# data[].attributes.body
Definition: It implies a state's independence and self-governance, free from external control.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Stability comes from preventing any one state from becoming too dominant.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: The idea that aggression against one member is aggression against all.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Preventing an enemy’s action by promising devastating retaliation.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Reducing hostility through dialogue, trade, and limited agreements.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Placing national identity and pride at the core of foreign policy.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: Legal protection for diplomats so they can operate without harassment in host states.

# data[].attributes.body
Definition: States must shield populations from genocide and crimes against humanity; if they fail, the international community has a duty to step in.

# data[].attributes.body
UN World Summit (2005) formally endorsed it.

# data[].attributes.body
Invoked in Libya (2011), though inconsistently applied in Syria.

# data[].attributes.body
Seen as a step toward humanitarian accountability, but accused of being a cover for regime change in some cases.

# data[].attributes.body
Application: Seen in the UN Charter (Article 2). For example, ASEAN has held tightly to this principle, avoiding criticism of member states’ domestic policies.

# data[].attributes.body
Impact: Promoted stability by locking in borders, but also used by authoritarian regimes to fend off international scrutiny.

# data[].attributes.body
Origins: Emerged from the Peace of Westphalia (1648) after the Thirty Years’ War.

# data[].attributes.body
Origins: Intensified during the 19th century, influencing the unification of Germany and Italy.

# data[].attributes.body
Application: Anti‑colonial movements in Asia and Africa drew legitimacy from nationalist claims. In modern times, “America First” and Brexit are clear examples.

# data[].attributes.body
Impact: Can empower self‑determination but often collides with cooperation, leading to fragmentation or conflict.

# data[].attributes.body
Origins: Practiced by European monarchies in the 18th and 19th centuries, perfected through the Concert of Europe after Napoleon’s defeat.

# data[].attributes.body
Application: Britain’s strategy of “splendid isolation” relied on this, entering alliances only to check threats. The Cold War’s U.S.–Soviet rivalry is a modern form of bipolar balance.

# data[].attributes.body
Impact: Maintained relative peace in Europe for decades but also fueled arms races, such as the Anglo‑German naval buildup before World War I.

# data[].attributes.body
Origins: U.S.–Soviet relations in the 1970s, especially through the Helsinki Accords (1975).

# data[].attributes.body
Application: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I & II). More recently, the Iran Nuclear Deal (2015) reflected similar thinking.

# data[].attributes.body
Impact: Allowed rivals to avoid escalation, but critics argued it rewarded aggressive regimes without solving the deeper rivalry.

# data[].attributes.body
Origins: Tried with the League of Nations (1919), revived with the United Nations (1945).

# data[].attributes.body
Application: UN forces intervened in Korea (1950). NATO activated Article 5 for the first time after the September 11 attacks.

# data[].attributes.body
Impact: Can deter aggressors when strong states commit, but often fails when major powers disagree, as seen in Syria since 2011.

# data[].attributes.body
Origins: Rooted in ancient practices (e.g., envoys in Greek city‑states), later formalized in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961).

# data[].attributes.body
Application: Protects embassy staff worldwide. Abuse cases, such as diplomats evading criminal charges, highlight its drawbacks.

# data[].attributes.body
Impact: Essential for stable diplomacy, though occasionally resented by local populations.

# data[].attributes.body
Origins: Developed during the Cold War with theorists like Thomas Schelling; grounded in the reality of nuclear weapons.

# data[].attributes.body
Application: The U.S. extended nuclear protection to allies like Japan and West Germany. During the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), deterrence almost collapsed but ultimately forced compromise.

# data[].attributes.body
Impact: Prevented direct U.S.–Soviet war but left the world in a constant state of tension.

# data[].attributes.headline
Balance of Power ↔ Collective Security — “self-help vs. rule-enforcement”

# data[].attributes.subject
Balance of Power ↔ Collective Security — “self-help vs. rule-enforcement”

# data[].attributes.body
Balance of power relies on shifting alliances for stability, while collective security requires united action against aggression.

Example: In 1935, Britain and France hesitated to punish Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia, prioritizing balance over League of Nations obligations.

# data[].attributes.body
Deterrence depends on threats of punishment (e.g., nuclear standoffs), while détente reduces tensions through negotiation and arms control.

Example: The 1970s SALT treaties showed how both worked side by side — deterrence kept peace, while détente lowered risks.

# data[].attributes.body
Nationalism prioritizes self-interest and sovereignty, but collective security asks states to act for global peace.

Example: NATO members had to justify interventions like Korea (1950) and Kosovo (1999) to nationalist publics at home.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nationalism ↔ Responsibility to Protect (R2P)

# data[].attributes.subject
Nationalism ↔ Responsibility to Protect (R2P)

# data[].attributes.body
Nationalism defends sovereignty as absolute, while R2P argues sovereignty can be overridden if atrocities occur.

Example: NATO intervened in Libya (2011) under R2P, but Syria saw inaction as sovereignty and rival interests prevailed.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
Nationalism ↔ Responsibility to Protect (R2P)