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UNHCR. "Afghan Refugees in Pakistan." UNHCR, www.unhcr.org/pk/en/afghan-refugees-in-pakistan.

UNHCR. "Environmental Degradation and Climate Change." UNHCR, www.unhcr.org/environmental-degradation-and-climate-change.html.

UNHCR. "Refugee Communities in Pakistan." UNHCR, www.unhcr.org/pk/en/refugee-communities-in-pakistan.

IMF. "Afghanistan: Lessons from a Decade of Transition." IMF Working Paper, no. 17/71, International Monetary Fund, 2017, www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2017/04/12/Afghanistan-Lessons-from-a-Decade-of-Transition-44935.

BBC News. "Afghanistan Crisis: What's Happening and What's Next?" BBC News, 16 September 2021, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58436045.

UNHCR. "Afghanistan Emergency." UNHCR, www.unhcr.org/emergencies/afghanistan-emergency.

UNHCR. "Afghanistan Situation." UNHCR, www.unhcr.org/afghanistan-situation.html.

Human Rights Watch. "Afghanistan." World Report 2021, Human Rights Watch, www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/afghanistan.

Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Afghanistan." Encyclopaedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan.

UNEP. "Afghanistan: Environmental Consequences of War." United Nations Environment Programme, 2003, www.unep.org/resources/report/afghanistan-environmental-consequences-war.

World Bank. "Afghanistan." World Bank Data, The World Bank, 2023, data.worldbank.org/country/afghanistan.

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How did Afghanistan War begin and its process.

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Background
The Taliban is a violent Islamic fundamentalist organization controlling Afghanistan from 2001 until 2021. However, they took over after the US Army retreated from Afghanistan. The organization set a strict Islamic law and is making violations, particularly the subjugation of women and minorities.

Currently, the Taliban is being prosecuted for organizing the conflict and the association has been accused of terrors, selling drugs, and committing war crimes. The international community has criticized the group's activities and tried to stop them from their demolish actions.

The war has caused millions and billions of Afghan refugee crises. Afghanistan refugees have fled to neighboring countries such as Pakistan and Iran due to geographical reasons. However, these countries have failed to provide enough assistance to make their lives normal.

Afghan refugees are willing to migrate to Europe, Australia, and the United States to start a new life at the end of their journey. However, the immigration system has been difficult for them since not many countries are willing to settle in their countries. This is all because several nations have established policies to reduce the number of Afghanistan refugees.

Despite these obstacles, some successful relocation initiatives have occurred. For example, Canada has absorbed tens of thousands of Afghan refugees, providing them homes, healthcare, and education.

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Afghanistan War: How did 9/11 lead to a 20-year war?

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Afghan refugees in America sharing culture.

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Environmental Settlement Activity:
The methods migrants interact with their new physical surroundings are called environmental settlement activities. These are examples of changes in land usage, resource consumption, and waste management procedures. Afghan migrants have settled in California's cities, such as Sacramento and San Francisco. These locations have different environmental features than rural Afghanistan or Pakistani refugee camps. For example, water is scarce in California, so immigrants must learn to save water through measures like xeriscaping and low-flow showerheads. Furthermore, many immigrants come from agricultural backgrounds. They may need to modify their farming operations to fit California's climate and soil characteristics.

Cultural Settlement Activity:
Cultural settlement activities describe how refugees adjust to their new cultural context. Language, societal standards, and religious practices are all changing. Cultural differences may make it difficult for Afghan migrants to integrate into American culture. For instance, many Afghanistan refugees are Muslims, they may encounter prejudice or misunderstanding from the local people. Additionally, english may not be their first language, which makes it challenging for them to interact with people and obtain services.

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Massive amount of Afghan refugees trying to go to USA for a better future.

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Choice:

Afghan refugees in Pakistan may move to California, United States for different reasons, including seeking better living conditions, reuniting with family members, escaping political instability and conflict, and receiving humanitarian assistance from the US.

Incentive:

Improved living conditions: Afghan refugees relocated to California may enjoy better living conditions, such as housing, healthcare, education, and work prospects.

