# data[].attributes.headline
Include a “Subject” line with the name and date of the event (month and year) and YOUR NAME

# data[].attributes.subject
Include a “Subject” line with the name and date of the event (month and year) and YOUR NAME

# data[].attributes.body
1. 5+ bullet points summarizing the event (in your own words!). Your summary should include the 5 Ws, significance, and causes & effects of the event.

2. 1 visual for this event

3. Link(s) to any secondary and tertiary sources you consulted.

4. Add your creation to the timeline in correct chronological order (click and drag to move it)

# data[].attributes.headline
Hollywood Ten Blacklisted: November 1947 (Kalani Wong)

# data[].attributes.subject
Hollywood Ten Blacklisted: November 1947 (Kalani Wong)

# data[].attributes.body
5 Ws
- The Hollywood Ten:
1) Alvah Bessie - novelist, journalist, screenwriter, and actor
2) Herbert Bilberman - screenwriter and director
3) Lester Cole - screenwriter
4) Edward Dmytryk - film director
5) Ring Lardner Jr. - screenwriter
6) John Howard Lawson - screenwriter and playwright
7) Albert Maltz - playwright, fiction writer, and screenwriter
8) Samuel Ornitz - screenwriter and novelist
9) Adrian Scott - screenwriter and film producer
10) Dalton Trumbo - screenwriter

- These were ten film industry members were investigated for their alleged communist influence in the American motion picture business.
- The Waldorf Statement was put out on November 24, 1947 which officially blacklisted these ten from the industry.
- The first Hollywood blacklist was established on November 25, 1947 which was a day after the Hollywood Ten refused to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in an anti-communist hearing during the Second Red Scare era in the start of the Cold War.
- In April 1948, when their trial began in Washington, D.C., they refused to answer questions regarding any bonds with the Communist Party.
- They cited that their refusal went against the First Amendment because HUAC didn’t have the right to pose questions about their political beliefs and associations. They believed this was a breach of artistic freedom.
- HUAC responded by presenting proof that the Ten had Communist Party member cards and accused them of contempt of Congress for not answering questions.
- Their denial of membership put them in jeopardy of of being pointed at as being involved in a foreign conspiracy.
- As a result, in 1948, they were all fined $1,000 and eight of them were sentenced to a year in federal prison while the other two only received six month sentences.
- What came after was the announcement that they were suspended without pay and one would only be rehired if “he had purged himself of contempt or been acquitted or declared under oath that he was not a Communist.”

SIGNIFICANCE
- This event was significant because it epitomised the Red Scare during that time that people were afraid of the spread of communism in America. Everyone was afraid of people with communist ideas and witch-hunted them to the extent of going to court.
- The Hollywood Ten Trial is an example of McCarthyism, the act of making public accusations towards treasonous and subversive individuals with insufficient evidence, a method that is blatantly unfair but used to oppress opposition.

EFFECTS
- This caused more anti-communist hysteria in the coming years with a smear that aimed to destroy members of the American Communist Party, resulting in public attacks of accused actors, writers, and film directors.
- They were accused of using their power to spread Soviet propaganda within
American society.
- Following the blacklisting of the Hollywood Ten, hundreds of other artists would also be ostracised.
- Subsequently, censorship, which later proved to be fruitless, became the solution to this problem which did nothing but ruin lives and tarnish reputations.
- Though some continued to work under aliases, many found it difficult to find jobs and struggled to live comfortably.

Secondary Source:
https://www-jstor-org.ez.iolani.org/stable/41940180?searchText=hollywood+ten&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhollywood%2Bten&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A0e01a78122e5aa1cc07a9c6fa9d10e50
Tertiary Source:
https://americanhistory-abc-clio-com.ez.iolani.org/Search/Display/1546955?terms=hollywood+ten&sTypeId=2

# data[].attributes.headline
Berlin Blockade and Airlift (June 1948- May 1949) Baily Ah Cook

# data[].attributes.subject
Berlin Blockade and Airlift (June 1948- May 1949) Baily Ah Cook

# data[].attributes.body
The US, France, Britain, and the Soviet Union partitioned their own zones including splitting Germany and its capital, Berlin, after WWII ended.

When the Western Allies planned to introduce a new currency to West Germany and Berlin the Soviets felt threatened with the potential of capitalist takeover, so in 1948 Soviet leader Stalin put a blockade around West Berlin by closing the nation's main roadway for their supplies, Autobahn.

West Berlin actually flourished with the Western Allies help. The Allies wanted to establish a democratic government, market economy, and full control of Berlin.

The Blockade was over 100 miles long inside the Soviet-controlled eastern sector. Preceding the blockade, the western sector relied on railroads and Autobahn for free goods transportation. For the Soviet- controlled east was experiencing shortages of goods and economic fragility.

The US Air Force and British Royal Air Force immediately responded two days after the blockade was announced. They delivered food, coal, and medical supplies into the blockade round the clock; known as the Berlin Airlift.

