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Mao Zedong governed the country

Political:

In April 1949, the People's Liberation Army defeated the Nationalist Army of the Republic of China commanded by the Chinese Kuomintang and occupied Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, and Shanghai, the national economic center, in the battle of Yangtze River, gaining absolute dominance in mainland China. The name of the new regime was determined to be "The People's Republic of China". The meeting was held from September 21 to September 30, 1949

Economic:

In the 1950s, the "Land Reform Movement" began, and the Land Reform Law was promulgated in June 1950 to guide this movement, confiscating the land of landlords, completely eliminating the social class, which had been the local political elite since the Qin and Han Dynasties, politically and economically. The mobilization force of state power has entered into the villages and towns. More than 300 million landless or low-land farmers are allocated about 700 million "mu" of land and means of production free of charge. However, starting from 1953, the government began to implement collective land ownership and forced the policy of unified purchase and marketing of agricultural products and the agricultural cooperative movement, took away farmers of their land again. Scholars estimated that the land reform caused the death of 1 million to 5 million landlords, rich peasants and their relatives, resulting in the demise of the rural elite. At the same time, the "ideological reform movement" of intellectuals was launched.

Social:

On July 1, 1955, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Instructions on Launching a Struggle to Purge Hidden Counter-revolutionaries. Because the ideology the communist party holds is "socialism", the government emphasizes completely eradicating the difference between social classes. Therefore, landlords' lands were deprived, and intellectuals were treated as counterrevolutionary people, so most of them were killed, and their power was eliminated. The social class changed, and people no longer took pride in wealth and knowledge. They are trying to find the equity of people, which means people get the same property.

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Liu Shaoqi governed the country

Political:

In the winter of 1960, due to the great famine and economic difficulties caused by the Great Leap Forward, as well as the proliferation of "left" ideological errors and the prevalence of exaggeration, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao Zedong began to correct the "left" errors in rural work, and It was decided to implement the policy of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and improvement" for the national economy. Immediately, under the auspices of President Liu Shaoqi, Premier Zhou Enlai, Vice Chairman Chen Yun, and Head of the Secretariat Deng Xiaoping, a series of remedial measures were formulated and implemented. The Great Leap Forward resulted in the destruction of the original economic system and a significant reduction in agricultural output, leading directly to the "Three years of economic hardship" and the Great famine of 1958-1962. The main cause of death was almost all starvation, and the historian Fengke found that at least 2.5 million people were killed in violent acts (such as intentional starvation, murder, cannibalism) during the Great Famine, accounting for about 6-8% of the total death toll. Before and after the meeting, the majority of comrades who were wrongly criticized in the "anti-right" movement were identified and rehabilitated. In addition, the label "rightist" was removed from most people who were classified as "rightist". As a result of these economic and political measures, the national economy recovered and developed relatively smoothly from 1962 to 1966.

Economic:

The main hallmark of the Great Leap Forward movement was the setting of unrealistically high targets in various areas of economic construction. In August 1958, the expanded meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee estimated that grain production would increase from 185 billion kg in 1957 to 300-350 billion kg that year. Based on this excessive estimate, the meeting asked the provincial and autonomous region party committees to shift the focus of work from agriculture to industry, and formally decided and publicly announced that the steel production in 1958 should increase from 5.35 million tons in 1957 to 10.7 million tons, and the national steel refining movement immediately appeared, and the realization of steel production of 10.7 million tons became the overriding central task. Ignoring the autumn harvest, 50 million rural workers were deployed to make steel; City organs, organizations, schools, and even street residents have set up stoves to refine steel, and high standards, false command, and exaggeration prevail. During the Lushan Conference in 1959, Peng Dehuai and others criticized the Great Leap Forward policy, but were labeled as "Peng Dehuai's Anti-Party Group" by Mao Zedong, triggering the subsequent "anti-rightist movement" within the CCP. At this time, Sino-Soviet relations also began to crack, and disputes over revisionism finally came to a head in 1959. The Soviet Union withdrew all its personnel from China and stopped technical assistance to China, bringing Chinese industry to an almost complete halt. The conflict between China and the Soviet Union quickly became public again, and the two countries openly clashed in international forums.

