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What Is an Analogy in Writing? Definition and Examples | Grammarly

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Analogy is a literary device that compares seemingly unrelated things to one another. For example, a common analogy used in middle school biology is "Mitochondria are the battery of the cell." When a biology teacher calls mitochondria a battery, they are not giving a figurative description of microscopic Duracells scattered throughout the human body. They are conveying a message about mitochondria's function: they power the cell the same way a battery powers a cell phone.

Similes and metaphors also use comparison to vividly express an idea. Analogy differs from these devices by pushing the comparison past pure description and using it as a means of explanation.

While analogies can create vivid imagery for a reader, they are best deployed to enhance someone's understanding or to progress an argument.

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Types of analogies

The word comes from the Greek word for "proportionality." You might see analogies written as proportions, taking the form of "A is to B as C is to D." "Up is to down as on is to off" is an analogy (though not a particularly profound one). This is an example of an identical relationship analogy. The relationship between up and down (they are opposites) is the same as the relationship between on and off.

Another type of analogy is a shared abstraction. Commonly found in writing and conversation alike, shared abstraction analogies rely on specific patterns or characteristics to explain meaning. An example is "Raising children requires the same dedication you would give to a garden. Nurture them, feed them, introduce them to both light and dark, and have patience; and soon you will see them grow into blooming wonders." In this example, a somewhat abstract and complicated topic-raising children-is described through a comparison to the more straightforward work of tending a garden. Even people who have never raised children will begin to understand the care and complexity of the task thanks to the use of analogy.

Two other types of analogy are persuasive and literal. Persuasive analogies are provided to support an argument. Lawyers-professional arguers-will sometimes create hypothetical situations in order to help members of a jury better grasp the situation at hand. Setting up a hypothetical and then relating it to the case is an extended analogy - an argument supported by a comparison. Literal analogies create the opportunity to extrapolate. For example, if a new hair growth treatment shows a certain amount of success in mice, it can be extrapolated that it may have similar, effects on humans.

How does an analogy work?

Analogy allows a writer to say something deep, complicated, or abstract without losing the reader. To return to the middle school biology example: a teacher could explain the function of mitochondria by detailing the chemical conversion process of oxidative phosphorylation, or they can call mitochondria batteries. Both explanations lead to the same conclusion-mitochondria power the cell-but one is easier to grasp and therefore easier to remember.

This is a common structure in analogy. Enhance the clarity of an unfamiliar thing by comparing it with a familiar one. Through that connection, the reader develops a greater understanding.

This is where analogy begins to diverge from and . While all three are literary devices that compare one thing to another, analogy takes the comparison a step further by using it for explanation. In other words: similes and metaphors show; analogies tell.

Another close relative of analogy is , which is a reference to a well-known person, character, or place. Both analogy and allusion use a reader's familiarity with a subject to deepen their understanding of another subject. However, good allusions don't require explanation. For example, "going down the rabbit hole" is an allusion to Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland , but that doesn't need to be explained when using it. However, with analogies, explanation is almost always the point.

When to use an analogy

A writer can use analogy in literature to give the reader a deeper understanding of a complicated or unfamiliar topic. Just because it is explanatory doesn't mean it has to be dull. By employing figurative language , analogies create understanding while also leaving a vivid impression. In his novel Beatrice and Virgil , Yann Martel writes: "Just as music is noise that makes sense, a painting is colour that makes sense, so a story is life that makes sense." The use of analogy here not only explains the relationship between living and storytelling, but it does so with expressive language that leaves the reader with a much more memorable sentence.

How to write an analogy

Analogy is an incredibly useful tool for explanation, and we often create analogies in everyday conversation without realizing it. If you want to use analogy in your writing to help convey a message, here are four helpful rules:

1 Make sure the imagery you use is familiar and easy to understand. Creating an overly complicated analogy defeats the purpose of using analogy for explanation.

contrast. When you have the two items you want to compare, think through as many of their similarities and differences as you can. You might realize even deeper connections between them that you hadn't thought of yet. Alternatively, you might realize the differences are more prominent than the similarities and the analogy won't work.

3 Think about your audience. If you are writing a personal essay you know your colleagues will read, you can assume your audience has a certain amount of familiarity with your interests. But if you're writing for a general audience, you should simplify your analogy by including more universally familiar topics.

4 Make it obvious. Your reader should understand the connection immediately. If they have to pause to ponder what X has to do with Y, then the analogy has failed to do its job.

Examples of analogies

You'll find analogies in all kinds of writing and speeches. Here are some famous examples of analogy:

"Reading poetry is like undressing before a bath. You don't undress out of fear that your clothes will become wet. You undress because you want the water to touch you. You want to completely immerse yourself in the feeling of the water and to emerge anew." ―Kamand Kojouri

"Truth, like gold, is to be obtained not by its growth, but by washing away from it all that is not gold." ―Leo Tolstoy

"What gunpowder did for war the printing press has done for the mind." -Wendell Phillips

And, of course, one of the most famous analogies in literature:

"What's in a name? That which we call a rose, by any other word would smell as sweet. So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called." -William Shakespeare

Analogy FAQs

What is an analogy?

An analogy is a literary device that explains an unfamiliar or a complex topic by comparing it to a familiar topic.

How do analogies work?

Analogies rely on a reader's familiarity with one subject in order to help them more deeply or vividly understand another subject. For example, you may have never raised children, but if a writer says that "raising children is like tending to a garden," your brain will begin to form an impression of what raising children is like.

When should you use an analogy?

Writers should use analogy when they want to give the reader a deeper understanding of something complex or abstract. It can also be used to advance an argument or to surround a topic with imagery that will stick in a reader's mind.

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Learn the definition of analogy, its purpose in writing, and how it works, with famous examples of analogies in literature.

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CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES?

There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates?

Which sentence is correct?