The airlift operation got international attention and C-54 pilot, Lt. Gail Halverson added gum and candy to his delivery for the children. Halverson's “candy bombs” gained support and soon candy and gum were donated to him to deliver. And finally, after a year with the Airlift operation, West Berlin secured freedom from the Soviets ending the blockade. But this blockade and airlift added to the solidification of division between East and West Europe or essentially US vs Soviet Union.

https://go-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Reference&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&hitCount=9&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CCX3403300075&docType=Event+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAL-VRL&prodId=UHIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3403300075&searchId=R3&userGroupName=hono17865&inPS=true

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
President Truman signing the North Atlantic Treaty on behalf of the United States in 1949

# data[].attributes.headline
NATO Formed (April 4, 1949)-Jaylynn K-D.

# data[].attributes.subject
NATO Formed (April 4, 1949)-Jaylynn K-D.

# data[].attributes.body
NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization; it’s a military defense alliance with the nations from Europe to North America

Created after WWII since the European nations were struggling and afraid the Soviet Union would take over -NATO prevented the S.U.

The anti-communist wanted peace and a defense against the communist nations

Used to promote democratic values, stability, and partnership with anti-communist countries

Countries came together to prevent the expansion of communism -If there is an attack on one country it’s an attack on all (Article V)

Influenced the creation of the Warsaw Pact which included the communist countries and was a defense treaty

Photo: https://americanhistory-abc-clio-com.ez.iolani.org/assets/mediaserver/AmericanHistory/1852/1852758w.jpg

Secondary: "North Atlantic Treaty (1949)." In American History, ABC-CLIO, 2023. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://americanhistory-abc-clio-com.ez.iolani.org/Search/Display/254803.
Tertiary: "North Atlantic Treaty Organization." In American History, ABC-CLIO, 2023. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://americanhistory-abc-clio-com.ez.iolani.org/Search/Display/253555.

# data[].attributes.headline
Soviet Union Gets the bomb (August 29, 1949) Michael Lee

# data[].attributes.subject
Soviet Union Gets the bomb (August 29, 1949) Michael Lee

# data[].attributes.body
- After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22 1941 Nuclear fission and research quickly ceased limiting the amount of physicist to study nuclear fission word quickly spread that the United States and Germany were racing to build an atomic bomb the soviets entered swiftly after.

- After 1945 work on developing the Atomic bomb grew swiftly however this only happened after the soviets heard about the Trinity test at the Potsdam conference to which President Truman casually told Stalin about the bomb Stalin seemed uninterested at what Truman had told him but he told his top advisors to quickly speed things up with creating the first atomic bomb.

- Following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki the soviet leader ordered all out research in nuclear science and development of the Soviets first atomic bomb in 1946 Yuki Khariton was promoted to the lead engineer of the Soviets first atomic bomb.

- The soviets tested there first atomic bomb called RDS-1 or “first lightning” on august 29, 1949 sending shockwaves around the world the the Soviet Union was the second nation to develop such a bomb taking down the United States monopoly on the Atomic bomb.

- This however created more tension between the two nations as the Cold War intensified both sides were creating stockpiles of Nuclear arms if the Cold War turned hot shortly after after the United States launched its hydrogen bomb program in 1950 the Soviet Union followed soon in the United States foot prints.

-Secondary source: https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/history/soviet-atomic-program-1946/

# data[].attributes.headline
China falls to Mao and communists (Oct. 1, 1949) Zion Junk

# data[].attributes.subject
China falls to Mao and communists (Oct. 1, 1949) Zion Junk

# data[].attributes.body
Mao Zedong rose to power in the 1920’s when joining the Chinese Communists Party aka (CCP) during the Long March

Mao Zedong’s wife was executed by nationalists which made him hungry for revenge of taking over the nationalists

He became the leader of the communists because the famous Long March in 1935, traveling over 8,000 miles by foot

Communists were able to gain support from the rural population, so they used their guerrilla tactics to force a war on the nationalists.

They were able to capture and take control of important cities and regions like: Beijing and Shanghai, which led to Mad Zedong takeover of China.

Completed his conquest and signed the deal with Stalin

This victory raised the states containment and led the largest Asian nation being under communism

The CCP was a success because of their use of propaganda and military tactics.

Tertiary Source: Britannica Academic, s.v. "Mao Zedong," accessed March 27, 2023, https://academic-eb-com.ez.iolani.org/levels/collegiate/article/Mao-Zedong/108483.

# data[].attributes.headline
Korean War (June 25, 1950- July 27, 1953) Leina Wong 

# data[].attributes.subject
Korean War (June 25, 1950- July 27, 1953) Leina Wong 

# data[].attributes.body
The Korean War occurred due to the invasion of North Korea on South Korea at the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950 with the help of the Soviet Union and China in an attempt to unify the peninsula after World War II.

After World War II, the Soviet Union and U.S. agreed to joint control Korea, dividing the peninsula into 2 countries. The North operated under the Soviet Union and the South relied on the US for aid.

The US and the United Nations were against North Korea’s action to prevent communist domination around the world.

On July 1951, the leaders of the United Nations talked with North Korea, China, and Russia in order to end the war. However, they were not easily persuaded and negotiations took almost 2 years. While negotiations were occurring, two sides remained stalemate around the 38th parallel.