Social:

"Get rid of superstition, emancipate the mind, and develop the spirit of daring to think, dare to say and dare to do." People started to work for the impossible goal, so they did not do agriculture, but turn to make steel. In society, there are fewer farmers, but more workers in steel factories.

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the time of Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Political:

On May 16, 1966, the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee passed the May 16 Notice, and the "Proletarian Cultural Revolution" broke out. Mao Zedong tried for the first time to use public opinion to attack the Liu and Deng faction in the leadership, calling the latter "bourgeois Command", China fell into ten years of turmoil. On August 5, Mao Zedong's "Bombarding the Headquarters—My Big-Character Poster" pointed the finger at Liu Shaoqi. During the "Red August" period in Beijing, Mao Zedong met with the Red Guards for the first time. After that, the Beijing Red Guards began to "destroy the Four Olds" and persecute and massacre the "five black categories" and their families, becoming the source of the "Red Terror" of the Cultural Revolution and the "Red Terror" of young student organizations across the country. "Red Guards" were instigated to attack party leaders at all levels across the country. Since then, massacres have occurred in many areas.

Lin Biao served as Mao Zedong's successor at the time. The status of human beings was also written into the "Constitution of the Communist Party of China" at the Ninth National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in April 1969. However, China's political situation also underwent important changes in 1971. Lin Biao, who failed in the internal struggle due to conflicts with Mao Zedong who advocated amending the constitution to "abolish the president", ran away on September 13 of that year and flew to the Soviet Union. Wrecked and crashed. Since then, the power of the "Gang of Four" has expanded. Although political movements are still frequent, they have improved compared with the early days of the "Cultural Revolution". However, within the Communist Party, the power struggle remains serious. From January 18 to June 1974, with the approval of Mao Zedong, the "Criticism of Lin and Confucius Movement" was launched, in which "Lin" refers to Lin Biao and "Confucius" refers to Confucius, but the purpose is to use the topic to overthrow Zhou Enlai. This is because The movement to criticize Confucius was originally aimed at "criticizing Duke Zhou"; the movement to criticize "black paintings" was also launched at the same time, pointing the finger at Zhou Enlai. With the assistance of moderates such as Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping resumed work in 1973 and entered the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in 1975. He served as Vice Chairman of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Premier of the State Council, leading the "1975 Rectification." In the same year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China organized a revision of the constitution, and the "Seventh Five-Year Constitution" with rich cultural revolution characteristics was adopted, becoming the second constitution in the history of the People's Republic of China. In 1976, Zhou Enlai passed away, and the April 5 Tiananmen Incident occurred during the Qingming Festival in the name of commemorating Zhou Enlai but in fact to support Deng Xiaoping. After that, Deng Xiaoping was overthrown again, and Mao Zedong appointed Hua Guofeng as First Vice Chairman of the CPC Central Committee and Premier of the State Council. In September 1976, Mao Zedong passed away, and the position of top leader in the party was taken by First Vice Chairman Hua Guofeng.

Economic:

During the Cultural Revolution, intellectuals were regarded as reactionaries, bourgeois, and reactionary academic authorities. They were widely criticized and persecuted, and were even belittled as "stinky old nine". A large number of intellectuals, professional and technical personnel, and early revolutionaries were treated roughly. Some were beaten to death, and some committed suicide. China's scientific research industry also suffered a major impact. In the nuclear base in Qinghai Province alone, as of September 1971, more than 4,000 employees had been persecuted and censored, more than 310 people were disabled, more than 40 employees committed suicide, and 5 people were shot. In 1968, Yao Tongbin, the "Father of Two Bombs and One Star", was beaten to death, and Zhao Jiuzhang, the "Father of Two Bombs and One Star" committed suicide. By the end of 1968, 131 of the 171 senior researchers of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing had been beaten down, and a total of 229 people had been persecuted to death nationwide.

