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The common word “bagel “ which we hear today is a modern English word that was first used in 1892 in the U.S. though it was used in Jewish communities before that. The etymology of the word “bagel” comes from the Yiddish word “beygel” or “beygl” which referred to a “ring” or “bracelet” in its earliest definitions. The term was later applied to the “ring-shaped boiled, baked bread roll” that originated in the Jewish communities of Poland. The earliest cognitive of the word “bagel” would be Proto-Germanic word “baugaz” which would mean "ring" it ultimately derives from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to bend", hence the bread shape. The word entered English in the late 19th century mainly through Jewish immigrants in the U.S. who settled in popular cities and set up bakeries.

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Tsunami is a word that was first used in 1896. Tsunami is originally a loanword from Japan. This happened after a massive tsunami struck Japan resulting in many casualties. Journalists and western newspapers covering the disaster adopted the Japanese term because no existing English word fully captured its meaning. Tsunami is considered to be modern English and according to the Oxford dictionary, it means, ”A brief series of long, high undulations on the surface of the sea caused by an earthquake or similar underwater disturbance. These travel at great speed and often with sufficient force to inundate the land; frequently called a tidal wave. Also figurative and attributive”. To break it down, in Japanese, tsu( 津) means harbor and nami (波) means waves. Some cognates for the word tsunami are Tsuris which means trouble and worry, tsutsugamushi which refers to a disease and tsuba which means a Japanese sword-guard.

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The word internet is a part of Modern English, with the earliest recorded use of it dating to 1974 in a paper co-written by Vint Cerf, who ive found to be an American computer scientist who is often called one of the “Fathers of the Internet” for co-designing the TCP/IP protocols (the fundamental communication rules of the Internet). With the earliest known use of the noun internet as stated in the Oxford Dictionary being in the 1970s. So the word internet was formed within the English language by shortening the word internetwork. This word, internetwork itself comes from the Latin prefix inter- meaning “between” or “among,” combined with network which has Germanic/English origins. The compound was also patterned after the German style word Internetzwerk, meaning “network of networks,” and was eventually shortened to the word we now know as internet.

The word has cognates in both Romance and Germanic languages. Since it is made up of inter- and network, these parts have their own cognates. For example the prefix inter- comes from Latin and is found in many English and European words, such as French international and Spanish interior. The Germanic element net has cognates like German Netz and Dutch net. Together, this shows that internet shares roots with words across multiple European languages. And for this reason the word internet is not a loanword. It was formed within English by combining two existing parts (inter- and network), though again its structure was influenced by the German style compound Internetzwerk. The word internet was created to describe a new scientific/technological development, specifically the system of interconnected computer networks that began in the 1960s and 1970s.The word itself is not borrowed but was made/coined to describe this invention. And as an extra piece of information the creation of the internet led to related terms such as Internet Protocol, which refers to the system that allows different networks to communicate.

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The current English form of the word angel was first used c. 1200 in Middle English. An alternate spelling, engel, had been previously used in Old English. Middle English borrowed from either Anglo-Saxon’s aungel or from Old and Middle French’s angel. Both words came from Latin’s angelus, which took on many meanings, including “good spirit,” “demon,” and “messenger of God.” The Latin term was drawn from the Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos), meaning messenger. There are many cognates of angel across different language families, such as the Aramaic אנגליא (ˀnglyˀ) and the Coptic ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ (aggelos), both of which are Afroasiatic languages. Some modern cognates of angel are the German engel, the Spanish ángel, the French ange, and the Irish aingeal. Angel may be considered a loan word from Old or Middle French. The word seems to have been introduced to English in a religious context; it specifically means “messenger of God” and its earliest recorded uses are from christian gospels and sermons.

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The English language adopted the term 'delicatessen' during the Modern English period of the late 1800s. The term originated from the German word 'Delikatessen', which derives from 'Delikatesse' meaning "delicacy" or "fine food." The Germans acquired the word from the French 'délicatesse', which originated from Latin 'delicatus', meaning "luxurious" or "dainty" or "pleasing." The Latin origin produced two English terms, which became 'delicate' and 'delicacy'. The word also spread to other Romance languages, which produced Italian 'delicatezza', Spanish 'delicadeza', and French 'délicatesse'. Because of this background, delicatessen is recognized as a loanword, especially from German. The term appeared to describe a revolutionary cultural and culinary development which involved German immigrant-run stores in America that sold foreign gourmet products, including fine foods, meats, and cheeses. The term solved a cultural and linguistic problem that scientific terminology usually avoids by using classical roots for new discoveries. The term referred to a specific type of establishment that lacked a direct English equivalent during that period.