Origin of anaphora

First recorded in 1580-90; from Late Latin, from Greek: "a bringing back, repeating," equivalent to ana- ana- + -phora, akin to phérein "to carry, bring"; cf. -phore, -phorous

Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023

British Dictionary definitions for anaphora

the use of a word such as a pronoun that has the same reference as a word previously used in the same discourse. In the sentence John wrote the essay in the library but Peter did it at home, both did and it are examples of anaphora Compare cataphora, exophoric

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

Word Origin for anaphora

C16: via Latin from Greek: repetition, from anapherein, from ana- + pherein to bear

Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

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CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES? There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates? Which sentence is correct?

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What is Allusion? With Definitions and Examples | Grammarly

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Have you ever stumbled across an online mystery, perhaps through social media or a forum, and found yourself spending the next several hours…

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What Is a Rhetorical Question? Defintion and Examples | Grammarly

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When is a question not a question? Whether you're for school or conversing with a friend, you've likely asked a rhetorical question at some point. Rhetorical writing an essay questions are said or written to make a point rather than to solicit an answer from the audience.

In this guide, we'll explore the meaning of rhetorical questions, their purpose, and the different types of rhetorical questions as well as give plenty of examples.

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What is a rhetorical question?

A rhetorical question is an inquiry that ends in a question mark but is asked for effect rather than to elicit an answer. It's often used in persuasive writing but is also common in everyday conversation.

Depending on the context of the rhetorical question, its purpose may be to emphasize a point, prompt the audience to consider a topic, or lend intrigue to an argument. The answer to a rhetorical question is usually very obvious the opposite, meaning it can't be easily discerned.

What are the different types of rhetorical questions?

Rhetorical questions are broken down into different types that are used to gain specific outcomes. The different types of rhetorical questions include anthypophora, epiplexis, and erotesis.

Anthypophora (hypophora)

Anthypophora, also known as hypophora, involves asking a question in order to answer it immediately. As a rhetorical question, it allows one to promptly answer a question that the audience or speaker wants addressed without giving others an opportunity to develop a different response or voice opposition.

Who is impacted by pollution? Everyone.

What are the signs of spring? New growth, pollen, and rain.

Why should you believe in me? I'll give you three good reasons . . .

Epiplexis is a rhetorical device in which one asks a question in order to admonish rather than receive an answer. This figure of speech is meant to chide and convert those who either hold an opposing or neutral perspective on a point.

Who wouldn't want to save the whales?

Can't you see what's happening?

How could you do that?

Erotesis positions the question in a way that elicits a strong reaction, either in agreement or rejection. However, this type of rhetorical question typically anticipates a negative response.

When are rhetorical questions used?

Rhetorical questions are used in various forms of writing and . They can be found in literature and are often used in persuasive writing, like essays, debates, and speeches of all kinds, whether political or a commencement speech.

They're also common in everyday conversation as figures of speech and in marketing advertisements.

Rhetorical question examples

Literature

In William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet , Juliet's soliloquy, in which she reflects on discovering Romeo's family name, includes two rhetorical questions:

'Tis but thy name that is my enemy.

Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.

What's Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot,

Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part

Belonging to a man. O, be some other name!

What's in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet.

So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd

Retain that dear perfection which he owes

Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name.

And for that name, which is no part of thee

Take all myself.

Juliet uses anthypophora as a rhetorical device when she answers her own question, What is Montague? with a response describing what Montague is not.

Another famous example of rhetorical questions comes from Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice .
If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?
In Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland , the Hatter asks a rhetorical question after a brief debate with Alice:

"Take some more tea," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.

"I've had nothing yet, " Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take any more."

"You mean you can't take less," said the Hatter: "it's very easy to take more than nothing."

"Nobody asked your opinion," said Alice.

" Who's making personal remarks now? " the Hatter asked triumphantly.

In his 1980 speech, President Ronald Reagan strategically used stacked, rhetorical epiplexis to amplify his opinion of the prior administration's results:

Can anyone look at the record of this administration and say, "Well done"? Can anyone compare the state of our economy when the Carter administration took office with where we are today and say, "Keep up the good work"? Can anyone look at our reduced standing in the world today say, "Let's have four more years of this"?

In Emma Watson's United Nations speech on gender equality, she employed a rhetorical question to provoke contemplation:

I decided that I was a feminist, and this seemed uncomplicated to me. But my recent research has shown me that feminism has become an unpopular word. Women are choosing not to identify as feminists. Apparently, I'm among the ranks of women whose expressions are seen as too strong, too aggressive, isolating, and anti-men. Unattractive, even.

Why has the word become such an uncomfortable one? I'm from Britain, and I think it is right that I am paid the same as my male counterparts. I think it is right that I should be able to make decisions about my own body. I think it is right that women be involved on my behalf in the policies and decisions that will affect my life. I think it is right that socially I am afforded the same respect as men.

Everyday language

Below are a few examples of rhetorical questions that might be used in everyday conversation.

When used in context to state something obvious or express sarcasm:

To express the speaker's current frame of mind or a positive emphasis for a point:

Rhetorical question FAQs

What is a rhetorical question?

A rhetorical question is a question that is not meant to have or does not require an answer.

When are rhetorical questions used?

Rhetorical questions are used to emphasize a positive or negative point. They're also used in persuasive to convince the audience to align with an obvious answer to the rhetorical question.

What are the different types of rhetorical questions?

The different types of rhetorical questions include -also called hypophora-as well as anthypophora epiplexis and erotesis.

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Learn about rhetorical questions, how they are used, and the different types of rhetorical questions, with defintions and examples.

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An informative essay educates your reader on a topic.

Introduction:  provide background information on the topic and introduce the thesis statement, which is the main idea of the essay. The introduction should also capture the reader's attention and motivate them to continue reading.

Body:  units of text that offer supporting evidence to back up the thesis statement of an essay, report, or story. A good body paragraph contains three main sections: a topic sentence, relevant supporting sentences, and a closing sentence.

Conclusion:

1. Restate your topic and why it is important.

2. Restate your thesis/claim.

3. Address opposing viewpoints and explain why readers should align with your position.

4. Include a call for action or overview of future research possibilities.

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How to Write a Standout Argumentative Essay | Grammarly Blog

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An argumentative essay is a piece of writing that uses factual evidence and logical support to convince the reader of a certain way of thinking. Although many types of essays aim at persuading the reader to believe a specific point of view, argumentative essays rely heavily on hard evidence, drawing on other studies and sources to prove their argument is best.