Increased safety and security:
Afghan refugees resettled in California may feel safer and more secure, mainly if they previously lived in refugee camps or conflict-affected areas.

Increased integration and assimilation:
Afghan refugees in California may have more opportunities to integrate and assimilate into the local population by learning new languages and cultures and forming new relationships.

Difficulties
Language barriers, cultural dissimilarities, and a lack of education or job skills may be faced by Afghan refugees.

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Massive amount of Afghanistan refugees crossing the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan

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Settlement Activity:

Cultural
Regarding culture, the flood of Afghan refugees has established a large group in Pakistan. "Research (UNHCR ). found roughly 1.4 million registered Afghan refugees in Pakistan." These refugees have mostly settled in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, developing communities with their cultural customs and traditions. This has resulted in conflicts between refugees and local people based on their culture difference. "Government of Pakistan has launched a combined program called "Refugees Affected and Hosting Areas". This program is to ensure social cohesion between the two communities."

Environmental
Environmentally, the settlement activities of Afghan refugees have burdened Pakistan's natural resources. "Research (UNHCR ) is around 365 refugee communities in Pakistan, many of which are located in environmentally vulnerable locations." These populations' increasing need for water, firewood, and other resources has resulted in deforestation and water shortages in some areas, which is why.

Despite these difficulties, the Pakistani government has created programs to provide refugees with education, healthcare, and other essential amenities. Furthermore, international organizations such as the UNHCR have assisted refugees via different initiatives.

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Afghanistan refugees are trying to fit in other countries like Pakistan. 

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Cultural Settlement Activity:

Regarding culture, the flood of Afghan refugees has established a large group in Pakistan. "Research (UNHCR ). found roughly 1.4 million registered Afghan refugees in Pakistan." These refugees have primarily settled in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, developing communities with their cultural customs and traditions. This has resulted in conflicts between refugees and residents based on their culture. "Government of Pakistan has launched a joint program called "Refugees Affected and Hosting Areas". This program is to ensure social cohesion between the two communities."

Environmental Settlement Activity:

Environmental

Environmentally, the settlement activities of Afghan refugees have burdened Pakistan's natural resources. "Research (UNHCR ) is around 365 refugee communities in Pakistan, many of which are located in environmentally vulnerable locations." These populations' increasing will need water, firewood, and other resources. The overuse of resources has resulted in deforestation and water shortages in some areas.

Despite these difficulties, the Pakistani government has created programs to provide refugees with education, healthcare, and other essential conveniences. Furthermore, international organizations such as the UNHCR have assisted refugees through various industries.

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Armed Taliban restricting Afghanistan refugees and threatening them.

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Choices

Afghan refugees abandoned their homeland for a variety of reasons, including poverty, economic hardship, and a lack of access to basic amenities like healthcare and education. Many Afghan families find it difficult to maintain their way of life because of the conflict's severe economic effects. As you are aware, leaving a nation where a war is still raging frequently entails dying and leaving behind loved ones. In spite of these difficulties, many Afghans believe that leaving the nation is the best option to guarantee their long-term safety.

Incentives
Economic Incentives:
Many Afghans worry about their new income in their new country. They have to leave their positions, economic incomes, and jobs to immigrate to a new country.

Political Incentives:
Another reason for Afghanistan refugees is the country's political instability. The government has been wracked by strife and violence for decades, with several groups competing for dominance. Because of the insecurity, there is a need for more essential services and comforts and pervasive corruption.

Incentives for Women:
Afghanistan is a conservative country with tight gender problems and few possibilities for women. This makes it difficult for women to expand their knowledge or skills outside the house. Furthermore, prejudice towards minority groups such as Hazaras and Sikhs can make life difficult for people not members of the leading ethnic group.

Incentives for Security:
Afghanistan's security situation is uncertain, with the continual war between government troops and Taliban terrorists, many Afghans have been displaced and killed as a result of this conflict.

Environmental Impact:
The displacement of Afghan refugees has also impacted the environment. The increased demand for resources such as water and firewood has led to deforestation and soil erosion. Furthermore, the overcrowding of refugee camps has resulted in poor sanitation practices and pollution.