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The word “mother” comes from the Old English period (pre-1150) and has been used through Middle English (moder) to Modern English (mother). The root, Old English mōdor, simply means “mother” or female parent. It is a Germanic root, not a French or classical Latin/Greek root, though some special uses, such as “Mother of God” or the anatomical terms dura mater and pia mater, were borrowed from Latin and Greek. Cognates of “mother” exist in many Indo-European languages, such as Armenian (mayr), Assamese (āi), Balochi (math), Bengali (ma), Catalan (mare), Danish (moder), Dutch (moeder), French (mère), German (Mutter), and Greek (mitera). The word “mother” is not a loanword in English, since it is a native Germanic word. It was introduced to refer to the female parent of a human being or animal, including women who take on parental responsibilities, such as stepmothers.

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This word first appears in the mid 14th century in the Middle English as drounen meaning “to suffocate by immersion”. The broader Indo‑European root is often associated with the Proto‑Indo‑European root “to drink” which also led to Greek. More giving related words like “drive,” “drain,” and “drop”. The cognates of the word drown are: Old Saxon drinkan, Old Frisian drinka, Dutch drinken, Old High German trinkan, German trinken, Old Norse drekka, Gothic drigkan—all meaning “to drink” or related forms. No drown is not a loanword from which is a Germanic word. “Drown” originally conducted with the metaphorical extension of the verb “to drink”. It was not coined for scientific or modern phenomena; rather, it developed naturally in the language to describe the common experience of suffocating in water. Thus, it’s not a scientific or borrowed term; it simply evolved to meet descriptive needs in everyday speech.

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The earliest known usage of the noun “television” is recorded in the 1900s, with a citation from Century Magazine—confirming its origin as the earliest evidence. This word was introduced to name a new scientific technology, that at the time didn’t have an existing term—specifically, the concept of transmitting images across distances. According to the OED, the word “television” was coined in English by compounding Greek “tele-,” meaning “at a distance” and Latin “vision,” meaning “sight.” Some loan cognates of “television” exists in many European languages from the same Greek-Latin components such as French (télévision), Spanish (televisión), Italian (televisione), and Dutch (televisie).

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The word house dates back to Old English. In eOE, it was spelled as “huse/ husa” however, later evolved over time as “house/houses” in the 1500s. The original root for this word was inherited from Germanic which is a part of the Indo-European family. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word “house” means a building for human habitation. House has many cognates, some being hūs (Old Frisian), huus, huis, huys (Middle Dutch), and Haus (German). This word is not a loanword nor was it borrowed from any other language. The word house is over 1000 years old, and it was a building block for the language. It was used before it was even written on paper. People needed this word to describe shelter, so they started using house as a basic necessity. House is one of the most common words in modern written English. Currently, English speakers use “house” over 200 times per million words.

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The word neurology comes from modern English in scientific and social development. This word's etymology stems from Greek roots, neuro meaning nerves or nervous system, and ology meaning the study or science of something. There are three recorded definitions of this word all of which pertain to the Greek words' meanings. The first was recorded in 1670-1830 meaning the nervous system. Following this in 1704-1801 the word meant a treatise on the nervous system. Then in 1878-modern day the word was established to mean a branch of science and/or medicine that deals with the nervous system. A cognate of this word is the French word from 1690 névrologie. The evolution of this word's origins generally pertained to the same central meaning yet continues to vary in nuances.

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The word "Justice" first appeared during the Middle English period, which was between (1150-1500), featured in something called the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" before 1160. The word is of multiple origins- partly borrowing from French and partly borrowing from Latin. From the Old French justice meaning just behavior, moral uprightness, power to administer the law, etc. And from the classical Latin iūstitia meaning fairness, equity, adequacy, etc. "Justice" has a lot of cognates, coming from the same root of Latin, and some examples are: french (justice), spanish (justicia), italian (giustizia), german (justiz), and dutch (justitie). The term "justice" is in fact a loanword, as it originates from Old French/Latin. It was introduced with the Norman invasion, as French became the language of law. It was eventually introduced into English through Norman influence on law. According to the OED, the term has 17 different meanings listed in the dictionary. The law related definition of "justice" is "punishment of an offender and retribution deemed appropriate for a crime".