Don't let the name fool you: Argumentative essays don't have to be aggressive or combative. Rather, it gets its name from the style of arguing, whereby the writer presents sufficient research to both support their own claim and invalidate opposing perspectives. When you're writing an argumentative essay, remember that the goal is to show that thesis is the only logical conclusion.

Argumentative essays are only as good as their argument, and structuring good arguments requires a little more than just being stubborn (even if it helps!). Below, we run through the most useful techniques for writing the perfect argumentative essay. But don't take our word for it-our evidence speaks for itself!

What is an argumentative essay?

Like persuasive essays and other types of essays , the point of argumentative essays is to convince the reader of a particular point of view. What makes an essay argumentative is the method of convincing: An argumentative essay uses fact-based evidence and unquestionable logic to prove that its thesis is true.

do this, too, but tend to be more emotional and Persuasive essays less formal. Argumentative essays focus more on concrete empirical data, whereas persuasive essays appeal more to the reader's emotions. In other words, argumentative essays favor quantitative support, while persuasive essays favor qualitative support.

Likewise, it's easy to confuse argumentative essays with expository essays, which rely heavily on fact-based evidence and copious research. The main difference is : Argumentative essays presume one point of view is correct, whereas expository essays usually present all sides of the argument and leave it to the reader to make up their own mind.

Another distinction of argumentative essays is that the thesis is not obvious . It usually has strong enough opposition to necessitate an explanation of why it's wrong. For example, "the sky is blue on a sunny day" would be an awful thesis for an argumentative essay. Not only would it be redundant, but also far too simplistic: Your evidence may be "look outside," and that'd be the end of it!

The idea is that an argumentative essay leaves no doubt that its thesis is accurate, usually by disproving or invalidating opposing theories. That's why argumentative essays don't just talk about the writer's own thesis but discuss other contradicting points of view as well. It's hard to name one perspective as "true" if you're ignoring all the others.

Basic argumentative essay structure

Because your entire argumentative essay depends on how well you present your case, your essay structure is crucial. To make matters worse, the structure of argumentative essays is a little more involved than those of other essay types because you also have to address other points of view. This alone leads to even more considerations, like whose argument to address first, and at what point to introduce key evidence.

Let's start with the most basic argumentative essay structure: the simple five-paragraph format that suits most short essays.

Your first paragraph is your introduction , which clearly presents your thesis, sets up the rest of the essay, and maybe even adds a little intrigue.

Your second, third, and fourth paragraphs are your body, where you present your arguments and evidence, as well as refute opposing arguments. Each paragraph should focus on either showcasing one piece of supporting evidence or disproving one contradictory opinion.

Your fifth and final paragraph is your conclusion , where you revisit your thesis in the context of all preceding evidence and succinctly wrap up everything.

This simple structure serves you well in a pinch, especially for timed essays that are part of a test. However, advanced essays require more detailed structures, especially if they have a length requirement of over five paragraphs.

Advanced argumentative essay structure

Some essays need to support more complicated arguments and more definitive rebuttals than normal. In these cases, the three major formats below should serve your argumentative essay for a variety of needs.

Aristotelian (Classic)

When to use it: making straightforward arguments

The Aristotelian or classic argument is a default structure for a clear argument, more like an extension of the simple five-paragraph structure above. It draws on credibility ( ), emotion ( ), and reasoning ( ) to prove its points, all of which can be adapted for virtually any argument. In form, it follows a direct and logical path:

1 Introduce the problem.

2 Explain your perspective.

3 Explain your opponent's perspective. Refute their points one-by-one as you go.

4 Present your evidence.

5 Conclude your argument.

Toulmin

When to use it: presenting complex issues with no clear truths when your thesis is a rebuttal or counterargument.

The Toulmin method was developed to analyze arguments themselves, so it makes sense to use it for essays. Because it's steeped in logic and deep analysis, this approach best suits complicated issues that need unraveling, but also works well for refuting an opposing point of view piece by piece.

In form, it includes six main areas, but you're free to organize them in whatever order works best for your essay. Keep in mind that your claim can itself be a rebuttal of another argument, so your entire essay could be disproving another thesis rather than presenting your own.

Rogerian

When to use it: showing both sides of an argument as valid when presenting to a mixed audience.

The Rogerian method is simply a middle-ground approach, where you acknowledge the validity of both your thesis and the opposition's viewpoint. It's the least confrontational and most respectful, which helps in convincing readers who are naturally biased against your main claim. In form, it follows a five-step structure:

1 Introduce the problem.

2 Explain your opponent's perspective first. Validate their points when correct.

3 Explain your perspective.

4 Bring both sides together. Present a middle ground where both viewpoints coexist.

5 Conclude your (balanced) argument.

How to write a good thesis

The thesis, or argument, is the cornerstone of any good essay. If your thesis is weak or full of holes, not even a perfect essay structure can save you.

The thesis itself should be the one takeaway you want your readers to leave with. What are you trying to convince them of, or what do you want them to remember after reading? Knowing this informs all other aspects of writing your essay, including the best structure and format, not to mention which evidence to collect.

For starters, choose a topic you feel strongly about (if it's not already assigned). It helps if your argument is specific; having a broad or general argument means more facets to examine, which can make for a wordy essay.

It also helps to consider your audience. You don't always have to tell readers what they want to hear, but their biases should influence how you write your essay, including your wording and how much credit to give the opposition.

Above all, choose a thesis with sufficient evidence. Argumentative essays thrive on factual proof from credible sources, and you don't want to waste time searching for data that doesn't exist. If you can't find enough facts to back up your thesis, maybe you shouldn't argue that point in the first place.