Conflict ended on July 27, 1953 when leaders agreed on the Korean Armistice Agreement. The agreement established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) which serves as a buffer zone along the 160 mile border between the 2 counties.

From this war, 5 million people died and half were civilians. This number is 10% of pre-war populations.

The US negotiated the armistice for South Korea but South Korea refused to sign the peace agreement. Therefore, North and South Korea are technically still at war and there were a few minor incidents between the 2 nations since the end of the Korean War.

Secondary Source: https://go-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Journals&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=96&searchType=TopicSearchForm&currentPosition=5&docId=GALE%7CA436983421&docType=Essay&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAG-MOD1&prodId=WHIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA436983421&topicId=00000000MXBW&searchId=&userGroupName=5hono17865&inPS=true

Tertiary Source: https://go-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/ps/retrieve.do?resultListType=RELATED_DOCUMENT&searchType=ts&userGroupName=hono17865&inPS=true&contentSegment=&prodId=WHIC&docId=GALE%7CEVYHGY841224359&it=r

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Picture illustrating the size and power differences between different famous atomic and hydrogen bombs

# data[].attributes.headline
US successfully tests a hydrogen bomb (November, 1952) Nicholas Livingston

# data[].attributes.subject
US successfully tests a hydrogen bomb (November, 1952) Nicholas Livingston

# data[].attributes.body
On November 1st 1952 the United States government had the first sucessful test of a thermonuclear bomb (more commonly know as a hydrogen bomb) on Eniwetok atoll.

This new bomb had about 1000X the power as the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (which had 100,000 and 80,000 deaths respectively)

These bombs were being tested in hopes of giving the United States the advantage in the nuclear arms race against the Soviet Union

One of the main opponents to the testing of this new bomb was Robert Oppenheimer, one of the creators of the first atomic bomb, he argued that it would just speed up the arms race and that the Soviets would not be far behind in creating one of their own. He turned out to be right with the Soviets creating their own less than a year after

Content source: https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-tests-first-hydrogen-bomb

Image source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/science-of-nuclear-weapons/

# data[].attributes.headline
Mosaddegh overthrown in Iran(August, 1953) by Cole Antonelis

# data[].attributes.subject
Mosaddegh overthrown in Iran(August, 1953) by Cole Antonelis

# data[].attributes.body
-Iran held valable oil and a strategic location for strong powers like the U.S and U.K. Mossaddegh’s nationalist chose to nationalize their oil industry. UK reacted by starting a secret campaign to weaken Mosaddegh. U.S joined the campaign due to Cold War fears(1951)
-In Iran the U.S and U.K fund the removal of Mohammad Mosaddegh from power and restore Mohammad Rena Shah Pahalavi as leader(1953).
-The battles in Tehran killed hundreds of people on both sides.
- The overthrow forever changed the geopolitical landscape in the Middle East.
-The overthrow gave Western control of Irans petroleum resources and stopped Russian competition for oil.
Content Source:https://www.britannica.com/event/1953-coup-in-Iran

# data[].attributes.headline
Warsaw Pact Established (May-July, 1955-1991) - Kingston Loftin-Paracuelles

# data[].attributes.subject
Warsaw Pact Established (May-July, 1955-1991) - Kingston Loftin-Paracuelles

# data[].attributes.body
5 W’s
- Warsaw Pact, formally established a mutual-defense organization composed of the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania with a treaty

- The treaty was called the Warsaw Treaty Organization with the Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance

- Warsaw Pact immediately want the Paris agreement among the Western power to admit West Germany to be the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

- The treaty also enchanted the bargaining position of the Soviet Union in international diplomacy.

- The Warsaw Pact provision for the garrisoning of Soviet troops in satellite territory, became a target of nationalist hostility in Poland and Hungary during uprising in both countries in 1956.

Significance
- It is important because the Warsaw Pact strived for economic, political, and military power in Europe.
- their treaty establish international relations and mutual protection with the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.

Effects
-The Warsaw Pact became moribund and was formally declared “nonexistent” on July, 1991 at the final meeting of Warsaw Pact leaders in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
- Became independent countries and ended organization.

https://academic-eb-com.ez.iolani.org/levels/collegiate/article/Warsaw-Pact/76149

# data[].attributes.headline
Suez Canal Crisis / War (October 29, 1956 - November 7, 1956) Jinny Kim

# data[].attributes.subject
Suez Canal Crisis / War (October 29, 1956 - November 7, 1956) Jinny Kim

# data[].attributes.body
- Suez Canal Crisis was triggered by the nationalization of Suez Canal by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser on July 26, 1956
- Losing control of Suez Canal meant a great economic and commercial loss for its former owners: Britain and France.
- Britain and France allied with Israel who was suffering from attack from Arab world and agreed to attack Egypt, the Arab nation, on October 29, 1956 and make Britain and France get involved afterward.
- However, the United States did not support this military attack. The U.S. believed that military intervention of the western nations in Arab world would only provide justification for the Soviet Union to expand its communism in East Asia.
- The Suez Crisis was ended by the withdrawal of British and French troop from the Egpyt. Under the leadership of the United States, the United Nation created resolution 1001 and the United States Emergency Force to bring about the ceasefire.
- The effect of this event was the diminishing power of the Briitain and the France as a superpower. The Arab nationalism increased much more than before.
- The significance is that the United States did not actually fight the war but rather prevent it from continuing. The U.S. rather solved the crisis diplomatically rather than militarily which is the reason why this event is part of the Cold War.

