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The respiratory system relies on the circulatory system in the body to deliver the oxygen it gathers, and the muscles of the heart cannot function without the oxygen that received from lung.

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#5: Questions for Further Research!First, consider these questions: Define 'dissection' in your own words.Discuss the benefits of dissecting an organism.If you had an opportunity to dissect an organism, what would you dissect? Why?Now, come up with 3 questions for further research or experimentation and be sure to provide reasons for their societal or scientific significance and/or importance, or their personal interest to you.

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#5: Questions for Further Research!First, consider these questions: Define 'dissection' in your own words.Discuss the benefits of dissecting an organism.If you had an opportunity to dissect an organism, what would you dissect? Why?Now, come up with 3 questions for further research or experimentation and be sure to provide reasons for their societal or scientific significance and/or importance, or their personal interest to you.

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#2: anatomical features of heart and lungs illustration

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#2: anatomical features of heart and lungs illustration

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illustration by Grace

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1. How are specimens preserved? What harm can this substance cause humans?

Specimens can be preserved through various methods such as formalin, ethanol, or freezing. Formalin can cause harm to humans if it is inhaled or comes into contact with the skin, as it is a carcinogen and can cause irritation and allergies.

2. What personal protective equipment must be used when dissecting?

When dissecting, it is important to wear personal protective equipment such as gloves, lab coat, goggles, and a face mask to protect oneself from potential harm from the specimen or preservatives.

3. Should you dissect a specimen directly on a metal dissection tray? Why or why not?

It is not recommended to dissect a specimen directly on a metal dissection tray as it can damage the specimen and make it difficult to observe certain structures. It is better to use a dissecting board or a cork pad instead.

4. Which tool is utilized to make an incision? Describe the tool.

A scalpel is typically used to make an incision. It is a small, sharp, and pointed surgical knife with a straight or curved blade.

5. Describe how scissors assist in dissection. What are forceps and how are they used?

Scissors are used to cut and dissect tissues, especially delicate ones. Forceps are small, tweezer-like instruments that are used to hold and manipulate tissues or structures during dissection. They can also be used to clamp blood vessels or to remove small pieces of tissue.

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The circulatory system is a good example of how body systems interact with each other.
Your heart pumps blood through a complex network of blood vessels. When your blood circulates through your digestive system, for example, it picks up nutrients your body absorbed from your last meal. Your blood also carries oxygen inhaled by the lungs. Your circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the other cells of your body then picks up any waste products created by these cells, including carbon dioxide, and delivers these waste products to the kidneys and lungs for disposal. Meanwhile, the circulatory system carries hormones from the endocrine system, and the immune system’s white blood cells that fight off infection.

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Pig v.s. Human heart:
-similar in size, structure, and function
-like human hearts, pig hearts consist of four chambers (two atriums and two ventricles)
-four valves and an aorta just like humans

Pig v.s. Human lung:
- pig lungs have two lobes on the left side and four lobes on the right 2, 3, whereas humans have three right and two left lobes

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1. for me, dissection is to cut out the flesh of an organism or its parts to see the biological structure of the inside.
2. its benefit might be that we can have more knowledge about the dissected part or organism.
3. alien ; )
Q1: what is the structure of an organism's eye? can we do a dissection about this? By this question, we can know more about other body parts while letting the students to do some other ways of learning such as dissection.
Q2: can we do a dissection by ourselves?  By this question, students can do dissection by themselves so that they can memorize more about this part of the knowledge.
Q3: can we dissect an alien?

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The pig heart consists of four chambers: the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, and it then passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, which leads to the lungs where it is oxygenated. The oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, entering the left atrium. It then passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, which pumps the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and out to the rest of the body. The heart is also surrounded by the pericardium, a sac that contains a lubricating fluid to reduce friction between the heart and surrounding structures. The pig lungs consist of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. The bronchi are the main air passages that lead to the lungs, while the bronchioles are smaller tubes that branch off from the bronchi and lead to the alveoli. The alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the air is diffused into the bloodstream through the walls of the alveoli, while carbon dioxide from the blood is diffused into the alveoli to be exhaled out of the body. The lungs are also surrounded by a protective pleural membrane, which helps to maintain their shape and protect them from damage.

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A vital difference between the human heart and the pig heart is the existence of the left azygous vein in pigs. The vein drains directly connect to the coronary sinus. Moreover, in pig heart, the right auricle tubular appearance; however, human heart has triangular shape.

Pig lungs have two lobes on the left side and four lobes on the right; however, humans have three lobes on the right side and two lobes on the left side.

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Pigs have the left azygous vein, which runs into the coronary sinus directly; this anatomical structure is absent in the hearts of other animals, which is a significant distinction. In contrast to the triangular form of the right auricle in other animals, the swine heart's auricle seems thin and tubular.

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The anatomical features of an organism work together to support life in various ways.

For instance:

-The respiratory system allows for the exchange of gases, where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled. The circulatory system then transports the oxygen-rich blood to the tissues and organs, providing them with the essential nutrients and oxygen they need to function properly.