How to write an argumentative essay: the writing process

Argumentative essays follow the same recommended writing process as other kinds of writing, albeit with more emphasis on researching and preparing. Here's a brief overview of how to adapt the process for argumentative essays:

This phase is for collecting all the evidence going into your essay, as well as writing an outline . Because proof is key to argumentative essays, set aside ample time for research until you have all the support you need. It's also a good time to outline your essay, answering questions like when and how to discuss opposing viewpoints.

Write a rough draft of your essay. It helps to include any data and direct quotes as early as possible, especially with argumentative essays that often cite outside sources.

Go through your draft and focus exclusively on fixing mistakes. If you're not confident in your grammar skills or diction, use .

Although optional, it always helps to have a fresh set of eyes on your essays before finalizing it. See if your argument is strong enough to convince your friends!

Argumentative essay writing tips

Our tips for writing better essays apply just as well to argumentative essays as any others, so that's the best place to start if you're looking for additional guidance. For tips specific to argumentative essays, try these:

Support your argument with concrete facts

Although similar to persuasive essays, argumentative essays are in some ways the exact opposite. While persuasive essays appeal to the reader's emotions, argumentative essays appeal to the reader's reason. That's why hard facts work best.

Do plenty of research until you have enough data to support each of your main points. Feel free to cite other sources or studies to improve your credibility as well. Try to withhold your personal opinions and feelings as much as possible-let your evidence speak for you.

Be proactive about language

In an argumentative essay, and style are more important than you may think, especially if you're criticizing another person's perspective. Be respectful when choosing your words and phrasing. Using an aggressive tone reflects worse on the writer than the target, even if rebutting a despicable point of view.

Use aids for style and grammar

Even the smallest typo can derail the most carefully planned argument. The problem is, it's hard to formulate the best possible argument if you're distracted by spelling and grammar.

Grammarly finds all of your writing mistakes for you so you can stay focused on what's important. It even checks your tone and clarity to make sure your true argument always shines through and comes across as intended. See how Grammarly can help your next writing project by downloading it now.

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How to Write a Standout Argumentative Essay

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An argumentative essay builds logic and support for an argument. Learn how to structure it and what to include, from thesis to evidence.

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Antithesis Definition

First, let's define antithesis

There are a number of terms often confused for antithesis (like paradox or oxymoron). But an antithesis has a particular grammatical structure that helps differentiate it from the rest. So, here's the antithesis definition and then we'll look at specific examples:

ANTITHESIS DEFINITION

What is Antithesis?

An antithesis is a rhetorical and literary device with parallel grammar structure but which establishes a nearly complete or exact opposition in ideas or characters. It can be effective in emphasizing drastic differences between opposing concepts.

How to pronounce antithesis: [an-TITH-uh-sis]

Familiar antithesis examples:

"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

"No pain, no gain."

"Out of sight, out of mind."

The word "antithesis" comes from the Greek word meaning "setting opposite," which is an idea that has been used in various forms. Let's look at those various forms in more antithesis examples.

Antitheses Examples

How do we use antithesis today?

The purpose of antithetical language is not just mentioning the existence of opposing ideas, but rather emphasizing the stark differences between them. The often lyrical and rhythmic nature of this device helps accentuate the parallel grammatical structure.

Watch the video below to learn more about how we use antitheses today.

Antithesis Definition, Examples and Techniques

We use this device in that pure form today (see the examples above) in everyday turns of phrase. But there are more in-depth ways (in actions and story in general) that fit the antithesis definition.

People and characters can act in an antithetical manner to their beliefs.

Antithesis Examples in Behavior:

A character who says they love animals but wears real fur coats.

Someone who says they are vegetarian but eats a big steak for dinner.

A person who uses a "Shop Small" tote bag but does their holiday shopping at Walmart.

In addition, characters in literary or scripted works, much like people, can be antitheses to each other in and of themselves. In fact, this is often how great villains are created.

Check out the video below to see more on writing great villains, and how antagonists can mirror or juxtapose protagonists.

Page to Picture: How to Write a Villain * Subscribe on YouTube

Protagonists can be an "antihero," or the villain of a story can be portrayed separately as a parallel to the protagonist; therefore, the protagonist and antagonist highlight each other's strengths and weaknesses, and evil and benevolent qualities. Some classic examples of this pseudo-mirrored antagonist concept are:

As you can see, the antithesis is typically the ultimate antagonist, even if the character they are meant to parallel isn't the protagonist, as is the case in the Harry Potter series.

Both a strong example of antithesis and nuanced portrayal of complicated character relationships, the Harry Potter series showcases a number of moral ambiguities as they pertain to Dumbledore and Voldemort.

We imported the script into StudioBinder's screenwriting software to see exactly how this juxtaposition is first established.

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone masterfully establishes the characteristics that Harry and Voldemort share, but it also establishes similarities between Dumbledore and Voldemort.

Throughout the series, these shared traits influence Dumbledore and Voldemort in their objectives and decisions.

For instance, in the Sorcerer's Stone, we are introduced to how Voldemort and Dumbledore move through the world. Hagrid tells Harry early on about Voldemort's rise to power: he was a wizard "who went as bad as you can go [...] anyone who stood up to him ended up dead." Hagrid frames Voldemort as a powerful wizard, capable of massive destruction.

Antithesis Example in Harry Potter * Read Full Scene

Alternatively, towards the end of the first film Dumbledore explains his tactics in his work with Nicolas Flamel on the Sorcerer's Stone. "Only a person who wanted to find the stone-find it, but not use it-would be able to get it." Dumbledore respects power and the laws of magic, and his actions reflect that.

Antithesis Example in Harry Potter * Read Full Scene

Further into the series, in Order of the Phoenix, we see what happens when Dumbledore's tremendous abilities collide with Voldemort's formidable power in their epic Ministry of Magic duel.

Voldemort's spells all aim to destruct, whereas Dumbledore's are equally amazing, but meant to disarm, distinguish, or defend.

The series is a remarkable example of how antitheses can be essential to a story, and the respective backstories, unique abilities, and of course choices of Voldemort and Dumbledore prove it.

Implementing Antitheses

How to use antithesis

With all the ways you can implement and define antithesis, it's good to have a number of tricks or rules of thumb to keep in your back pocket. Whether you're writing a short story or your next feature screenplay, here are some things you can keep in mind.