Tertiary source:
1.  https://go-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/ps/i.do?p=UHIC&u=hono17865&id=GALE%7CBT1605203095&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-
2. https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/suez-crisis-1956

# data[].attributes.headline
Sputnik Launched (October 4th 1957) - Nanea Cobb-Adams

# data[].attributes.subject
Sputnik Launched (October 4th 1957) - Nanea Cobb-Adams

# data[].attributes.body
- Sputnik was a series of three satellites launched by the Soviet Union spanning October 4th 1957-May 15 1958. This satellite launch ushered in the space race. The launch of Sputnik shocked many Americans which initially believed they were technologically superior to the Soviet Union.

- Officially, Sputnik was launched to correspond with what was called the “International Geophysical Year”. It was declared that 1957 was the ideal year for launching artificial satellites. However, many Americans feared that the satellite had more sinister intentions.

- Sputnik was the first man made object to be launched into space. It helped catapult the Soviet Union into first place in the “Space Race”. The launch of Sputnik only raised the already high Cold War tensions.

- Sputnik 2 launched on November 3rd 1957, and carried Laika. Laika was a stray dog found in Moscow and earned the title of the first living thing in space. Sputnik 3 launched on May 15th 1958, and carried 12 instruments that were meant to study the earths atmosphere.

- In response, the U.S launched their own satellite on January 31st 1958. However, by that time the Soviet Union had already put the first living thing into space, Laika.

- The Soviet Union drew far ahead in the space race by launching the first man in space, the first woman in space, the first three men in space, the first space walk, the first to orbit the moon, the first to impact the moon, and many more. The U.S took a big leap in an attempt to catch up, this led to the Apollo mission. And the first man on the moon.

Secondary Source:
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sputnik-launched#:~:text=Officially%2C%20Sputnik%20was%20launched%20to,Earth%20and%20the%20solar%20system.

# data[].attributes.headline
U-2 Spy Plane Shot Down (May 1, 1960) by Mika M.

# data[].attributes.subject
U-2 Spy Plane Shot Down (May 1, 1960) by Mika M.

# data[].attributes.body
- On May 1, 1960, Francis Gary Powers was flying a U.S. U-2 reconnaissance over the Soviet Union when his plane was shot down
- Caused the collapse of a summit conference in Paris between the U.S., the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France
- Was seen as an “aggressive act” by the U.S.
- Francis Gary Powers, the pilot, had testified that he was on a mission collecting intelligence information en route over the Soviet Union, Aral Sea, Sverdlovsk, Bodo military airfield in Norway, and many other places
- The U.S. claimed no authorization for any aggressive flights as it was said to have been. It caused them no air accesses over Soviet territory or else they would be denied a seat at future summit talks with the other places (these summit talks were important in keeping peace with the Soviet Union and other places)
- Secondary: https://go-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Reference&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&hitCount=10&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=3&docId=GALE%7CCX3403300770&docType=Event+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAL-VRL&prodId=UHIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3403300770&searchId=R1&userGroupName=hono17865&inPS=true
- Tertiary: https://academic-eb-com.ez.iolani.org/levels/collegiate/article/U-2-Incident/74051

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Reconnaissance photo which shows the Cuban base.

# data[].attributes.headline
Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962) by Rylee Kido

# data[].attributes.subject
Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962) by Rylee Kido

# data[].attributes.body
- Fidel Castro was the leader of Cuba and John F. Kennedy for America. Nikita Khrushchev was the Soviet premier.
- If the U.S. did not attack Cuba, then they would not launch the deadly missiles.
- While the whole world was holding their breath to determine if World War 3 was starting, the event only lasted 13 days.
- The missiles in Cuba were pointed towards Florida. Since the location of Cuba is so close to America, it was extremely helpful for Khrushchev and the threats that could be made.
- Cuba was originally economically dependent on America but was freed since the Soviet Union started to trade oil for their sugar.
- Threatened not just a war but a nuclear one.
- As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. was seen as vulnerable when it came to nuclear attacks.
- In 1962, the U.S. had an economic embargo put onto Cuba which was done because of the missile crisis.

Tertiary Source:
https://americanhistory-abc-clio-com.ez.iolani.org/Search/Display/253259?terms=Cuban+missile+crisis&sTypeId=2

# data[].attributes.headline
Gulf of Tonkin Incident (August 5, 1964), Makayla Pang 

# data[].attributes.subject
Gulf of Tonkin Incident (August 5, 1964), Makayla Pang 

# data[].attributes.body
• North Vietnamese torpedo boats attackers U.S. destroyers, Maddox and Turner Joy
◦ When: August 5th, 1964
◦ Where: Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam

• Significance:
◦ U.S. asked Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
◦ justified the United States’ reasoning in further the conflict in Vietnam

• Causes:
◦ Destroyers were originally sent to the area to conduct reconnaissance and intercept North Vietnamese communications
◦ U.S. intercepted North Vietnamese communications and found out that an attack on its destroyers was being planned

