clinic to your inbox

Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health.

Email field is required

Include a valid email address

Learn more about Mayo Clinic's use of data.

To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail.

Thank you for subscribing!

You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox.

Sorry something went wrong with your subscription

Please, try again in a couple of minutes

Show references

1. Lieberman HR, et al. Daily patterns of caffeine intake and the association of intake with multiple sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in U.S. adults based on the NHANES 2007-2012 surveys. Journal of the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2019; doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.08.152.

2. 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://health.gov/our-work/food-nutrition/2015-2020-dietary-guidelines/guidelines. Accessed Feb. 1, 2020.

3. Spilling the beans: How much caffeine is too much. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much. Accessed Sept. 20, 2019.

4. Duyff RL. Think your drinks. In: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food and Nutrition Guide. 5th ed. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2017.

5. Bordeaux B. Benefits and risks of caffeine and caffeinated beverages. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Sept. 20, 2019.

6. Pure and highly concentrated caffeine. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/dietary-supplement-products-ingredients/pure-and-highly-concentrated-caffeine. Accessed Sept. 20, 2019.

7. Caffeine. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed Feb. 7, 2020.

See more In-depth

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Caffeine has its perks, but it can pose problems too. Find out how much is too much and if you need to curb your consumption. By Mayo Clinic Staff If you rely on caffeine to wake you up and keep you going, you aren't alone.

# data[].attributes.headline
"I'm A Paedophile, Not A Molester." - A Self-confessed "virtuous paedophile"

# data[].attributes.subject
"I'm A Paedophile, Not A Molester." - A Self-confessed "virtuous paedophile"

# data[].attributes.body
'Mouse' is a self-confessed 'virtuous paedophile', meaning he has a sexual attraction to children, but has made the conscious decision not to act on those feelings and abuse a child. Here, he faces some very difficult questions from members of the public.

💬From the comments section:

"It's not "virtuous" to not attack children. It's a bare minimum requirement."

"His honesty is very informative, we need to pay attention to what he says and protect our children."

"It's a mental disorder for sure, I'm sure he doesn't want to be like this I can't imagine anyone would but I'm thankful that he's so open about it because we can learn a lot of information to keep our children safer."

"It's really scary that he's been allowed to work with children and he doesn't really realise that this 'attraction' is wrong he just danced around the question..."

🎞️Here is a YouTube video uploaded last year which a real interview was carried out between a pedophile and few members of the public. Let's watch it to have a deeper understanding about what's in the mind of a pedophile and how people think about them. 📝

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
I’m A Paedophile, Not A Molester | Ask The Mask | Channel 4 Documentaries

# data[].attributes.headline
How RLS is connected to sleep-wake disorders?  😴💤

# data[].attributes.subject
How RLS is connected to sleep-wake disorders?  😴💤

# data[].attributes.body
How RLS Affects Sleep💤

1. Difficulty Falling Asleep: The urge to move the legs and the discomfort can make it hard for individuals with RLS to fall asleep.

2. Frequent Awakenings: People with RLS may wake up frequently during the night to move their legs, disrupting the sleep cycle.

3. Reduced Sleep Quality: The constant need to move the legs and the discomfort can lead to fragmented and poor-quality sleep, making it difficult to reach and maintain deep sleep stages.

4. Daytime Sleepiness: The lack of sufficient restorative sleep can cause excessive daytime sleepiness, impacting daily functioning and quality of life.

RLS as a Sleep-Wake Disorder

RLS is considered a sleep-wake disorder because its primary symptoms significantly disrupt the sleep-wake cycle. Here’s how:

1. Insomnia: The difficulty in falling and staying asleep due to RLS often results in insomnia, a common sleep-wake disorder characterized by persistent problems with sleep initiation, maintenance or quality.

2. Circadian Rhythm Disruption: The symptoms of RLS typically worsen in the evening and at night, which can lead to a misalignment of the circadian rhythm, the internal body clock that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

3. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD): Many individuals with RLS also experience PLMD, which involves involuntary leg movements during sleep. This condition further fragments sleep and contributes to the overall sleep disturbance.

# data[].attributes.body
Fazwina Azaleya Balqish (A200736)

Caren Tan Kai Yan (A200815)

Loh Jin Xuan (A204371)

Geraldine Khoo Sze Yuin (A200703)