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The war impacted environmental elements such as lack of clean water

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Environmental Impact:

The missing of Afghan refugees has also impacted the environment. There are not much people to clean the trash on the street or recover infrastructures that has been destroyed due to the war.

Cultural Impact:

"( UNHCR ). researched that there are currently over 2.7 million registered Afghan refugees worldwide, with the majority living in Pakistan and Iran. "The missing of such a large number of people has resulted in a loss of cultural heritage, as many traditions and customs are tied to specific regions within Afghanistan. Additionally, the refugee crisis limits the spread of Afghan culture and traditions outside the country.

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Due to the financial problem, they are going through extreme poverty.

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Explicit Cost:

Loss of skilled labor: Afghanistan may lose talented professionals, such as physicians, engineers, and teachers, putting the country's development and rebuilding efforts at risk.

Brain Wash:
When educated and bright people leave, a "brain drain" impact may take years to recover from.

Economic influence:
The departure of refugees may have a severe influence on the country's economy, primarily if they work in essential areas like agriculture, manufacturing, or services. This might result in a loss of tax income for the government.

Implicit Cost:

Loss and trauma:
For refugees, leaving their homes and community may be a painful and challenging experience, resulting in feelings of loss, sadness, and bewilderment.

Discrimination and xenophobia:
In their host nations, refugees may suffer discrimination and xenophobia, which can severely influence their integration and well-being.

Family separation and stress:
Leaving and resettling can cause separation and stress, especially for those unable to rejoin with loved ones.

Identity and cultural concerns:
Refugees may struggle with questions of identity and cultural adaptation in a new country, leading to feelings of dislocation and loneliness.

Explicit Benefits:

Safety and security:
Leaving Afghanistan can offer refugees safety and security, mainly if they are fleeing conflict, persecution, or violence.

Access to fundamental necessities:
In the nations where they are relocated, refugees may have improved access to healthcare, education, and other basic requirements.

Economic advantages:
Refugees can provide economic benefits to the country where they are relocated by working and paying taxes.

Implicit Benefits:

Psychological advantages: For refugees, leaving a conflict or crisis scenario can have considerable psychological benefits, such as lowering stress, anxiety, and trauma.

Reuniting with family members:
Those who have previously been resettled in another country can provide emotional support and a feeling of belonging to refugees.

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Environmental Impact:

The environmental consequences have also been considerable. The overcrowded of refugees has strained Pakistan's natural resources, particularly its water and forest supplies. Deforestation and water resource exploitation have led to soil erosion, desertification, and poor agricultural productivity. Furthermore, (UNHCR ) researched that refugee camps have exacerbated environmental degradation, with poor sanitation and waste management leading to pollution and disease outbreaks.

Cultural Impact:

The inflow of Afghan migrants into Pakistan has resulted in cultural mixing. Many Afghans carried their habits and traditions with them, which the local populace inherited. However, this has created conflicts between the two groups, especially in locations where resources are few. Research (UNHCR ) for Refugees, around 1.4 million Afghan refugees were registered in Pakistan in December 2020.

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Some Afghan refugees destroyed Pakistan house due to culture difference and increase of danger.

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Explicit Costs:
The flood of Afghan migrants may burden local resources such as water, energy, and infrastructure. This may boost demand for these resources, resulting in higher prices for local inhabitants.

Afghan refugees might cause social tensions and confrontations with local populations. This can lead to higher policing and security expenditures and costs associated with dealing with possible outbreaks of violence.

Implicit Costs:

Opportunity Costs: Afghan refugees in Pakistan can lead to missed economic opportunities as resources are shifted to provide aid and assistance. This can also lead to losing skilled labor and talent as Afghans leave their country.

Environmental Costs: The inflow of refugees can have negative ecological impacts, including deforestation, soil erosion, and pollution.

Health Costs: The existence of large amount of refugees can also lead to increased health risks, mainly if there are outbreaks of disease or illness. This can result in increased healthcare costs and strain on the healthcare system in Pakistan.