Social:

In the absence of famine, large-scale cannibalism even occurred during the Guangxi Massacre. In January 1967, the "January Storm" broke out in Shanghai. Rebel groups from all over the country launched a campaign to seize power and established revolutionary committees to replace the original party and government agencies. There were also power struggles between various factions, leading to large-scale armed fighting, and mainland China entered a full-scale civil war in 1967-68. The situation in some areas got out of control, and even Mao Zedong himself was unable to control it, and had to send troops to quell these excessive conflicts. After Mao Zedong discovered that students were out of control, he decided to mobilize educated young people to "go to the mountains and countryside" and let the working class lead the Cultural Revolution. Correspondingly, the college entrance examination was canceled during the Cultural Revolution, but worker, peasant, and soldier students began to rely on recommendations to attend college in 1970. At the same time, starting in May 1968, large-scale political purges such as the clean-up of class ranks, the one-on-three-anti movement, and the May 16 crackdown were carried out across the country.

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Deng Xiaoping governed the country

Political:

After 1979, China embarked on a more pragmatic development path. A large number of intellectuals and scholars who were originally targeted have resumed their work. Artists, writers, and journalists are also given greater freedom to create and report from a critical perspective. By the end of 1980, Mao Zedong's "Cultural Revolution" was officially recognized as a mistake. China also held public trials of key leaders of the "Cultural Revolution" including the "Gang of Four" including Jiang Qing. The new, more pragmatic leadership focused more on economic construction than frequent political campaigns. At the turning point Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in December 1978, the CCP leadership proposed the economic construction slogan of "Four Modernizations" to expand the income of the rural population, encourage state-owned enterprises to operate independently, reduce central planning, and China establishes foreign direct investment. The plenary session also decided to speed up the reform of the judicial system and submitted several drafts of new laws to the National People's Congress held in June 1979.

Economic:

In Deng Xiaoping's reforms, planned, centrally managed macroeconomics were put in charge of technocrats, and the mass movement-style economic development strategy adopted by Mao Zedong was abandoned. However, unlike the Soviet system or the Mao Zedong era, this macro-management is achieved indirectly through the market system, and many of them are borrowed from the economic planning and control mechanisms adopted by Western countries. Macroeconomic management does not hinder the market economy at lower levels. Deng Xiaoping, like Mao Zedong, attached great importance to agricultural output. He replaced the original collectivized agriculture with the household contract responsibility system. At the local level, the government used material incentives rather than political slogans to increase farmers' enthusiasm. Farmers were allowed to earn additional income by selling agricultural products to the free market. County and provincial levels were also allowed to invest in the construction of factories themselves, and the government encouraged investment in light industry. Deng Xiaoping put China's economy on a development path that focused on light industry and was export-oriented.

The output of light industry is often very critical and important to a developing country. The income generated by this short-cycle, low-cost, and high-foreign exchange-earning industry can provide financial support for future industries with high technology content and complex capital operations. China's heavy industry investment mainly comes from bank loans, while bank funds mainly come from consumer savings. One of the first items of Deng Xiaoping's reforms was to prevent the redistribution of profits through any means other than taxation or the banking system; therefore, redistribution in higher-end industries was often indirect. All in all, Deng Xiaoping's reforms launched China's industrial revolution. These reform measures were complementary to Mao Zedong's self-reliance policy.

The reform also attaches great importance to the improvement of labor productivity. A new system of material incentives and rewards was implemented across the country. The resumption of sales of family property or surplus agricultural products in rural markets also promotes the development of rural industry and provides political support for more difficult economic reforms.

Social:

The efforts to bring order out of chaos after the Cultural Revolution continued into the early Deng Xiaoping era. In May 1978, Deng Xiaoping, Hu Yaobang and others promoted a major discussion on truth standards involving all levels of society, opposing Hua Guofeng's "Two Whatevers". In October 1978, Deng proposed that "education is the most fundamental cause of a nation" and refuted the view of Zhang Chunqiao, one of the Gang of Four, that "it is a victory for the whole country to become illiterate". On December 13, Deng delivered a speech entitled "Emancipate the Mind, Seek Truth from Facts, Unite and Look forward" at the closing meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, emphasizing that "a party, a country, a nation, if everything proceeds from the book, If its thinking is rigid and superstition prevails, it will not be able to move forward, its vitality will stop, and the party and the country will be destroyed." He advocated that "practice is the only criterion for testing truth". This speech became an important turning point for ideological emancipation in China’s modern history.