• Effects:
◦  U.S. began to believe that North Vietnam was targeting its intelligence-gathering mission
◦ President Lyndon B. Johnson increased U.S. military involvement in the Vietnamese War

Tertiary Source:
https://academic-eb com.ez.iolani.org/levels/collegiate/article/Gulf-of-Tonkin-incident/629265

Image Source:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-incident

# data[].attributes.headline
Tet Offensive (January 31, 1968- September 23, 1968) -Maya DeAngelo 

# data[].attributes.subject
Tet Offensive (January 31, 1968- September 23, 1968) -Maya DeAngelo 

# data[].attributes.body
- The Tet Offensive was a substantial military campaign created by North Vietnam in 1968 against South Vietnam and the United States. The North wished to start a rebellion in the South and create a uprising amongst the people.
- The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese armies strategy was to coordinate a series of attacks on multiple cities in the South who had a very big population. The attacks started on January 30, 1968 and the North attacked over 100 cities and outposts in South Vietnam.
- Overall, the South Vietnamese and United States were able to defend and stop the North’s attacks quickly, due to the North being spread out too thin.
- However, the fighting in the capital city of Vietnam, Hue, last for over three weeks and the Viet Cong military was able to gain full control of the city. During these three weeks of war, the North massacred innocent citizens who supported the South and buried them in mass graves. The number of victims killed is still unknown, but some historians claim up to 8,000 deaths while others only 400.
- Both North and South Vietnam were astounded from the results of the Tet Offensive. While the South and the United States were left surprised by the harsh sudden attacks, the North lost the military campaign and was unable to create a rebellion in South Vietnam.

SIGNIFICANCE
- The Tet Offensive resulted in weakening the United States public support in Vietnam for the war
- The surprise attacks caught America off guard and made the people question wether or not America was strong enough to continue in the war.
- The Tet Offensive showed the American public the true reality of the war and was a very different picture as to what they were told by the United States government, resulting in a much weaker public support for America.

https://go-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/ps/retrieve.do?resultListType=RELATED_DOCUMENT&searchType=ts&userGroupName=hono17865&inPS=true&contentSegment=&prodId=UHIC&docId=GALE%7CUWNQQW732480960&it=r

# data[].attributes.headline
Moon Landing (July 20, 1969), Reese Chang

# data[].attributes.subject
Moon Landing (July 20, 1969), Reese Chang

# data[].attributes.body
- Moon landing by U.S ended the space race against the Soviet Union, which lasted from 1957-1969
- The Soviet Union launched “Sputnik” which was the first satellite launched into orbit in 1957. Sputnik sparked interest in space travel throughout the U.S
- This led to the creation of NASA by congress the following year in 1958
- President John F. Kennedy declared “I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth.” To congress on May 25, 1961
- The Saturn rocket created by Von Braun in the early 60’s was selected for the moon landing
- the final launch was delayed as three astronauts were killed in a fire during a test run
- Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first humans to land on the moon and successfully make it back to earth on the Apollo 11 on July 20th 1969

Tertiary Source: https://go-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/ps/retrieve.do?resultListType=RELATED_DOCUMENT&searchType=ts&userGroupName=hono17865&inPS=true&contentSegment=&prodId=WHIC&docId=GALE|PPNHER964960189&it=r

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
“Gloriosa Victoria” (Glorious Victory) by Diego Rivera. This painting is a depiction of the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état

# data[].attributes.headline
1954 Guatemalan coup d’etat (CIA covert action) by Ellis Chen

# data[].attributes.subject
1954 Guatemalan coup d’etat (CIA covert action) by Ellis Chen

# data[].attributes.body
On June 27, 1954 the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) orchestrated a covert operation to overthrow Jacóbo Árbenz Guzmán, the Guatemalan democratically elected president, who was perceived as a socialist and a threat to American business in Guatemala

The coup was carried out with the the help of the Guatemalan military and a CIA-backed force led by Colonel Carlos Castillo Arms

The coup was a success and installed a military group led by Armas, who ruled the country with an iron fist for the next decade, using violence and repression to stay in power

The effects of the coup were widespread, both for Guatemala and the wider region. It led to a civil war that lasted for 36 years and resulted in the deaths of over 200,000 people, it also contributed to the rise of other leftist movements throughout Latin America.

The coup d'etat was significant because it was the first time that the US government used covert action to overthrow a democratically elected government.

It also had a lasting influence on U.S. foreign policy which made the U.S. government's support for military dictatorships and right-wing governments in the region become a symbol of U.S. policy during the Cold War.

Secondary Source:
https://go-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Reference&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&hitCount=4&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=2&docId=GALE%7CCX3408900124&docType=Topic+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAL-VRL&prodId=UHIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3408900124&searchId=R2&userGroupName=hono17865&inPS=true

https://dbpedia.org/page/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat

# data[].attributes.headline
South Vietnam falls to North Vietnamese Army, April 30 1975 - Lawakua Tiberi 

# data[].attributes.subject
South Vietnam falls to North Vietnamese Army, April 30 1975 - Lawakua Tiberi 

# data[].attributes.body
South Vietnam falls to North Vietnamese Army, April 30 1975

South Vietnam forces had collapsed under the rapid advancement of the North Vietnamese.