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The word "download" is a contemporary word used in Modern English. The verb usage first started to be used in the 1960's, while the noun usage first appeared later in the 1970's. It was formally defined in the dictionary in 1977. The etymology is pretty simple; it's a combination of the English words "down" and "load." It was first used in the context of aviation, so it was used to describe removing something off an aircraft, and evolved to describe moving data from one computing point to another point. The root of the word "down" comes from Old English, meaning hill, and the root of the word "load" comes from Old English as well. Therefore, the root of the full word "download" comes from Germanic. Because the word "download" is a compound word combing two other words, there are no direct cognates.

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The word wine has been used since Old English times (before 1150), from about the 5th to 12th century.

The word comes from Latin “vinum”, which came from a very old root in the proto indo European  language.

“wine” (cognates):

German: Wein, French: vin, Spanish: vino, Italian: vino. All these words come from the same old root.

It’s a loanword. English borrowed “wine” from Latin a long time ago. English People needed a word for fermented grape juice (wine). It was not a new invention; it came from Latin because of trade, culture, and contact with Romans.

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The word council is originally of Latin roots, and it came into English during the 12th century. More specifically it was called “concilium” before it got changed from Latin to old French then into old English where it was spelled (counseil,councel or council). After that it evolved into the word with the spelling and definition as we user it today.Some cognates of council are conseil (French), concilio (Portuguese) and Konzil (German). Yes council is a loan word and we got it from French. It was introduced in English to be used for institutional things the Normans brought like for political and religious structures, they borrowed a lot of words from French and Latin during this time of history.

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The word avocado is part of the Modern English era, with its usage being known as early as 1696 in the writing of physician Hans Sloane. Its etymology originally comes from the Nahuatl root āhuacatl, followed by the Spanish word aguacate that comes directly from. The French language then borrowed the fruit name from Spanish, and it became avocat. Due to this French influence, as well as possibly Spanish influence, the English language borrows these words and modernizes it to avocado, making it a loanword. Many other languages have true cognates coming from the Nahuatl root āhuacatl, such as abacate in Portuguese, as well as the previous Spanish and French cognates mentioned. Other languages like Dutch and Japanese borrow from the English language, which is the internationalized form in the modern day, making these languages also have cognates for the word avocado. The word avocado was introduced in the English language due to encountering a new fruit in trade that was being discovered in trade, agriculture, and expansionism, making the adaptation of the word more practical.

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The earliest known use of the noun woman is in the Old English period (pre-1150). The word woman derives from Germanic roots while being neither a loanword or a borrowed word because it was a word that actually evolved from the original word "Wifman". The original word was a combination of two distinct words Wif, referring specifically to a female person, and is the root of the modern English word "wife", and Man, used to mean "human being" or "person" and was not gender-specific. Cognates include

Scots: weman (wu·muhn)

Saterland Frisian: Wieuwmoanske (Wieuw‧moans‧ke)

West Frisian: frommes (FROM-es)

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Boomerang

The word boomerang was first recorded in English in 1821, which places it in the period of Late Modern English. It is a loanword from an Australian Aboriginal language of New South Wales, probably from the Sydney area, although the exact language has not been clearly identified. The Oxford English Dictionary notes several related forms in the Sydney Language, such as boo-mer-it (around 1790, meaning “scimitar”), wo-mur-rāng (1798, listed among “names of clubs), or būmarin (1875, glossed explicitly as “boomerang"), but none of these can be considered the direct source of the English word for formal and semantics reasons. Boomerang has a completely Australian and non-Indo-European origin, so it has no historical cognates in other languages related to English. What does exist are modern adaptations in other European languages, such as French boumarang, German Bumerang, or Spanish bumerán, all borrowed directly from English. The term was introduced because European settlers needed a name for an object unknown in Europe, the traditional weapon and tool of Aboriginal people, made of curved wood, which could come back to the thrower when thrown correctly.