1. Aim for Moderation

If you're using antithesis in the form of a rhetorical device, try to keep the number of antitheses to a minimum unless it's a crucial character trait of the speaker. Using a similar literary device too often can leave your writing predictable or even annoying. The more you use a tool, like antithetical language, the less meaning it can have.

2. Similar Structure

Keep the structure of your antithesis as similar as possible if you want to highlight the differences more intensely. And try to keep the phrasing itself balanced. Both variables of the equation don't have to be exact, but the lyrical phrasing can help your antithesis shine and stick long after the read.

3. Focus on Differences

Focus on contrast but remember to find ways to draw the parallels. How can the characters be compared to the point where their differences become obvious? How can their differences lead to conversation about how the characters may actually be similar?

Antitheses via characters and sentence structure can assist in not just interesting writing, but memorable writing. They can make your message more understandable and retainable, which should be a top goal in any written work. You never want to give you reader a reason to stop reading.

So, now that you've learned more about how an antithesis can strengthen your work, you can implement it into your next project like a pro.

After all, no guts, no glory.

UP NEXT

What is Irony?

Antithesis is a rhetorical device you can use in everyday speech. Much like an antithesis, we encounter several types of irony in everyday life, too. Keep reading to learn about the types of irony and how they're used in TV and Film.

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Antithesis - How Writers Create and Work with Opposition

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There are a number of terms often confused for antithesis (like paradox or oxymoron). But an antithesis has a particular grammatical structure that helps differentiate it from the rest. So, here's the antithesis definition and then we'll look at specific examples: An antithesis is a rhetorical and literary device with parallel grammar structure but which establishes a nearly complete or exact opposition in ideas or characters.

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Word History

Greek, fitness, opportunity, time; perhaps akin to Greek keirein to cut

Dictionary Entries Near kairos

Cite this Entry

Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search-ad free!

Merriam-Webster unabridged

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Greek, fitness, opportunity, time; perhaps akin to Greek keirein to cut Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search-ad free! Merriam-Webster unabridged

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Word History

Greek, speech, word, reason - more at legend

1587, in the meaning defined at sense 1

The first known use of Logos was in 1587

Dictionary Entries Near Logos

Cite this Entry

More from Merriam-Webster on Logos

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Merriam-Webster unabridged

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the divine wisdom manifest in the creation, government, and redemption of the world and often identified with the second person of the Trinity; reason that in ancient Greek philosophy is the controlling principle in the universe... See the full definition

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What Is Pathos? History, Definition, and Examples | Grammarly

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Whether you realize it or not, you've likely encountered a person, message, or situation today that appealed to your sense of pathos. Pathos is a persuasive device that elicits a strong emotion from an audience. When used effectively, pathos can prompt you toward a desired action or help you win an argument.

What is pathos?

The word is derived from the Greek word which means "experience," "suffering," or "emotion." The Greek philosopher Aristotle introduced the concept of pathos in his written work , in which he also introduced the three other modes of persuasion: , logos, and kairos

Although appealing to an audience's emotions can be a powerful technique in persuasive writing , relying solely on this mode has its risks: you might end up making a weak argument that's not supported by logic (logos) or credibility (ethos).

Additionally, the use of kairos, which involves choosing the right timing and tone for your words, can help bolster the effectiveness of pathos in a message.

For example, let's say you recently moved to a new neighborhood where you don't know anyone. You might receive a mailer from a local neighborhood group that says, "Welcome to the block! Stop by the community center to get to know your new neighbors!" The message is accompanied by an image of people conversing and doing activities together.

In this example, the neighborhood group timed its message (kairos) so it corresponded to your move to a new area. It appeals to your possible feelings of isolation or loneliness (pathos) after this big move, while the image evokes the enjoyable feelings one experiences when interacting with others (also pathos).

Using pathos

Employing exclusively pathos to persuade your audience toward your goal has its downsides. It might suggest that your argument is shaky and doesn't have much evidence or basis in reason-for example, it's based on a logical fallacy -or that you lack knowledge or experience (ethos) on the topic.

When pathos isn't balanced with other modes of persuasion, it can turn into manipulation. For example, when an author makes an argument that's not based on logic about a subject they don't have expert knowledge in or authority to speak on might use false or misleading details to sway an audience's feelings.

What is pathos in writing?

Whether you're writing an argumentative essay , penning ad copy for your company, or developing a character in your next novel, pathos can help you build a strong emotional connection with your readers.

For example, it can be used as a plot device to develop your antagonist's character arc so that readers feel toward a seemingly loathsome personality. Pathos can also be used to describe a scenario in a way that readers can relate to.

Pathos is applicable to any style of creative and professional writing. It's effective in fiction, poems, playwriting, and scriptwriting. As for nonfiction or work-related writing, pathos can be used in a political speech, a memoir, an op-ed, or an attorney's arguments in a courtroom.

Essentially, any form of writing that includes vivid descriptions, tactical word choice, or relatable anecdotes to elicit a certain feeling from an audience is using pathos.

What are examples of pathos?

Below are a few examples of pathos across different forms of writing.

Pathos in poetry

"And you, my father, there on the sad height,

Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.

Do not go gentle into that good night.

Rage, rage against the dying of the light."

-Dylan Thomas, "Do not go gentle into that good night"

In Thomas's poem, readers empathize with the poet's feelings of grief as he pleads with his dying father to stave off death until the bitter end. The imagery and word choice leave the reader in grief, alongside Thomas, as they identify with the feelings that come with the loss of a loved one.

Pathos in fiction

"O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?

Deny thy father and refuse thy name.

Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love

And I'll no longer be a Capulet.

'Tis but thy name that is my enemy:

Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.

What's Montague? It is nor hand nor foot

Nor arm nor face nor any other part

Belonging to a man. O be some other name.

What's in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet;

So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,

Retain that dear perfection which he owes

Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name,

And for that name, which is no part of thee,

Take all myself."