Fighting had begun in December 1974, when the North Vietnamese had launched a major attack against the lightly defended province of Phuong Long, located due north of Saigon along the Cambodian border, overrunning the provincial capital at Phuong Bing on January 6, 1975.

The United States did not provide any help to South Vietnam much of the time.

The North Vietnamese ran through all of the armies of the South Vietnamese.

South Vietnam failed to prevent Communism from spreading to them.

Many troops including U.S. troops died in this war.

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/south-vietnam-surrenders

https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history

# data[].attributes.headline
USSR Invades Afghanistan and the US response (1978-1980)

# data[].attributes.subject
USSR Invades Afghanistan and the US response (1978-1980)

# data[].attributes.body
In December of 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and asserted military dominance of much of the country.

This was one of many battles that endured during the Cold War and was an attempt by the Soviet Union to enlarge their sphere of influence

The USSR was concerned that the communist government would fall to western ideas.

The USA responded by supporting the Afghan rebels known as mujahideen

The USA imposed economic sanctions which forced the soviets to reevaluate their position in Afganistan

America also announced that they would boycott the 1980 Olympics being held in Moscow

The USSR withdrew in 1989

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan

# data[].attributes.headline
US Hockey team defeats the Soviets(Feb. 22, 1980), 1980 Winter Olympics

# data[].attributes.subject
US Hockey team defeats the Soviets(Feb. 22, 1980), 1980 Winter Olympics

# data[].attributes.body
In the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid, New York, the United States Olympic hockey team was not expected to try and compete for any medal due to the pool they were given that included Sweden and Czechoslovakia and only the top 2 teams would advance

The United States pulled off one of the greatest upsets ever by making it out of their pool and now they faced the Russians who had won the previous four times against the United States but the United States did the impossible and came out on top against the Russians

Once the United States hockey team upset the Russians, they all ran in the locker room and started to singing “God Bless America,” and some didn’t even know all the words which represents how big the win is for the country as a whole because also this was also during a time where America wasn’t doing well

The upset the United States had against the Russian was more than just an upset, it was known as the “Miracle on Ice,” and this is significant because this is when President Jimmy Carter said that the United States was going to boycott the 1980 Summer games held in Moscow due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and also prior to that was the Iran hostage crisis

After both the crisis and the invasion of the Russians, the United States faced more trouble because there economy was slowly declining because there were high inflation and unemployment plagued the country, so as the United States Olympic team won against the Russians the Americans and the whole country had something to cheer for and it also brought more hope to the country

Painter, D. Byron. "1980 U.S. Olympic Hockey Team." In St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture Online. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2013. Gale In Context: U.S. History (accessed March 28, 2023). https://link-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/apps/doc/EGBNMQ817847710/UHIC?u=hono17865&sid=bookmark-UHIC&xid=710d95ed.

# data[].attributes.headline
USSR Boycotts Los Angeles Olympics (1984 Summer Olympics)

# data[].attributes.subject
USSR Boycotts Los Angeles Olympics (1984 Summer Olympics)

# data[].attributes.body
Soviets announce that they are boycotting the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles.

The Soviet Union claimed that their athletes will not be safe from protest and physical attacks that might happen.

The reason the Soviet Union boycott was because in 1980 the United States did not participate in the 1980 games that were held in Moscow.

The Soviet Government issued a claim saying, “It is known from the very first days of preparations for the present Olympics the American administration has sought to set course at using the Games for its political aims. Chauvinistic sentiments and anti Soviet hysteria are being whipped up in this country.”

The Russian Officials claimed that there will be a protest against Soviet Athletes in Los Angeles and they didn’t believe American officials will make an effort to keep everything under control.

President Ronald Reagan's administration responded to these accusations by stating that the Soviet Boycott was” a blatant political decision for which there was no real justification.”

Days after the Soviets announcement, 13 other communist nations said the same statements and opted out of the Olympic Games.

The Soviets turned the tables on the United States by boycotting the 1984 games in America after they were hurt about the United States not attending the 1980 games in Moscow due to the Russians invading Afghanistan in 1979.

The United States won 83 gold medals without any competition from the Soviet Union, East Germany, and other Communist countries.

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-announce-boycott-of-1984-olympics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Claiming that its athletes will not be safe from protests and possible physical attacks, the Soviet Union announces that it will not compete in the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Despite the Soviet statement, it was obvious that the boycott was a response to the decision of the United States to boycott the 1980 games that were held in Moscow.

Just months before the 1984 Olympic games were to begin in Los Angeles, the Soviet government issued a statement claiming, "It is known from the very first days of preparations for the present Olympics the American administration has sought to set course at using the Games for its political aims. Chauvinistic sentiments and anti-Soviet hysteria are being whipped up in this country." Russian officials went on to claim that protests against the Soviet athletes were likely to break out in Los Angeles and that they doubted whether American officials would try to contain such outbursts. The administration of President Ronald Reagan responded to these charges by declaring that the Soviet boycott was "a blatant political decision for which there was no real justification."