Implicit Benefits:

Economic Benefits:
Afghanistan Refugees in Pakistan (World Bank) has researched that Afghan refugees have significantly contributed to the Pakistani economy. They have contributed to economic growth and job creation in agriculture, construction, and small businesses in Pakistan. Afghan refugees contribute up to $2.7 billion to the Pakistani economy each year.

Explicit Benefits:

Humanitarian Reasons: Pakistan has a long history of sheltering refugees escaping violence and persecution in neighboring nations. Hosting Afghan refugees is a humanitarian act demonstrating Pakistan's adherence to international law and human rights.

Regional peace:
Many refugees might destabilize an area, but sheltering them can help maintain peace. Pakistan has permitted to limit the spread of strife and bloodshed beyond its borders by offering shelter to Afghan refugees.

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Having more opportunity to get higher education.

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Environmental Impact:

The environmental effect of Afghanistan refugees in Pakistan traveling to California may be severe owing to a variety of variables, including:
Transporting migrants from Pakistan to California may raise carbon emissions and air pollution.
Refugee relocation in California can strain local resources such as water and electricity.
Refugees' cultural habits and consumption patterns may differ from those of Californians, resulting in additional environmental repercussions.

According to Ravi Sharma's book "Environmental Impacts of Globalization and Trade: A Systems Study," transportation contributes heavily to carbon emissions and air pollution. Transiting migrants from Pakistan to California can generate significant emissions, mainly if air travel is involved. Furthermore, David Carle's book "Water, Energy, and the California Dream" emphasizes how California's water and energy supplies are already under strain owing to population expansion and climate change. Refugee relocation in California may worsen these concerns.

Furthermore, Steven Camarota shows how immigration to California has influenced rising greenhouse gas emissions and land development in his work "The Environmental Impact of Immigration: California Case Study," which was featured in the Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences. This article sheds light on the possible environmental effects of an influx of new residents, even though it concentrates on immigration rather than refugee resettlement.

Cultural Impact:

Language challenges, social integration, and gender norms are among the cultural implications of Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Many migrants do not know Urdu or other languages, making communicating with locals difficult. Social isolation and prejudice might result conflicts between the local people and the refugees.

When these refugees arrive in America, they encounter similar language and social integration obstacles. However, there are specific cultural issues associated with gender norms. Women are expected to be submissive in society in many Afghan villages. This may be incompatible with American norms towards gender equality.

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Families are separated due to the immigration. 

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Implicit Cost:
The direct financial expenses involved with the movement of Afghan refugees from Pakistan to the United States are referred to as direct costs. These expenses cover shipping, processing, and legal services. According to the Migration Policy Institute, the average cost of resettling a refugee in the United States is around $15,000 per individual. Flights, medical examinations, and cultural orientation sessions are all included in this price.

Explicit Cost:

Emotional and psychological toll:
Leaving one's home and moving to a new nation may be emotionally and mentally taxing, particularly for refugees who have endured trauma and poverty.

These refugees encounter similar language and social integration obstacles in America. However, there are specific cultural issues associated with gender norms. Women are expected to be submissive in society in many Afghan villages. This may be incompatible with American norms towards gender equality.

Implicit Benefit:

Economic advantages:
Afghan refugees in Pakistan have restricted access to education and work prospects, leading to poverty and reliance on charity. Moving to California, on the other hand, would offer them more excellent work opportunities and higher earnings, improving their economic status and decreasing their dependency on government help.

Better living circumstances:
Many Afghan refugees in Pakistan live in overcrowded and terrible conditions, which can lead to health problems and reduced quality of life. Moving to California would provide them access to better housing, healthcare, and education, improving their overall well-being.

Explicit Benefit:

Cultural Enrichment:
Afghan migrants can bring a rich and diverse culture to California, enriching the state's cultural landscape and encouraging greater understanding and respect for other civilizations.

Increased variety:
California is already noted for its variety, and the presence of Afghan refugees may add to that diversity while also contributing to a more open and tolerant culture.

New Perspectives and Ideas:
California will get new perspectives and ideas to promote innovation and creativity in various industries by admitting Afghan refugees.