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The word citizen first appears in 1325, which puts it in the Middle English period. Citizen is originally a loanword from Anglo-Norman French. The original spelling in Anglo-Norman Friench was citesain or citizain. The word comes from the Latin word "civis" or a 'person belonging to a specific state or city'. It later developed into Middle French citoyen, a word used during the French Revolution to replace traditional titles that separated class such as monsieur and madame, to a word that created more equality over peoples social titles. "Citizen" was introduced into English to refer to a person who lives in a city or town, and who holds legal rights within a place. It was not introduced to describe a scientific phenomenon or unfamiliar objects like animals or foods. It described a political identity. Some cognates of "citizen" in other languages from the same Latin root civis, include French "citoyen" and Scottish "citeȝen"

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Mosquito is a word that was first used in the late 1500s. The earliest evidence of of mosquito was in 1572 in a writing by H. Hawks. It refers to a type of bug that puncture into the skin of an animal to draw blood. Mosquito is a loanword from Spanish. Some cognates of mosquito are mosquit in Catalan, moskit in Swedish, and moskito in Danish. Originally, the word "gnats" was used to describe these insects in English. However, English speakers used "mosquito" as a way to differentiate that specific type of insect from others.

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The word "Restaurant" earliest known use dates back to the 1800s. The earliest evidence of the use of the word is 1806, in a translation of the historian and poet, John Pinkerton. The word restaurant started being used during the period of Middle English period which lasted from the 11th to 15th century. This word comes from the French verb "Restaurer" which is defined as "to restore" and while the word restaurant comes from a French root word, the French root word itself, "Restaurer", has a classical Latin root and comes from the Latin word "Restaurare" also meaning "To restore, rebuild, or renew". The word restaurant has a variety of cognates from many different languages.

Cognates:

Spanish - restaurante

Italian - ristorante

Portuguese - restaurante

German - Restaurant

Dutch - restaurant

Romanian - restaurant

Moreover, this word is a loanword and was borrowed from the French and inputted into the English language to describe a new cultural concept which was a place where people could buy meals and eat outside of home.

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The English word “ketchup” first appeared in the early 18th century, around 1711, during the Early Modern . It is a loanword borrowed from Chinese, likely from the term Ke-chiap or Koe-tsap, which referred to a fermented fish sauce. This root is not Indo-European but comes from an Austroasiatic language. There are no direct cognates in European languages, similar sauces exist in other Asian languages, such as Vietnamese “nuoc mam”, Japanese “shoyu”, and Thai “nam pla”, reflecting related culinary practices. The word was introduced into English through trade with China and Southeast Asia, primarily to describe a foreign sauce, and eventually evolved into the tomato-based condiment familiar today, first recorded in English in 1801. The word Ketchup was adopted not because of a scientific discovery, but to name a new food product from another culture.

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The word pizza is about 2000 years old in the usage of the English language. According to the factsheet, the word began to be used verbally during the 1820’s however there was no written evidence until 1825. The word pizza was used during the Modern English period of history. Although the word pizza started being used in English during the 1800’s, it is a loanword from Italian. Its true origin is said to have been the Latin root piza meaning flatbread from AD 997 in Gaeta, Italy. The meaning of the word pizza is an Italian dish consisting of oven baked dough with sauce, and other various toppings such as cheese, meat, and vegetables. A Langobardic cognate of Old High German is bizzo and it means to bite, or cake made of flour. An ancient Greek cognate is pitta meaning flatbread. The word was borrowed from Italian and introduced into English to describe the Italian dish. It has spread to other parts of the world as well. While other languages and countries have their own word variation and pronunciation of pizza, the word remains the same for the most part and is understood internationally.

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The word "bread" was first used in Old English, pre 1150. It has Germanic roots and has been used in countless languages such as: Dutch, German, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, and Crimean Gothic. Its cognates are "brōt," "brood," "brauð," "bröþ," "brøth," and "broe," respectively. According to the Oxford Dictionary, bread is a food created by mixing flour, water, and a leavening agent, forming a dough out of it, and baking it. It is not a loanword. While "loaf" was used to describe bigger units of bread, "bread" was used more often as it was used to describe smaller pieces of the loaf.

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The word “sky” dates back to a1289. In Old English, the word sky wasn’t used, and instead it was referred to as “the heavens.” However, in Middle English there was a shift and sky or “skeis” finally started to be used. Sky is a loan word with the root of the word being borrowed from early Scandinavian, which meant “abode of God.” The word sky does have Germanic roots as it comes from the word “scug” which means cloak. There are a few cognates for sky in the Romance languages. In Spanish and Italian, sky is cielo, in French it is ciel, and in Portuguese it is céu. Sky was introduced into English from the Norse because the word heaven began to be used strictly in a religious context, so it was necessary to use another word to describe such a necessary thing.