In the days following the Soviet announcement, 13 other communist nations issued similar statements and refused to attend the games. The Soviets, who had been stung by the U.S. refusal to attend the 1980 games in Moscow because of the Russian intervention in Afghanistan in 1979, were turning the tables by boycotting the 1984 games in America. The diplomatic impact of the action was quite small. The impact on the games themselves, however, was immense. Without competition from the Soviet Union, East Germany, and other communist nations, the United States swept to an Olympic record of 83 gold medals.
READ MORE: When World Events Disrupted the Olympics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Soviets announce boycott of 1984 Olympics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Claiming that its athletes will not be safe from protests and possible physical attacks, the Soviet Union announces that it will not compete in the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Despite the Soviet statement, it was obvious that the boycott was a response to the decision of the United States to boycott the 1980 games that were held in Moscow.

# data[].attributes.headline
Bay of Pigs: April 17, 1961 (Jordan Sugihara)

# data[].attributes.subject
Bay of Pigs: April 17, 1961 (Jordan Sugihara)

# data[].attributes.body
- This was a small bay invaded by 1400 Cuban exiles organized and armed the US CIA in an attempt to overthrow leftist Cuban leader Fidel Castro, attempt failed and Castro became leader of the Cuban Government
- July, 1960, Cuban fighters of “Brigade 2506” transferred to training camp in Guatemala run by the CIA, and when John F. Kennedy elected he approved of the training, in hopes of overthrowing Castro
- April 15, 1961, first part of invasion carried out, to try and destroy Cuba’s small Air Force, however failed to do carry out the plan
- April 17, landing made at Playa Giron in Bay of Pigs, Brigade 2506 invaded, but freighter vessel with supplies was sunk by Cuban Air Force, and Kennedy refused to allow Americans to fight
- The fighting ended April 20, 1961, when two B-26 bombers were shot down due to the fighter jets missing their time to escort the B-26 planes, and the defeat of the Brigade 2506

https://go-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Reference&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&hitCount=17&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CCX3403300072&docType=Event+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAL-VRL&prodId=UHIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3403300072&searchId=R1&userGroupName=hono17865&inPS=true

# data[].attributes.headline
Berlin Wall Built- August 1961 Ananya Poudyal

# data[].attributes.subject
Berlin Wall Built- August 1961 Ananya Poudyal

# data[].attributes.body
August 13, 1961 German soldiers laid down more than 30 miles of barbed wire through Berlin

east Berlin citizens were not allowed to pass to the other side + several checkpoints were set

The wall was built to keep the people in east berlin(controlled by the Soviet Union) from leaving

on the reverse side the Soviet Union didn’t want western “fascists” affecting/undermining the socialist state

The result was the city of Berlin being split into two physically and ideologically different zones

https://go-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Reference&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=1&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CCX3401803667&docType=Topic+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAL-VRL&prodId=UHIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3401803667&searchId=R1&userGroupName=hono17865&inPS=true

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/berlin-wall-built

# data[].attributes.headline
Cambodia Invaded 1970: (April 28, 1970) Austin Dang

# data[].attributes.subject
Cambodia Invaded 1970: (April 28, 1970) Austin Dang

# data[].attributes.body
- President Richard Nixon ordered US ground troops to invade Cambodia on April 28, 1970
- Nixon would wait two days to announce on national television that the Cambodian incursion had begun
- As a result, resentment started to build in the country over both the Cambodian invasion, as well as the Vietnam conflict
- News of criticism unleashed after many believed that the president was abusing his powers by avoiding Congress
-  As a result of the presidents faced criticism, and his actions the War Powers Act was created.
- The War Powers Act is a federal law intended to check the US presidents power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the US Congress. Published in November 7, 1973
- Cambodia was officially a neutral country in the Vietnam War, though North Vietnamese troops would move supplies and arms through northern Cambodia
- In March 1969, Nixon began approving secret bombings of suspected communist base camps and supply zones in Cambodia
- The New York Times revealed the operation to the public on May 9, 1969, prompting international protest.
- Nixon approved American ground forces to fight alongside South Vietnamese troops attacking communist bases there on April 28, 1970
- May 8, 1970 Nixon held a press conference defending the invasion of Cambodia
He argued that it bought 6-8 months of training time for South Vietnamese forces, therefore shortening the war

https://www.history.com/news/nixon-war-powers-act-vietnam-war-cambodia

# data[].attributes.body
late 1960s Soviet Union had created a ballistic missile (ICBM) made specifically for United states

January 1967 president lyndon Johnson announced that the Soviet Union built the mistletoe around Moscow

SALT (strategic arms limitations talks)

In 1967 president Johnson and the soviet premier alexei Kosygin met in New Jersey ( glassboro state college)

Johnson wanted to gain control of the ABM race

ABM- Anti-Ballistic Missile

Secretary of defense- Robert McNamara

Said that if both sides continued to attempt to challenge each other it would only worsen the situation

Banning nuclear weapons would be impossible

Only way to ease the situation would be limiting the development of the products Of both offensive and defensive strategic systems

Richard Nixon believed in salt

November 1969- salt began in Helskin, Finland

For and a half years countries argued over whose plan for ABM was better

May 26, 1972 in ion and soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev had signed the ABM treaty

