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Pre 752 BC: Temporal anarchy! The days of winter are monthless but the prefixes make sense

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Pre 752 BC: Temporal anarchy! The days of winter are monthless but the prefixes make sense

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The original Roman calendar consisted of 10 months in a year of 304 days. The Romans seem to have ignored the remaining 61 days, which fell in the middle of winter. The 10 months were named Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December. The last six names were taken from the words for five, six, seven, eight, nine, and ten. Romulus, the legendary first ruler of Rome, is supposed to have introduced this calendar in the 700s B.C.E.(http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-roman.html#:~:text=The%20calendar%20consisted%20of%2010,October%2C%20November%2C%20and%20December.)

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752 BC: King Numa establishes the 355-day calendar

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752 BC: King Numa establishes the 355-day calendar

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According to tradition, the Roman ruler Numa Pompilius added January and February to the calendar. This made the Roman year 355 days long. To make the calendar correspond approximately to the solar year, Numa also ordered the addition every other year of a month called Mercedinus. Mercedinus was inserted after February 23 or 24, and the last days of February were moved to the end of Mercedinus. In years when it was inserted, Mercedinus added 22 or 23 days to the year. (http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-roman.html#:~:text=According%20to%20tradition%2C%20the%20Roman,of%20a%20month%20called%20Mercedinus.)

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46 BC: Caesar establishes the Julian Calendar

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46 BC: Caesar establishes the Julian Calendar

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In designing his new calendar, Caesar enlisted the aid of Sosigenes, an Alexandrian astronomer, who advised him to do away with the lunar cycle entirely and follow the solar year, as did the Egyptians. The year was calculated to be 365 and 1/4 days, and Caesar added 67 days to 46 B.C., making 45 B.C. begin on January 1, rather than in March. He also decreed that every four years a day be added to February, thus theoretically keeping his calendar from falling out of step. Shortly after Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C., Mark Anthony changed the name of the month Quintilis to Julius (July) to honor him. Later, the month of Sextilis was renamed Augustus (August) after his successor. (https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-years-day#:~:text=Soon%20after%20becoming%20Roman%20dictator,and%20had%20to%20be%20corrected.)

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1582 AD: Pope Gregory XIII establishes the calendar we use today, the Gregorian calendar. 

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1582 AD: Pope Gregory XIII establishes the calendar we use today, the Gregorian calendar. 

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The Julian calendar included an extra day in February every four years. But Aloysus Lilius, the Italian scientist who developed the system Pope Gregory would unveil in 1582, realized that the addition of so many days made the calendar slightly too long. He devised a variation that adds leap days in years divisible by four, unless the year is also divisible by 100. If the year is also divisible by 400, a leap day is added regardless. While this formula may sound confusing, it did resolve the lag created by Caesar’s earlier scheme—almost. (https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-gregorian-calendar)

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6 Things You May Not Know About the Gregorian Calendar | HISTORY

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Explore the history of the Gregorian calendar, which Britain and its colonies adopted 260 years ago.