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Music became a word in the mid-1300s during the Middle English period, originally spelled like "musike". It was derived from the Latin word "musica", the Ancient Greek word "mousikē", which means art of the Muses, and from French "musique". The Greek root "mousa" referred to the goddesses of the arts. Music is a loanword because the definition behind it is not new compared to the definitions of the Latin, Greek and French terms. There are many cognates of Music in German, Dutch, Spanish, English, French, etc. The word music became standardized in English in the 1630s and is now used to refer to the art and science of combining sounds to create harmony, melody, and expression. So while many languages have different variations of the word music, the definition is still the same and understood in that way.

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Counsel is a word that was first used in Middle English in the early 12th century. It came from the French word “conseil,” meaning advice. This makes it a loanword from French. Before the French word, the word “conseil” originates from the Latin word consilium, which also means plan/advice. Now, according to the Oxford dictionary, Counsel means “Advice, guidance; opinion or recommendation as to what ought to be done, esp. when given in response to consultation.”
Some cognates for Counsel are: consejo in Spanish, conseil in French, and conselho in Portuguese. Counsel was introduced into English because medieval law courts used French and Latin. Counsel, coming from French and a Latin root, became an easier word to use.

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The word cappuccino was first recorded in the year 1948, which falls in the Modern English time period. The word is derived from the term Capuchin, which was first used in 1598, originally a French word. Capuchins are members of St. Francis of the new rule of 1525, who wore distinct cloaks of red-brown color. The term again comes from the pointed hoods attached to the cloaks, called a capuccio, which translates to hood. Thus, the word cappuccino means hood. Capuccio comes from the latin word cappa and uccio, wiith cappa meaning cape or cloak and the suffix uccio, which carries patronizing connotations. This word's cognant would be capã,which is an Aromanian word meaning cape/cloak as well.

Eventually, the beverage became known as cappuccino due to its color, which resembled that of those cloaks. Then, it became widely utilized in the English language due to two main reasons: religion and accessibility or globalization. The English needed a term for the friars and tourists and soldiers encountered the beverage after the Second World War, allowing it to become widespread.

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The word spirit is a Middle English word which was first used in 1325. Spirit takes inspiration from both Latin and French, in old and middle French, the word was esperit in French and in Latin it was spiritus which meant a breeze, life, or a soul. Cognates of this word can seen in multiple languages like in Italian its spirito or in Spanish its espíritu. Spirit is a loanword taken from its Latin and French roots and adapted into Middle English. This word was introduced to English primarily though the bible as a spirit is mentioned frequently. It's used to describe someone's essence as can be seen from the use of the word when God created Adam which was the first man. It's also used to describe a being like the Holy Spirit which is the third person in the Holy trinity.

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It was first recorded in Old English as parice/parochia. The word entered English during the Middle English period in its current form parish, and it came through Old French from Greek and Latin roots.

Old French = paroisse

Latin parochia = diocese, parish

Greek paroikia = sojourning in a foreign land, community of foreigners

Root meaning a dwelling besides

Cognates

French - paroisse

Spanish - parroquia

Italian - parrocchia

Greek - paroikia

It is a loanword, borrowed into English form Old French, which it took from Latin and Greek.

The word entered English with the spread of Christianity in England. and it was used to describe a local church district or community under the care of a priest. This goes to show the influence of the Christian Church on Old English vocabulary, where a lot of Latin and French relgious terms were adopted.

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The word father originates all the way back to the time of Old English. It was spelt as "fæderas." For a while, the spelling of the word was "fader." This was until 1422, when was the first time the word used "th" instead of "d", creating the word "father." It is of Germanic origin, and we can see the resemblance to Old High German, where the word was "fater", and we see the resemblance in the current version of German, "vater." Father is actually also related to Latin and Greek, as the root of father comes from Proto-Indo-European word for father. Some cognates of father are: Old Frisian "fader", or "feder", West Frisian "faar", Old Dutch "fadar", or "fader", Dutch "vader", Old Saxon, "fadar." This word is not a loanword. The reason it was introduced to English was due to it already being a common word for one's male parent. There isn't much difference from how the word was used today to how the word was used 600 years ago.