-The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. The urinary system eliminates waste products and excess fluids from the body, while the integumentary system protects the body from external threats such as pathogens and dehydration.

-The musculoskeletal system provides support and mobility to the body, allowing for movement and physical activity. The nervous system coordinates and controls all bodily functions, while the endocrine system regulates the body's hormones and metabolism.

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Dissection Definition
- means to dismember animal/plant part into sections in order to decrease the complexity of body simultaneously with the decrease of level of organization for the sake of science and understanding of the structure(ex. ventricle is beneath the atrium)
- from its Latin origin of "dissecare", both words means to dismember animal or plant
- Personally, I think "di" means to divide or separate, and "sections" represent the result of the former action of dividing, thus in conclusion this word means to divide an organic stuff into smaller pieces.
Benefits
- By showing a clear manifestation of internal structure, aids in the understanding of the general structure and other details, like relative proportion, size, and directions.
- Education, public propaganda(the lungs after smoking), social/environmental/animal welfare(ex. propagate for reduce plastic waste by showing birds stomach stuffed with plastic)

- I would dissect human, because 1) I am really interested in the human internal organs and muscles, and how these muscles forms beautiful faces and body shapes, also how sinews tights muscles to have elegant concave and convex shapes. 2) I want to see the real color, and feel the real smoothness and stiffness of human organs, it is fascinating to feel what inside you

Questions for further research
-  Should government legalize the mandatory donation of body of dead criminals(whom condemned to death) to hospitals for educative or scientific purpose?
From scientific aspects, many of the students in medical school do not have the access to dissect human, which is crucial to their future learning and curing. Also, it is needed for doctors to understand what they treat by understand human body with experiment/anatomy/dissecting ahead
- Suppose clone of human do not have awareness, shall people granted them rights(whatever extends), or to regard it as a collection of single organs & tissues?
From ethnical perspective, some people argues for banning the clone for human due to the human right for the clone bodies, however, rights must have subjective awareness as supports. Like a rock do not have awareness like dog. So if the brain of the cloning lost function, then it can be used without such concerns, that can be a future for cloning.
- How to mix gene between species in order to give human desired abilities?
From personal interest, i think this method will be effective like giving human more abilities beyond the limits of nature, so do the changes done to environment and other species, why cannot people do it to themselves. It can boost effeciency, comprehensions of brain and much more abilities that human once dreamed of.

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#3: How do the major anatomical features work together to support life?

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#3: How do the major anatomical features work together to support life?

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The digestive system is closely linked to the nervous system. The human nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral system includes ganglia and nerve fibers. In the digestive system, there is a nerve called the vagus nerve, which is connected to the central nervous system and responsible for controlling the body's autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is then divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

When we eat, food is digested through the gastrointestinal tract, and the nutrients in it are absorbed. During this process, the vagus nerve sends signals to the brain, telling the brain that the body is digesting. At the same time, the brain can also release neurotransmitters through the nervous system to the intestine, helping to control the contraction and peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the secretion of substances such as digestive enzymes.

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#4: How does the structure of the pig heart compare to that of other mammals? How does the structure of the pig lung compare to that of other mammals?

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#4: How does the structure of the pig heart compare to that of other mammals? How does the structure of the pig lung compare to that of other mammals?

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Heart:
The porcine heart bears a close resemblance to the human heart in terms of its coronary circulation and hemodynamic similarities.
The number of orifices for the left atrium varies among mammals. In pigs, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from 2 pulmonary veins, in dogs from 5 or 6, and in humans from 4 or 5.25
The orifices of the caval veins of pigs and other animals form an angle as they enter the right atrium, in contrast to the human caval veins, which are aligned along the same axis.
Lung:
The morphological structure and distribution of the porcine airways vary according to the age and breed of pig but are broadly similar to the human lung. The porcine trachea is notably longer and more cartilaginous than the human trachea.
However, in contrast to the human airway tree, which has a bipodial branching pattern, the porcine airway tree has a monopodial branching pattern where each larger “parent” bronchus gives rise to smaller side-branches (bronchi) that branch off at obtuse angles (35).

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- How are specimens preserved?
Specimens are commonly kept in containers with preservative fluids to prevent it from deteriorating.
The most common preservative fluids are
• Formaldehyde and water
• Glycerin
• Acetic acid, ethanol, formaldehyde
and water (sometimes abbreviated
FAA)
• Formaldehyde/methanol (called
formalin) and water
• Glycerin and methanol (called
glycerol)
• Nebanol
• Ethanol (or isopropanol) and water
• Carosafe
Some common harms that these preservative fluids share:
• Corrosive to human skin
• Causes low level and short term irritation to eye, nose and throat when being breathed in.

- Protection required for dissecting a specimen:
Gloves- to avoid direct contact between skin and specimens
Goggles- to avoid splashes
keep good ventilation/wear masks?

