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Gustave Courbet. The Sleeping Spinner. 1853

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Gustave Courbet. The Sleeping Spinner. 1853

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In this piece from the French Realism era shows a woman who has fallen asleep while sitting in front of her spinning wheel. The focus of this piece is the daily life and physical realities of this subject, his inspiration was the beauty in everyday tasks. Courbet’s artistic style challenged the traditional way art was to be created. His spontaneous brush strokes and rough paint texture.

The Realism era was influenced by the Industrial Revolution and its “right to work” rebellion. It created the idea that working-class individuals, and the everyday scenes they dealt with, were worthy of being portrayed in art.

1. Artincontext. (2023, April 4). Realism paintings and artists - the artworks of famous realist painters. artincontext.org. https://artincontext.org/realism-paintings-and-artists/

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Paul Gauguin. Vision of the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel). 1888

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Paul Gauguin. Vision of the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel). 1888

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In this Post Impressionism-era piece, a biblical vision of Jacob wrestling with an angel depicts both reality and spirituality in an artistic form. The fight is apparent in the background and is surrounded by a two-dimensional bright-colored space.  Gauguin rejected the norms of the industrialized modern society, he focused on a romanticized vision of both the primitive and mystical.

Post-Impressionism involved a wide range of artistic styles, it challenged the traditional artistic expectation that art was a glimpse into the world, and instead became a glimpse into the artist's mind.

1.Post-Impressionism Movement Overview. The Art Story. (n.d.). https://www.theartstory.org/movement/post-impressionism/

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Henri Matisse. Le Bonheur de Vivre. 1905.

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Henri Matisse. Le Bonheur de Vivre. 1905.

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In this piece from the Fauvism era, Matisse shows a scene of naked bodies in nature, seemingly in pure bliss. His use of non-natural color schemes gives us updated imagery. Pairing colors that complement each other such as red and green, shows intense visual contrasts that almost vibrate off the canvas.

The fauvists were invested in the scientific color theories of the 19th century that related to complementary colors in art.  When complementary colors are used side by side, they create brightness for each other. The fauvist movement was an extreme response from post-impressionism combined with neo-impressionism.

1. Tate. (n.d.-b). Fauvism. Tate. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/f/fauvism

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Yves Tanguy. Mama, Papa is Wounded! . 1927.

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Yves Tanguy. Mama, Papa is Wounded! . 1927.

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In this piece from the Surrealism era, we see a depiction of war created in a hyperrealist style with limited color variances. This makes a sense of a dreamlike reality. Since his brother was killed in WW1, the emptiness seen in this piece refers to the emptiness he and his family felt after the death of his brother. Littered with a few fragments of what's left of life in the emptiness after a loved one's death.

The Surrealist movement's goal was to free thought, language, and the human experience from the traditional boundaries of rationalism. Automation gave surrealists the power to create free-flowing artwork unconsciously wherever the brush-stroked artwork was created.

1. Mann, J. (2016, September 23). What is Surrealism?. Artsy. https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-what-is-surrealism

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This famous piece from the Regionalism era depicts a couple, a man holding a pitchfork staring at the viewer while his wife stares at something outside the image. In an American Gothic style, the farmhouse behind them represents Wood's interest in the timeless traditions of old paintings. This piece creates the effect of stillness that mesmerizes the viewer, trying to decipher what is behind their expression.

The American regionalist movement began at the height of the Great Depression, Turning away from European modernism and urban abstraction to depict subjects from America's heartland. Both figurative and narrative works returned to the idea that art is a way of storytelling. Regionalism eventually was seen as politically problematic and regressive. It was rejected with the rise of Abstract Expressionism in the 1940s.

1.American Regionalism Movement Overview. The Art Story. (n.d.-a). https://www.theartstory.org/movement/american-regionalism/

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Pablo Picasso. The Dream (Le Rêve). 1932

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Pablo Picasso. The Dream (Le Rêve). 1932

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In this piece from the Cubism era, Picasso used his mistress as his art subject. This piece was thought to be very erotic. An erect penis forms half of the woman's face. Her restful position shows us the vulnerable and private moments the two lovers share.

The Cubism art movement brought different objects together in the same image, which resulted in the artwork appearing 3-dimensional and fragmented. This movement broke away from the traditional artist's perception of creating an illusion of real space from a fixed viewpoint.

1. Tate. (n.d.). Cubism. Tate. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/cubism#:~:text=Cubism%20was%20a%20revolutionary%20new,that%20appear%20fragmented%20and%20abstracted

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Aaron Douglas. Let My People Go. 1935–39.

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Aaron Douglas. Let My People Go. 1935–39.

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In this piece from the Harlem Renaissance, Douglas created this marvelous painting filled with purple and golden hues, depicting God's order to Moses to free enslaved Israelis.  The title of the painting is from the Negro spiritual song "Go Down Moses", a song commonly sung by African slaves in the 19th century.

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement brought on by the increased migration of artists to Harlem in the early 20th century. Artists associated with this movement showed ethnic and cultural pride and brought consciousness of the inequality they faced in society at that point.

1. Harlem Renaissance. (n.d.). https://www.nga.gov/learn/teachers/lessons-activities/uncovering-america/harlem-renaissance.html

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Andy Warhol. Campbell’s Soup Cans. 1962.

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Andy Warhol. Campbell’s Soup Cans. 1962.

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In this Pop Art piece, Warhol aligned multiple canvases linearly to replicate soup cans on grocery store shelves. Each one was hand-painted so that it was replicated and indistinguishable from one another. The only difference is the flavor of the soup.

The Pop Art movement in the 1950s grew popular in the 1960s, both in America and Britain. The artists in this movement drew inspiration from popular commercials and culture. It revolted against the traditional approaches towards art and culture and the views of what art should be. Critics did not like how pop artists used "low" subject matters and the non-traditional treatment of it.

1. Tate. (n.d.-c). Pop art. Tate. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/pop-art

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John Baldessari. The Pencil Story. 1972-73

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John Baldessari. The Pencil Story. 1972-73

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In this piece of the Conceptual era, Baldessari expresses his mischievous sense of humor, huge interest in language, and everyday items' significance. The pictures of two pencils, one sharp and one dull, are placed over a handwritten caption. This forces the viewer not to see things as they are, but to look between things, between the lines, to see the deeper meaning.

The Conceptual art movement focused on the idea or concept of the art piece to be more significant to the story than the actual finished art piece. Conceptual art can look like almost anything because conceptual artists use whatever materials to put the idea across. "It was not just the structures of the art world that many conceptual artists questioned, there was often a strong socio-political dimension to much of the work they produced, reflecting wider dissatisfaction with society and government policies" (Tate, 2023).

1.Tate. (n.d.-a). Conceptual art. Tate. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/conceptual-art

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Walter De Maria. The Lightning Field. 1977.

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Walter De Maria. The Lightning Field. 1977.

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This Land Art piece by the American sculptor De Maria is situated in a remote area in the desert of western New Mexico. It is 400 polished stainless steel poles that average 20ft in height and are spaced 220ft apart from one another.  This piece is meant to be experienced for an extended period. De Maria allows viewers to spend the night on the property to experience sunrise and sunset in The Lightening Field.

Earth art is an American movement that uses natural landscapes to create site-specific art pieces. This movement rebelled against conceptualism and Minimalism. It was the beginning of the environmental movement, using everyday materials that created performance and creativity in any environment.

1. Earth Art Movement Overview. The Art Story. (n.d.-b). https://www.theartstory.org/movement/earth-art/