In the meantime SALT was put into place

Cold War- Soviet Union and United States came to an agreement to limit the amount of nuclear missiles in the air

SALT - Nixon+Kissinger strategy

Each side was allowed to construct two mistakes for their side of defense

Protected the national capitals

Protect at least one ICMB field late 1960s Soviet Union had created a ballistic missile (ICBM) made specifically for United states

January 1967 president lyndon Johnson announced that the Soviet Union built the mistletoe around Moscow

SALT (strategic arms limitations talks)

In 1967 president Johnson and the soviet premier alexei Kosygin met in New Jersey ( glassboro state college)

Johnson wanted to gain control of the ABM race

ABM- Anti-Ballistic Missile

Secretary of defense- Robert McNamara

Said that if both sides continued to attempt to challenge each other it would only worsen the situation

Banning nuclear weapons would be impossible

Only way to ease the situation would be limiting the development of the products Of both offensive and defensive strategic systems

Richard Nixon believed in salt

November 1969- salt began in Helskin, Finland

For and a half years countries argued over whose plan for ABM was better

May 26, 1972 in ion and soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev had signed the ABM treaty

In the meantime SALT was put into place

Cold War- Soviet Union and United States came to an agreement to limit the amount of nuclear missiles in the air

SALT - Nixon+Kissinger strategy

Each side was allowed to construct two mistakes for their side of defense

Protected the national capitals

Protect at least one ICMB field

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Strategic Arms Limitation Talks."
Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/event/
Strategic-Arms-Limitation-Talks. Accessed 28 March 2023.

Office of the Historian. history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/salt. Accessed
28 Mar. 2023.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A man blockading tanks leaving Tiananmen square.

# data[].attributes.headline
Tiananmen Square Protests crushed (1989)-Lucas Chung

# data[].attributes.subject
Tiananmen Square Protests crushed (1989)-Lucas Chung

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese college students start gathering on April 15 to mark the death of the popular pro-reform Chinese leader Hu Yaobang and to protest for transparency and political freedom.

Chinese leadership is divided on how to deal with the protest, no immediate action taken.

Some Chinese leaders label the protesters as “counter-revolutionary,” treating the protesters like traitors.

Some Chinese leaders are sympathetic towards the protesters and try to hear and acknowledge their concerns.

Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev Visit to China creates an opportunity for the protest to gain foreign attention, protesters become eager and hunger strikes begin.

A lot of foreign media attention drawn to the protest, number of protesters grow to over a million.

After Mikhail’s return, Chinese government agreed to take radical measures, imposed martial law on May 20 then initiated a massacre on Tiananmen square using armed troops and tanks, openly firing the protesters on June 3 and 4.

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/tiananmen-square

# data[].attributes.headline
Berlin Wall Falls (November 9, 1989) - Sage Miller

# data[].attributes.subject
Berlin Wall Falls (November 9, 1989) - Sage Miller

# data[].attributes.body
In 1987, standing before the Brandenburg Gate, President Ronald Reagan made Berlin a symbol of the Cold War conflict when he declared, "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall."

The Berlin wall which divided communist East Germany from West Germany came down and fell in 1989, five days after half a million people protested in east Berlin.

The unification of Berlin that followed symbolized the end of the Cold War, which formally concluded in 1991 when the Soviet Union dissolved

Fall of the Berlin Wall was brought about by political reforms inside the Soviet bloc, escalating the pressure from the people of Eastern Europe and confusion over an East German directive to open the border

The wall came down partly because of a bureaucratic accident but it fell surrounded by a wave of revolutions that left the communist bloc unbalanced on the edge of collapse and helped define a new world order.

The fall of the Berlin Wall was the first step towards German unification, and marked the beginning of the end of the Cold War

Soviet-occupied East Germany was reunited with West Germany, which caused the Soviet Union to collapse a year later.

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50013048

https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/02/german-reunification-it-was-nothing-short-miracle

https://go-gale-com.ez.iolani.org/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Reference&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&hitCount=5&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CCX3427300338&docType=Topic+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAL-VRL&prodId=UHIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3427300338&searchId=R2&userGroupName=hono17865&inPS=true

# data[].attributes.headline
USSR Dissolve (December 26, 1991) - Reyn

# data[].attributes.subject
USSR Dissolve (December 26, 1991) - Reyn

# data[].attributes.body
- On December 29, 1991, the USSR dissolved which ended the Cold War
- After World War II, the alliance between the west and Soviet Union weakened leading to the United States and Soviet Union being enemies
- The competition for advantages led to an even wider rift between the two nations - production of weapons increased and the race for nuclear weapons continued
- Reagan ended this by increasing the military numbers - first five years defense budget went up 119%
- Strategy was to directly put pressure on soviets economy and work to prevent Soviet from receiving trade
- 1989 Government of East Germany fell and along with Berlin Wall - end of 1991 Soviet Union dissolved

"Reagan's Cold War Policies Played a Significant Role in the End of the Cold War." In American History, ABC-CLIO, 2023.Accessed March 28, 2023. https://americanhistory-abc-clio-com.ez.iolani.org/Search/Display/1168057.