- Should you dissect a specimen directly on a metal dissection tray? Why or Why not?
There should be a plastic insert on the metal tray to provide pinning support for the specimens.

- Which tool is utilized to make an incision? Describe the tool.
The most common tool utilized to make an incision during the dissections of a specimen is a scalpel. Scalpels are very sharp and precise instruments with disposable blades according to the size of the specimen, they are usually used for tissue dissection.

-Describe how scissors assist in dissection. What are forceps and how are they used?
grasping and holding parts of the specimen

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#4: How does the structure of the pig heart compare to that of other mammals? How does the structure of the pig lung compare to that of other mammals?

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#4: How does the structure of the pig heart compare to that of other mammals? How does the structure of the pig lung compare to that of other mammals?

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Pig Heart:
The heart of a pig is really similar to the heart of most mammals including us humans. a difference, however, is that the pig's heart has a left azygous vein which humans don't have. Another difference in structure is that the right auricle has a narrow tubular shape, unlike the triangular shape of the human heart.

Pig Lungs:
the structure of the pig's lung is also quite similar to a human lung except instead of 3 right and 2 left lobes in the lung, a pig has 2 on the left and 4 on the right. this is probably to make room for the heart of the pigs to make it more functional for that specific mammal.

written by: Kasper

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-Specimens are usually preserved in liquids that have a bactericidal effect and prevent autolysis of the specimen. The most common preservative fluids are ethanol and formaldehyde, or a liquid called formalin. This type of liquid can cause some degree of irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat, and long exposure may result in coughing or choking. Severe cases may result in death by swelling of the throat or burns to the lungs.

- During dissection, people need to wear protective equipment to protect themselves, the most important being gloves, safety glasses and a lab coat.

- It would be better to put a plastic insert on the iron plate so that the specimen can be pinned to it and provide effective support.

-The most common tool used to make incisions is the scalpel. A scalpel usually consists of a disposable blade as well as a reusable handle, but it may also be a disposable all-in-one device. Scalpels also vary in size, with different sized blades used depending on the size of the specimen.

-scissors are used during an operation or a dissection in order to cut tissues at the surface or inside the object's body.
The forceps is an uncovering tool with curved features that can effectively as well as precisely help one to access hard-to-reach areas during dissection.

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Q: How are specimens preserved? What harm can this substance cause humans?
- formalin, respiratory tract and skin irritation, increase the risk for developing nasopharyngeal cancer, sinonasal cancer, and myeloid leukemia.
Q: What personal protective equipment must be used when dissecting?
-  gloves, eye protection, fluid repellentmasks and fluid resistant aprons or gowns.
Q: Should you dissect a specimen directly on a metal dissection tray? Why or why not?
- yes, because the metal dissection tray can protect the desk
Q: Which tool is utilized to make an incision? Describe the tool. - Describe how scissors assist in dissection. What are forceps and how are they used?
-  scalpel. scissors are useful for cutting the tissues and skin layers. Dissecting forceps are used to handle tissues and other materials, grabbing, grasping and holding small pieces.

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- How are specimens preserved? What harm can this substance cause humans?
- What personal protective equipment must be used when dissecting?
- Should you dissect a specimen directly on a metal dissection tray? Why or why not?
- Which tool is utilized to make an incision? Describe the tool. - Describe how scissors assist in dissection. What are forceps and how are they used?

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#2: Identify the major anatomical features of the pig heart and lungs. Make a color-coded illustration on a piece of paper. Your color coding refers to features you describe on your paper. For example: What is the function of the bronchioles?  What is the function of the alveoli? What is the function of the pericardium? Upload the illustration to your post here.

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#2: Identify the major anatomical features of the pig heart and lungs. Make a color-coded illustration on a piece of paper. Your color coding refers to features you describe on your paper. For example: What is the function of the bronchioles?  What is the function of the alveoli? What is the function of the pericardium? Upload the illustration to your post here.

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#3: How do the major anatomical features work together to support life? 

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#3: How do the major anatomical features work together to support life? 

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#4: How does the structure of the pig heart compare to that of other mammals? How does the structure of the pig lung compare to that of other mammals? 

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#4: How does the structure of the pig heart compare to that of other mammals? How does the structure of the pig lung compare to that of other mammals? 

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First, consider these questions:

Define 'dissection' in your own words.

Discuss the benefits of dissecting an organism.

If you had an opportunity to dissect an organism, what would you dissect? Why?

Now, come up with 3 questions for further research or experimentation and be sure to provide reasons for their societal or scientific significance and/or importance, or their personal interest to you.

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They will work together to maintain your body weight and control your action. For example, your kidney is responsible of removing the wastes inside your blood so that your body system can work fluently. If you don't have kidney, then there will be too many wastes in your body which can't be excrete, and you will die very soon. Another example is your liver, it is responsible for producing blood cells so that every organ of your body will get access to oxygen.

The size of pig organs is sometimes larger than human organs, and they will often have stronger effect of functioning.