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The earliest known use of the noun opera is in the mid 1600s. The earliest evidence in OED for Opera is from 1648, in the writing of J. Raymond. Opera is a borrowing from Italian. Italian opera (1639 in sense ‘composition in which poetry, dance, and music are combined, 1808 in sense ‘opera-house; 1304 in sense ‘work, labour, toil, a work produced’) rooted back to classical Latin opera activity, effort, labour, work, a work produced.

French opéra (1669 denoting the operatic genre, 1694 in sense ‘opera-house’; 1659 in sense ‘excellent thing’).

British English: OP-uh-ruh

U.S. English: AH-puh-run

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The word “trigonometry” began to be used in the early 1600s, during the rise of Modern English, specifically during the year 1614. It has roots in Modern Latin  (trigōnometria) and Greek, from triangle and the suffix -metry. One cognate of trigonometry is in French, trigonométrie, which was first used in 1613. It is not a loanword, though it does remarkably resemble the word for trigonometry in French, since it has its own roots in Latin and Greek. This word as introduced into English as a way to describe the mathematical study of triangles (τρίγωνον in Greek).

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This word has been used since Old English. The year that this word was first used in 1896 however this is just a estimate since the exact date is difficult to get precise. The definition of this word is a person who shares an idea on a specific topic with a close person. A close person means friends, family, and coworkers. Fellow comes from borrowing the world from early Scandinavian times. Fellow was translated into Latin. This word came from Scandinavia. Actually, this word has many cognates from different countries. Cognates are felka and filga from Denmark which means accusative singular partner. “Fellow”has origins from early Scandinavian, Old Icelandic, Norwegian, Old Danish, and Danish. Fellow was constantly being changed to mainly business partnerships, money, and partner or spouse.

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When we think of waffles, we often think of Belgian waffles, and we can easily mistake the origin of the word. However, the word waffle originates from Middle Dutch around 1735. It is derived from the word wafel, which originally came from wafele. Waffle shares a similar etymology with a Frankish root and is related to the earlier French word walfre, first recorded in 1185. Waffle also has a Latin connection through wafel, which is believed to be related to the Old High German word waba, meaning "honeycomb." We can see the similarity between a honeycomb and waffles, as both have dimples in their structure designed to hold sweet liquids.

In the 1800s, culinary innovations were booming. The term waffle was first seen in Robert Smith's Court Cookery and was a combination of the Middle English and French words wafer, which meant “cake.” This, too, traces back to the Frankish word meaning "honeycomb." Today, we are able to enjoy a crispy, airy, and sweet breakfast treat that we proudly call the waffle.

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The word “Voodoo” dates back all the way to the 1840’s, the Oxford dictionary definition of the word is a religion that’s practiced in the Caribbean’s. Voodoo is a mixture of the Catholic Rituals from Rome as well as West African religious and magical ceremonial acts/practices. The etymology of the word voodoo traces back to the French word “Vaudou”which describes powerful supernatural activity with ties to religious natures. There are only a few variations of the word some being, vodou, vodun, vudo, and vodou. Due to the word originating from the a French word its borrowed but not copied for exact but rather it’s a derivative. In modern day the word voodoo is typically used to describe a for of religion that involves sorcery, possession or witchcraft. Its seen mostly in parts of Africa and the Caribbean’s.

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The word “coffee” dates back to the late 1500s, with the earliest known evidence of its usage in 1598, translated by William Phillip. This would be considered early Modern English. It is the name of the infusion or beverage, originally meaning wine. It is derived from the Arabic root qahiya, meaning “to have no appetite”. However, some believe it to be an African word in disguise, being connected with the name Kaffa in the south Ethiopian highlands, where the native plant grows. Furthermore, its cognates include but are not limited to Turkish kahveh, French caffè, Spanish cafè, and German kaffee. However the English word coffee is a loanword, borrowed from the Arabic qahwah. This word was introduced in English as a way to describe such an unknown thing at the time, that being Coffee.

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Chance

How old is the word? Chance began to be used in *Middle English (13th century).

Etymology: From Old French cheance, from Latin cadere (“to fall”).

Cognates: French chance, Italian caso, Spanish caso, English accident, cadence.

Loanword? Yes, borrowed from French.

Brought into English after the Norman Conquest to describe events of luck or accident.