-William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

In Shakespeare's classic play, Juliet's monologue expresses the eternal love she feels for Romeo despite the rivalry between their feuding families. The audience feels Juliet's longing for a relationship that's forbidden and are left feeling devastated for the star-crossed protagonists after witnessing their mutual affection, elopement, and circumstantial suicide.

Pathos in speeches

"I have a dream that one day down in Alabama with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, one day right down in Alabama little Black boys and Black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today."

-Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream"

The prominent speech by Dr. King acutely describes the trials and tribulations that Black Americans experienced leading up to and during the civil rights movement. Through the use of diction and rhetorical techniques like repetition, the speech successfully resonated with Dr. King's audience.

Pathos FAQs

What is pathos?

Pathos is a mode of persuasion. In an argument, it's meant to appeal to the audience's emotions, such as pity, grief, and sympathy.

What is the purpose of pathos?

Pathos is used to convince an audience to commit an action or accept an opinion by appealing to their emotions. This persuasive technique is commonly used in marketing, writing, debate, speeches, and more.

When is pathos used in writing?

In writing, pathos is achieved through thoughtful diction, relatable anecdotes, and vivid examples. It's often used in literature, memoirs, poems, songwriting, scriptwriting, and plays.

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What Is Pathos? History, Definition, and Examples

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Whether you realize it or not, you've likely encountered a person, message, or situation today that appealed to your sense of pathos. Pathos is a persuasive device that elicits a strong emotion from an audience. When used effectively, pathos can prompt you toward a desired action or help you win an argument.

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What Is Ethos? History, Definition, and Examples | Grammarly

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What Is Ethos? History, Definition, and Examples

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Whether you’re writing a white paper for school or work or are tasked with…

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Argumentative essays typically include an explanation of the writer's position (thesis), evidence supporting that thesis, opposing points of view, and rebuttals against that opposition.

Claim: the central idea of your paragraph or essay and should appear in the first sentence.

Reason: statements of support for claims, making those claims something more than mere assertions.

Evidence:  Fact, Judgment, and Testimony.

Counter-claim: an argument that argues in opposition to the author's claim.

Rebuttal: when you respond directly to your opponent's argument/point to explain/show how/why they are wrong.

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The denotation of a word refers to the dictionary definition of its meaning. The connotation of a word refers to the emotion or feeling that is evoked by a word and accompanies its literal meaning.

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et·​y·​mol·​o·​gy | \ ˌe-tə-ˈmä-lə-jē \

: the history of a linguistic form (such as a word) shown by tracing its development since its earliest recorded occurrence in the language where it is found, by tracing its transmission from one language to another, by analyzing it into its component parts, by identifying its cognates in other languages, or by tracing it and its cognates to a common ancestral form in an ancestral language

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the history of a linguistic form (such as a word) shown by tracing its development since its earliest recorded occurrence in the language where it is found, by tracing its transmission from one language to another, by analyzing it into its component parts, by identifying its... See the full definition

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the history of a word or phrase shown by tracing its development and relationships.
Real has roots in the Latin word res, meaning "thing."

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What are Context Clues — Definition, Examples & Purpose

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Context clues are elements of grammatical and visual composition that suggest meaning for the audience or reader.

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hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words.

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the way authors organize information in text.

Compare and Contrast: involves comparing two or more things in order to show their differences also to describe how two or more things are similar and different.

Problem and Solution: a pattern of organization where information in a passage is expressed as a dilemma or concerning issue (a problem) and something that was, can be, or should be done to remedy this issue (solution or attempted solution).

Chronological: relating to, or arranged in or according to the order of time. chronological tables of American history.

Cause and Effect:  a relationship between actions or events in which at least one action or event is a direct result of the others.

Descriptive:  features a detailed description of something to give the reader a mental picture.

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a technique or type of language that is used by a speaker or an author for the purpose of evoking a particular reaction from the listener or reader or persuading them to think in a certain way.

Antithesis: a figure of speech in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by the parallelism of words that are the opposites.

Rhetorical question: a question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer.

Allusions: brief but purposeful references, within a literary text, to a person, place, event, or to another work of literature.

Anaphora: Anaphora is the repetition of words or phrases in a group of sentences, clauses, or poetic lines.

Analogy: a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification.

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ETHOS
a rhetorical or written technique that appeals to an audience or reader's ethics (Credibility of the Author)

PATHOS

Emotional Appeal to Audience  means to persuade an audience by purposely evoking certain emotions to make them feel the way the author wants them to feel.

LOGOS

Logic of the Message  To use logos, the author makes clear, logical connections between ideas, and includes the use of facts and statistics.

KAIROS
a time when conditions are right for the accomplishment of a crucial action

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Main Idea | English For Kids | Mind Blooming

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The main idea of a paragraph is the author's message about the topic.

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Figurative language refers to the use of words in a way that deviates from the conventional order and meaning in order to convey a

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Figurative language refers to the use of words in a way that deviates from the conventional order and meaning in order to convey a complicated meaning, colorful writing, clarity, or evocative comparison.

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Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words

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The world’s leading online dictionary: English definitions, synonyms, word origins, example sentences, word games, and more. A trusted authority for 25+ years!

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the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.

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Mood can be defined as a relatively stable affective state often described as positive or negative. Sometimes mood is described as one's subjective feeling state and affects the outward expression of it. Unlike emotions, which tend to be stronger and more specific, moods are more general and less intense.

They are also generally not triggered by a particular experience or event. However, they can be influenced by various factors, including fatigue, stress, social interactions, world events, hormones, weather, hunger, and general health.

Mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, are serious medical conditions that can cause significant impairment in daily life. If you are experiencing persistent changes in mood, it is important to talk to a medical doctor or mental health professional.

How Long Have Researchers Been Studying Mood?

Mood has been the subject of research for many years. Early theories about mood focused on its connection to emotion. However, more recent research has shown that mood is not just the result of emotions but is also influenced by other factors, such as physiology and cognition.

Mood can also affect our physical health. For example, research has shown that people who are depressed are more likely to get sick and are more likely to have heart problems.

There is still much to learn about mood. However, the research that has been done has helped us to better understand how it works and how it can impact our lives.