From December 18 to December 22, 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held. Deng Xiaoping replaced Hua Guofeng as the de facto supreme leader of China, rejecting the line of "taking class struggle as the key link". Proposed the "economic construction as the center" line; and this meeting also became a turning point in the period of bringing order to chaos. "Reform and opening up" was officially launched, which is widely regarded as an important turning point in China's modern history.

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Jiang Zeming governed the country

Political:

Jiang Zemin was a compromise choice by Deng Xiaoping and other CCP elders to replace Zhao Ziyang, his then designated successor. Zhao Ziyang is considered too tolerant of student protests. Although Jiang Zemin was not directly involved in the crackdown on the demonstrations, he was credited with quickly stabilizing the situation in Shanghai. At that time, there were two candidates to take over as General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee: Jiang Zemin and Li Ruihuan. Deng Xiaoping's health deteriorated before his death in 1997. Starting in the 1990s, Jiang Zemin and his colleagues gradually began to take charge of day-to-day work. This "third generation" leadership group operates with Jiang Zemin as its core. In March 1998, Jiang Zemin was re-elected as President of the country at the Ninth National People's Congress. After the expiration of Premier Li Peng's term, he served as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and the post of Premier of the State Council was succeeded by Zhu Rongji.

Economic:

In the 1990s, China's economy still maintained normal development, which enabled China to maintain an average growth rate of 9.7% over the past two decades. In 1992, Deng Xiaoping toured southern China and reiterated reform and opening up. Against the background of the global economic recession, mainland China's GDP still maintained a growth rate of 7%. This was mainly achieved through the state's active intervention in the economy and increased government direct investment in infrastructure. In addition, the government also tried various methods to stimulate demand, but the effect was not obvious. The increase in government direct investment has also led to an increase in fiscal deficit. Although statistics show continued economic growth, some profound structural problems still exist and are even becoming more serious: the growing gap between rich and poor, uneven development among regions, inefficiency of state-owned enterprises, and a banking system mired in bad debts. In this regard, the "three rural issues" were formally raised in 1996, and the Western Development Program was launched in 1999. While dealing with inefficient state-owned enterprises, a large number of unemployed workers have also been caused. However, the corresponding financial security system has just been established and cannot play its due role. The living standards of a large number of workers in old industrial bases have dropped significantly, falling into poverty and social instability. Increase.

In December 1994, construction of the "Three Gorges Project" on the Yangtze River began. The Chinese government launched a large-scale privatization campaign in 1997 and 1998. Except for a few large monopolies, all state-owned enterprises have been liquidated, their assets originally owned by state-owned enterprises have been sold to private investors, and a large number of state-owned enterprise employees have been laid off. China became a formal member of the World Trade Organization on December 11, 2001. Between 2001 and 2004, the number of state-owned enterprises decreased by 48%. At the same time, Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji also lowered tariffs, weakened trade barriers, and enacted more open regulations; reformed the banking system; abolished the social welfare system of the Mao Zedong era; forcibly separated military enterprises from the People's Liberation Army; and reduced inflation; These actions caused dissatisfaction among some groups, especially laid-off workers from privatized state-owned enterprises.

Social:

Jiang Zemin emphasized that the starting point and goal of all work in building socialism with Chinese characteristics is to continuously realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. The basic focus in formulating and implementing the party's principles and policies is to represent the fundamental interests of the majority of the people, correctly reflect and take into account the interests of different aspects of the people, and enable all people to move steadily toward common prosperity. He pointed out that we must always adhere to the party's mass line, do everything for the people, rely on the people in everything, come from the people, go to the people, respect the creation of the people, listen to the voices of the people, reflect the will of the people, and concentrate the wisdom and strength of the people. To develop various undertakings, must strive to ensure that workers, farmers, intellectuals and other masses can jointly enjoy the fruits of economic and social development throughout the process of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization.