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The word sushi is a transliteration of the Japanese word すし, which is pronounced like sushi. It was invented as a way to eat leftover rice and fish by fermenting them so that they would last, and no food was wasted. The original sushi was called narezushi, but when other types of sushi were introduced, the nare- at the beginning of the word was dropped and replaced with other prefixes. Due to Japanese migration to the United States in the 1900s sushi came to the us, and has been a favorite food ever since.

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How old is the word?
The word archaeology (previously archaeologia) first appears in English in the early Modern English period, around the 17th century (OED cites 1607 as the earliest use). Therefore not making it Old English or Middle English, but a Modern English borrowed word.

What is its etymology?
The word comes from post-classical Latin archaeologia (used as the title of a work by Josephus in the 4th–5th century), which also comes from ancient Greek ἀρχαιολογία (archaiología) meaning “ancient or ancient history, or discourse on antiquity.”

It is formed from:

ἀρχαῖος (archaios) = ancient, old, primeval (from ἀρχή (archē) = beginning, origin).

-λογία (logía) = discourse, study, account (from λόγος (logos) = word, reason, explanation).

So literally, archaeologia means “the study or account of ancient things.”

Which is the root of the name and what does it mean?

The root is Greek: ἀρχαῖος (archaios) meaning “ancient” + -λογία (logia) meaning “study, discourse.”

This is a classical Greek root, not Germanic or French.

Which are its cognates?
Cognates are words that share the same root. From ἀρχαῖος (archaios) we get:

English archaic, archaism, archaism

French archaique

Latin archaeus (borrowed)

Modern Greek αρχαίος (archaíos) still means “ancient.”

From -logia (study, discourse) we get many cognates in English: biology, geology, theology, philology.

Is it a loanword? From which language was it borrowed?
Yes — it is a loanword, partly borrowed from Latin archaeologia, and ultimately from Greek ἀρχαιολογία.

Why was this word introduced into English?
The term was not created to describe a new discovery (like a new food or animal), but it was borrowed from scholarly Latin and Greekto give  more of a precise, academic name to the study of antiquity. In its earliest English use, it meant ancient history in general or an account of ancient times. But only later, by the 19th century, did it develop the modern meaning of the scientific study of ancient material remains.

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The word microscope was adopted into the English language around the 1600s, during the Modern English period, right around the time the actual instrument was first invented. The name comes from two Greek roots: mikros, meaning “small,” and skopein, meaning “to look at.” Put together, it literally means “to look at small things,” which is exactly what the tool was made for. The word traveled into English through Latin and French, since those were the languages that scholars were predominantly using at the time.

Other languages have almost the exact same word, like microscope in French, Mikroskop in German, and microscopio in Spanish and Italian. That’s because they all built the word from the same Greek roots. So I guess technically it is a loanword, borrowed during a period when many scientific discoveries needed new names. The word was introduced into English simply because people needed a way to talk about this new invention that allowed them to see a world too small for the naked eye.

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The word crepe entered English around the 1700s, derived from the French word crêpe dating back to the 14th century. The word crêpe refers to a crape-like, thin fabric. The word began to be used in Modern English Period. The origin of this word is from Old French crespe meaning "ruff, ruffle, frill". It has a deeper root in Latin, crispa, meaning "curled" or "wrinkled". So the root is classical Latin. Some cognates include crisp, crinkle, and crimp from English. As well as crépu from French. Crêpe is a loanword from French. It was borrowed into English to describe both a type of fabric and later a type of food that was not native to English-speaking cultures. It was introduced to describe a specific French dish, a thin, rolled pancake, that didn't have a exact equivalent in English cuisine much like other words that were borrowed to describe foreign foods: croissant, baguette, and sushi.

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The word "Telescope" began to be used in the early 17th century (1611), and comes from ancient Greek roots. Telescope comes from the ancient Greek words "tēle" meaning "far" and "skopein" meaning "to see" or "to look." It is a loan word entered into English through Italian and New Latin, this word was introduced by Giovanni Demisiani to describe Galileo Galilei's invention.