What to Know About Negative and Positive Mood States

Mood can be difficult to describe, but some common signs can help you identify whether you are in a good mood or a bad mood.

Positive Mood

A good mood is usually defined as a generally positive state, although people usually cannot pinpoint exactly why they are in a good mood. Feeling physically well, getting a good night's rest, a lack of stress, and positive social interactions are a few factors that might contribute to a positive mood.

Some common signs of a good mood include:

Feeling happy

Being optimistic

Feeling content

Having a general sense of well-being

Feeling energetic and productive

Feeling engaged and interested in life

Negative Mood

Some common signs of a bad mood include:

Feeling sad, anxious, or angry

Having a sense of emptiness or hopelessness

Feeling tired and sluggish

Feeling disconnected and disengaged from life

Lacking the motivation to engage in normal tasks

Irritability or feeling short-tempered

A sense of languishing

Negative moods can influence how people interpret events and their judgments. When people are in a more negative mood, they are more likely to see the event around them negatively.

Types of Mood Disorders

There are a number of different types of disorders that can affect mood. Some of these include:

Major depressive disorder: This serious condition can cause a person to feel persistently sad, anxious, or empty. People with depression may also have trouble sleeping, eating, and concentrating.

Bipolar disorder: This disorder is characterized by extreme changes in mood, from mania (a high, often euphoric state) to depression. People with bipolar disorder may also have manic episodes, during which they may act impulsively, have racing thoughts, and be easily irritated.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): Formerly known as major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern. This disorder is characterized by depressive symptoms that generally occur during the winter months, when there is less natural sunlight. Symptoms of SAD may include fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and social withdrawal.

Cyclothymia: This disorder is characterized by milder forms of alternating mania and depression. people with cyclothymic disorder may have relatively brief periods of normal mood in between episodes.

Factors That Can Influence Your Mood

Unlike emotions and feelings, moods tend to be influenced by a range of non-specific factors. This makes it more difficult to point to the exact causes of negative moods.

Sleep appears to play an important role in mood, although the relationship between the two is not fully understood. What researchers discovered in one study was that poor sleep quality was associated with worse mood.

This may come as no surprise to anyone who has found themselves feeling short-tempered and irritable after a restless night of tossing and turning. But does being in a good mood lead to better sleep? Unfortunately, the research doesn't indicate those good moods have the same beneficial effects on sleep.

While the factors that influence mood are complex and varied, studies have found that changing your voluntary facial expressions can influence your mood. In other words, putting a smile on your face (even if you are faking it) can play a part in improving your mood.

It turns out that your parents were probably right-going outside to play really might help put you in a better mood. Studies have found that having more contact with natural environments can have a positive effect on mood and well-being.

How Mood Impacts Your Health and Well-Being

Mood can have a significant impact on health and well-being. Mood disorders, such as depressive disorders, are associated with an increased risk of physical health problems, including heart disease and stroke. For example, one study found that people with a history of depression had a 34% higher risk of experiencing a stroke.

Mood can also affect how well a person functions in daily life. For example, people who are depressed may have difficulty sleeping, concentrating, and making decisions.

Mood can also influence relationships with others. People who are depressed or anxious may have trouble communicating and connecting with other people. This can make it more difficult to maintain interpersonal relationships and may contribute to feelings of loneliness and social isolation.

Mood disorders can be treated, and there are a number of resources available to help people who are struggling. If you are concerned about your mood, talk to your doctor or a mental health professional.

Ways to Improve Your Mood

Everyone experiences periods of low mood from time to time, but some strategies can help you improve your mood when you are feeling down. Some tips for improving mood include:

Get Regular Exercise

Exercise can help to improve mood by, among other factors, releasing endorphins, which are chemicals that have mood-boosting effects. Studies have found that exercise can play a role in improving mood. In addition to potentially preventing and alleviating symptoms of depression, single sessions of exercise can offer immediate improvements in mood.

Eat a Healthy Diet

Eating nutritious foods can help to improve energy levels and overall well-being, and evidence indicates that what you eat can also have an impact on mood. The link between diet and depression is not fully understood, but there is a growing understanding that what you eat may provide some benefits for boosting mood and fighting depression.

Research indicates that high adherence to dietary recommendations may have a protective effect against depressive symptoms. The consumption of foods linked to inflammation (such as highly processed foods higher in sugar and fat and red meats) was linked to a higher risk for depressive symptoms.

Spend Time in Nature

Connecting with nature can help to reduce stress and promote relaxation. One study found that as little as 10 minutes spent sitting or walking in a natural setting had a significant positive impact on mood.

Connect With Others

Spending time with loved ones, or participating in activities with others, can help to improve mood and reduce feelings of isolation. Research suggests that positive social interactions may help alleviate depressed moods.

Practice Relaxation Techniques

When you are under stress, your body produces a chemical called cortisol. It prepares your body to deal with what you are facing, but exposure to too much of it for too long can produce a variety of negative health effects.

Minimizing the stress you are feeling may be helpful when it comes to improving your overall mood. Relaxation techniques, such as yoga, meditation, or deep breathing, can help reduce stress and promote feelings of calm.

Use a Mood Tracker

Whether you use a handwritten journal or an online app, a mood tracker can help you look for triggers that might affect your mood. It can also provide insights into how lifestyle factors-including diet, sleep, and exercise-impact your moods

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What Influences Your Mood?-and How to Improve Your Mood

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The term mood refers to a general internal state that reflects a person's overall state of being. It is relatively stable and can last from hours to several weeks.

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Mood is how you feel after or during reading the story an emotional state of mind or feeling, also the feeling expressed in a work of art or literature.

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Tone in Writing: What It Is and How to Create Different Tones in Writing

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When the right tone is employed, writing can transcend the words on the page. It's what allows writers to create complex characters, to build a world that feels real.

"Tone, to me, is like the Harry Potter house-elf of craft," says author and sensitivity reader Dennis Norris II. "If I remember the language of something I've read, I am remembering the tone. It's just there, and you're benefiting from it. If the work was memorable, the tone played a role in it."