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Hu Jintang governed the country

Political:

Jiang Zemin and others resigned from the Political Bureau and the Central Committee at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, giving way to the young "fourth generation" leadership group led by the new General Secretary Hu Jintao. However, Jiang Zemin still exerted influence and did not resign as chairman of the Central Military Commission until September 2004 and hand over military power. Hu Jintao was the first top leader of the Communist Party to join the Communist Party after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Hu Jintao joined the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee in 1992 at the age of 49, making him the youngest member among all members. The new generation of leaders has been given high expectations. Whether at home or abroad, most media expect that the "Hu-Wen system" will bring mainland China into a new stage. Foreign media pay more attention to the new government's political reform measures, while mainland Chinese media are more concerned about the new leadership's people-friendly image. In September 2004, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee proposed for the first time the historical task of building a socialist harmonious society.

Economic:

During this period, when the development of the economy was rapid, China's real estate industry developed rapidly and even became a pillar industry in some cities. At the same time, the prices of commercial housing and building materials also increased significantly, which triggered a real estate bubble and overheating of the entire national economy. Real estate bubbles and huge bank bad debts have increased financial risks. The rapid rise in housing prices has also led to various social problems such as illegal land occupation and demolition disputes. The central government tried to regulate, but due to the obstruction of local governments and vested interest groups, these regulatory measures did not achieve the expected results.

On December 29, 2005, the 19th Session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress decided to abolish the Agricultural Tax Regulations of the People's Republic of China from January 1, 2006. As a result, China no longer imposes separate taxes on agriculture, and an ancient tax that has existed in China for more than two thousand years has come to an end.

Social:

Because of the rapid rise in housing prices, houses become a product. Rich people use it to earn money, but poor people even use their whole life to earn money for the house. It also shows that the social status becomes different by earning a house.

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Xi Jinping governed the country

Political:

Hu Jintao, Wen Jiabao, and other leaders withdrew from the central leadership at the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in November 2012. Xi Jinping took over as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China according to the existing succession system. Li Keqiang remained in the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Standing Committee. Xi Jinping is the first supreme leader born after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Premier Li Keqiang is considered to attach great importance to reform. He talks about reform as the biggest dividend and advocates reforming the government system and adjusting or reducing departments of the State Council.

In 2012, Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, proposed a series of anti-corruption measures including the "Eight Provisions of the Central Committee". After Wang Qishan took up the post of Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, he adopted a positive attitude in dealing with corruption, proposing that "at present, we must focus on treating the symptoms and gain time for the root cause." In the next two years, a total of 180,000 officials were investigated and punished, including more than 50 senior officials at the provincial and ministerial levels, including former Politburo Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang, former Vice Chairman of the Military Commission Xu Caihou, former United Front Minister Ling Jihua, Senior national officials such as Su Rong, former vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, indicated that the central government's anti-corruption work has achieved certain results. However, some scholars and analysts believe that Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign is a "selective anti-corruption" or "big purge" or "power struggle", to eliminate dissidents, attack political opponents, seize power, and consolidate one's status.

Economic:

Xi Jinping enacted the "Three Children Policy". As people are producers and consumers, changes in population will inevitably affect the economy of a region or even a country. Therefore, moderate population growth can promote economic growth to a certain extent. A moderate-sized population is an important condition for maintaining healthy economic growth in a country, while ultra-low population growth or negative population growth will bring about economic recession. It can be seen that population is a major event related to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Maintaining population growth is a potential driving force for increasing the speed of economic operations. The liberalization of the three-child policy can, to a certain extent, affect the total number of women of gestational age and their fertility intentions, two important indicators of population fertility, thereby affecting the number of new babies. Although the three-child policy cannot change my country's population problems in the short term, and its impact on economic growth will not be reflected in the short term, it will definitely have a positive boosting effect on the long-term potential growth rate of the future economy.

Social:

There are some things that if you are born without them, it is basically impossible to have them in your life. This is contrary to the thinking of the previous generation of contemporary young people. The ordinary people of the previous generation really believed that opportunities are everywhere, and they Just a small chance. In other words, when the third child grows up in the future, the social atmosphere will most likely be like that in other countries, which is gloomy, depressing, and hopeless. The children of entrepreneurs will still be entrepreneurs, and the children of politicians will still be politicians. Most children of ordinary people will no longer imagine that there is nothing. Even the surviving is hard already, people will not have a child which may burden their finances more. Therefore, the society will be the same, and they will still have few children in the family, like the situation in the "one-child policy".