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"Sunday" is one of the oldest English words, with its earliest recorded form Sunnandæg (meaning "sun's day") appearing in 8th-century Old English texts, dating back to the Old English period (c. 450–1150 CE). Its etymology stems from the Old English compound sunne ("sun") + dæg ("day"), ultimately deriving from Proto-Germanic sunnōn dagaz ("sun's day") and the Proto-Indo-European root sóh₂wl̥ ("sun"), placing it within the Germanic linguistic family; cognates include German Sonntag, Dutch zondag, and other Germanic languages' "sun's day" terms. While not a direct loanword, its concept was influenced by the Roman dies solis ("sun's day") weekly system, yet it was reconstructed using native Old English vocabulary. Its introduction coincided with the spread of the Roman seven-day week, preserving Germanic solar worship (e.g., Norse sun goddess Sunna) while adapting to the Christian "Lord's Day," making it a product of cultural fusion.

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The word zombie derived from the Haitian Creole word "Zonbi" in the 18th century. Zonbi refers to reanimated spirits or creatures. More people started using the word in the 1820s when William Seabrook published his book "The Magical Island." As time goes on, the meaning of the word evolved. People and the media started using it as to describe undead creature. Used mostly in horror games.

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The word Racoon is old English form 1608 it was use for meaning and subjects like fur trade or animals in the (early 1600s). it was a borrowing from Virginia Algonquian that was transcribed as (rahaugcum, rarowcun, raugroughcum, and arathkone) of unknow origin, they use it to dress the skin of the raccoon . but the word we use now raccoon is more common than racoon especially in North American use to compare and use to rattoon.

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The word is 241 years old, it began to be used on the modern English period. The origin of the word is avatāra. from Sanskrit. This makes it a loanword from Sanskrit. Originally Avatar was used to describe the manifestation of the hindu god Vishnu's physical time here on earth. The meaning of it has now evolved to broadly mean manifestation and is used for the representation of people online. Since Sanskrit is a part of the Indo-European family it has cognates in old Irish, latin and old English to name a few. They are ab which means away in latin, of which means off or away in old English , au which mean away in old Irish. Finally the word was introduced into English because there was no word in English to describe cultural and religious concepts of hindu in English.

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Tuesday’s name comes from Old English, where it was called tīwesdæg, meaning “Tiw’s day.” Tiw (or Tyr in Norse) was the Germanic god of war and justice, similar to the Roman god Mars. Tuesday is a kind of translation of the Latin dies Martis (“day of Mars”). Its origins are Germanic, from Proto-Germanic Tīwaz, which is linked to the Proto-Indo-European root dyeu- meaning “to shine” or “sky god.” The word came roughly when the Germanic peoples adopted the seven-day week based on planets, tweaking the Roman day names to fit their own mythology.

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The word "paper" dates back to the Middle English period, around 1150-1500. The exact origin is considered unknown. However, the word has been consistently modified over time through many etymological sources. The chain is believed to have started with the Ancient Greeks, where the word "papyros" serves as both its root and stem. "Papyros" refers to a plant that was used to make what we now call paper. From here, the word was borrowed into Latin, with the spelling of "papyrus" and retaining the same meaning as before. The Latin word was then adopted into Old French, spelled "papier," changing the meaning to focus more on the object of paper itself rather than the plant used to create it. Then, it entered the English language, where it held the same meaning as Latin -- a sheeted material used for writing. It was integrated into English to establish a mutual term for the material, as it became a cheaper alternative to parchment, which was far more expensive at the time.

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The word Brother is over a thousand years old. It is first attested in English before the year 900, during the Old English period (c. 450–1100). English brother ultimately comes from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root: *bhrāter- meaning “brother”. This root is extremely ancient (over 5,000 years old). It spread to many Indo-European languages. So the root is neither Greek nor Latin nor French—it is Proto-Indo-European, inherited naturally through Germanic rather than borrowed. Because the PIE root bhrāter- is very old, many Indo-European languages share cognates meaning “brother.” Examples:

German: Bruder

Dutch: broeder / broer

Danish / Norwegian: bror

Non-Germanic Indo-European cognates also exist from the same PIE root:

Latin: frāter → (English words “fraternity,” “fraternal”)

Sanskrit: भ्रातर (bhrātṛ)

These all come from the same ancient root bhrāter-. No. Brother is not a loanword.

It is a native English word, inherited from earlier stages of the language (Proto-Germanic → Old English). It is part of the oldest core vocabulary of English, just like “mother,” “father,” “water,” and “night.” Since it is not borrowed, it was not introduced for a new scientific concept or new discovery. Instead, words for family relationships are typically among the most ancient in any language, because every culture needs them. “Brother” has been part of the English language and its ancestral languages for thousands of years.