Whether you're writing a book, a tweet, or an email, emotion and tone help define the message. To help you master it, we've put together this guide to tone, emotion, and writing:

What is tone in writing?

Tone in writing is the attitude your words employ. Just like tone of voice, tone in writing gives much more context beyond the words used. It can reveal intention or conceal it. As memoirist and writing coach Adair Lara says, "Tone is what the dog hears."

If, for example, your boss sent you a Slack message that said, "Do you have a minute to talk?" you might think, "Oh no, what's wrong?" If she rephrased it as, "Got time to chat real quick?" you might be less alarmed. There isn't a negative force lurking in the background. That contrast is because of tone.

And while the emotional response you take away from a message may not necessarily be the intention of the sender, it still exists, and people will seek it out when reading. "If the reader doesn't respond the way you want them to," says Lara, "you don't have a reader."

What informs tone in writing?

Tone, like language itself, works because people agree on the meaning behind words. Cultural norms often dictate how those are perceived. And it takes knowledge of those norms and expectations, as well as the context of the conversation, to be able to convey the intended emotions. The stakes are often elevated to match the importance of the message, so more attention is warranted. Norris II is well-versed in this phenomenon.

"When I'm doing a sensitivity read, I typically examine every single aspect of the work-the language, the content, the plot, the psychology of the characters, the [political and personal] context," they say. "Inequity doesn't exist in a vacuum, and neither does humanity. I have to mine the work incredibly closely if I'm going to help the author complete a piece that doesn't further marginalize folks who are often not portrayed, or not lovingly portrayed, on the page."

Even if you aren't writing a book about complex topics like race, gender, and class, tone-based misinterpretation can still happen in everyday exchanges. If you're texting someone you just met and are interested in romantically, the difference between "For sure!" and "OK" can be painfully apparent. That has to do with the cultural expectations placed on words within the context of texting.

"Perhaps because we have become accustomed to exclamation points and emojis, when they are missing, the text can seem angry or cold," notes Dr. Tchiki Davis, founder of the Berkeley Well Being Institute. In fact, that gap between the desired emotional reaction and perception is very common. And many readers will read text as slightly more negative than the writer intended.

Types of tones in writing

Tone is as diverse as our emotions. It can convey the positive, negative, neutral, and everything in between.

Let's say you were invited to someone's party. Here are a few examples of tones that can be employed in a response:

Appreciative: Thanks for inviting me!

Joyful: Yes! My heart is leaping with joy!

Informal: Yeah, see ya at the party

Formal: This is to inform you that I'm going to join you at the party.

Skeptical: Have you really thought this through?

Regretful: It's a pity I can't go.

How does tone impact a reader's emotional response?

This complex relationship starts in your amygdala, which is where your brain processes emotions. It's theorized that it interacts with the visual cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex (a.k.a. where your decision-making comes from) to produce the relationship between emotion and the written word. So you see the words on the page, interpret their meaning, add a layer of emotional context, and that engenders words with emotional meaning.

Except the amygdala isn't always as involved in language comprehension. It varies in strength from person to person. And not every word carries the same emotional weight. So in that way, there is an element of the unknown.

Still, there's room for a scientific approach to mastering tone. According to Plutchik's wheel of emotions, feelings can generally be calculated based on the combination of basic emotions. So to create a feeling of love, there must be both joy and trust. Or to make envy, you'd combine sadness and anger. (Think of it as the alchemist's guide to emotion.) When combined with the NRC Word-Emotion Association Lexicon , which sorts words into corresponding emotional reactions, feelings can be reverse-engineered, word by word.

How to intentionally create tone in your writing

Once you've figured out your desired tone, here are a few things you should keep in mind while writing:

Word (or emoji) choice: In general, it's best to strive for positivity. If a word or emoji feels wrong, consider rephrasing, removing it, or using a thesaurus to find the word that best fits your intention.

Personal pronouns: Pay attention to the main subject in a sentence. For example, "you" puts the onus on the reader, while "I" or a lack of personal pronouns is less likely to make the reader feel called out. It's not a bad thing to use "you," and there are situations where it makes sense. Just make sure it's the right call for the situation. Pronouns are also important when it comes to addressing people. Failing to use the correct pronoun (he/she/them) can create a tone of disrespect.

Punctuation: Lack of punctuation is more casual, which can make it tricky to pull off in professional settings. Punctuation isn't always critical to tone, but keep in mind that it can have an impact.

Consistency: One tone-deaf sentence has the power to destroy all of your hard work. It's especially important to look for consistency when you have strong feelings about the topic.

Honesty: It's important to tell the truth-not just about what you say, but also in how you say it. If you aren't true to yourself, the tone may become contrived or off-message. It's like hearing your sweater vest-wearing aunt Linda use the phrase "it's lit."

Empathy: Once you have your sentence or message written, read it aloud and try to imagine your reader's reaction, or run it by a friend or colleague. External factors, like the recipient's personal or job circumstances, will certainly have an impact-you can't control that. But you can dictate how thoughtful you are about what you write. And that kind of empathy is powerful.

How Grammarly can help

Sometimes you intend for your writing to convey a certain tone, but your word choice might not match. Grammarly's tone detector analyzes your writing for tone and flags when it might not come across as intended. What's more, our tone suggestions provide options for how to better reflect your intended tone in your writing. For example, if you're aiming to write a neutral response to a difficult work exchange and your writing might include some unintentionally harsh language, our suggestions will redirect you to soften your wording so that you don't offend your reader.

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When the right tone is employed, writing can transcend the words on the page. It's what allows writers to create complex characters, to build a world that feels real. "Tone, to me, is like the Harry Potter house-elf of craft," says author and sensitivity reader Dennis Norris II.

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Tone is the expression of the author's attitude. Just like tone of voice, tone in writing gives much more context beyond the words used. It can reveal intention or conceal it.

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1. Literary Elements
2. Information Elements
3. Vocabulary
4. Writing Elements

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Name: Jeanayma Francois
Date: 5/17/2023
Period: 5th