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Written in the Stars: Astronomy and Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts | Getty News

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Written in the Stars: Astronomy and Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts

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Blog post on how the position of the signs of the zodiac in the night sky and movement of the planets influenced everyday decisions in the Middle Ages, from bloodletting to flower picking.

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"Ancient archetypes and myths" are ancient rules that astrologers use and stories that help in the psychoanalysis of astrology. Astrologers will look at ancient methods and rules to look at horoscopes which takes a part in the evolution of psychology. Just as the days of the week were formed through the names of the planets, the celestial bodies were used with several scriptures to develop relations to one's health, physical, mental, and spiritual state.

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Developed by German astrologer Reinhold Ebertin, he explains the traditional construction of the horoscope. This shows how the energies of the planets manifest onto human life. The correlation of the movement of planets are mirrored by earth life links together astrology and Cosmobiology.

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Cosmobiology - Wikipedia

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Historically, the term 'Kosmobiologie' was used by the German medical astrologer Friedrich Feerhow and Swiss statistician Karl Krafft in a more general sense "to designate that branch of astrology working on scientific foundations and keyed to the natural sciences".

The term cosmobiology was popularized in English after the translation of the writings of Reinhold Ebertin, who based a large part of his techniques on the midpoint-astrology work of Alfred Witte The term most frequently refers to the school of astrology founded by Ebertin. The main difference between Witte's Hamburg School and Ebertin's Cosmobiology is that Cosmobiology rejects the hypothetical Trans-Neptunian objects used by the Hamburg School and practitioners of Uranian astrology. Another difference is the significant expansion of Cosmobiology into medical astrology, Dr. Ebertin being a physician.

Cosmobiology continued Witte's ultimate primary emphasis on the use of astrological midpoints along with the following 8th-harmonic aspects in the natal chart, which both Witte and Ebertin found to be the most potent in terms of personal influence: conjunction (0°), semi-square (45°), square (90°), sesquiquadrate (135°), and opposition (180°).

In cosmobiological analysis, planets are inserted into a special type of horoscope often referred to as a ' Cosmogram' (derived from the Uranian 90° dial chart) and delineated.

The primary reference/research text for Cosmobiology was first published in 1940 by the German astrologer Reinhold Ebertin. The name of the book is The Combination of Stellar Influences. The original German title is Kombination der Gestirneinflüsse. Its foundations were derived largely from the early versions of the " Regelwerk für Planetenbilder" by Alfred Witte, and then further built upon by Ebertin and colleagues.

Ebertin defined Cosmobiology as the following:

"Cosmobiology is a scientific discipline concerned with the possible correlation between the cosmos and organic life and the effects of cosmic rhythms and stellar motion on man, with all his potentials and dispositions, his character and the possible turns of fate; it also researches these correlation and effects as mirrored by earth's plant and animal life as a whole. In this endeavor, Cosmobiology utilises modern-day methods of scientific research, such as statistics, analysis, and computer programming. It is of prime importance, however, in view of the scientific effort expended, not to overlook the macrocosmic and microcosmic interrelations incapable of measurement."

What is noteworthy about both Cosmobiology and Uranian astrology, which has developed along a different path technically, is their emphasis on critical analysis and testing by observing more clearly measurable or observable astrological correlations, rather than to simply perpetuate observations or assumptions written in historical astrological texts, a problem leading to widespread criticism of mainstream Classical Astrology. Some have speculated that the term "Cosmobiology" was coined specifically to divorce its precepts from the manifold ambiguities of, and subsequent widespread biases against, Classical Astrology.

Three prominent published Cosmobiological authors in the English language are German-American cosmobiologist Eleonora Kimmel, American cosmobiologist Aren Ober (formerly Savalan), and Australian cosmobiologist Doris Greaves, all of whom have published texts in Cosmobiology based on their own substantial experiences.

Brau, Jean-Louis: Larousse Encyclopedia of Astrology, McGraw-Hill Books, New York USA, 1977.

Ebertin, Reinhold: Astrological Healing, Samuel Weiser Books, York Beach ME USA, 1989.

Ebertin, Reinhold: Combination of Stellar Influences, Ebertin-Verlag, Aalen, Germany, 1972.

Greaves, Doris: Regulus Ebertin Cosmobiology beyond 2000, Regulus Astrological Publications, Red Hill ACT, Australia, 1999.

Kimmel, Eleonora: Cosmobiology for the 21st Century, American Federation of Astrologers, Tempe AZ USA, 2000.

Ober, Aren: Midpoint Interpretation Simplified, 2nd Edition, Cotter Books, Cleveland OH USA, 2009.

Witte, Alfred: Der Mensch, Ludwig Rudolph Verlag, Hamburg, Germany, 1975.

Witte, Alfred: Regelwerk für Planetenbilder, Ludwig Rudolph Verlag, Hamburg, Germany, 1928.

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Historically, the term 'Kosmobiologie' was used by the German medical astrologer Friedrich Feerhow and Swiss statistician Karl Krafft in a more general sense "to designate that branch of astrology working on scientific foundations and keyed to the natural sciences".

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A horoscope is a forecast, or chart of the heavens, showing the positions of celestial bodies at specific moments in one’s life. They can reveal a lot about astrology and how occurrences affect our human bodies.

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Astrology: Science or Superstition? (theplaidzebra.com)

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Here's a riddle: what does everyone secretly read but love to deny anyway?

Their horoscope.

The long debated pseudoscience of stars has always been taboo to mention aloud. Ask someone their star sign, and you risk being accused of "acting like a girl" - but studies have always suggested that horoscopes are well read by everyone.

Seventy-five per cent of the population reads their horoscope in the newspaper, while a quarter of them actually believe in them. Those figures have stayed consistent for 80 years. Canada, the U.S, and the U.K sit among the top 7 countries whose population researches astrology.

Growing up in an irreligious home, the only notion I had of something other was in astrology. When my mother met my friends and lovers she always asked me what their star sign was. I would find out for the sake of her questioning. When she congratulated a woman on her pregnancy she would always calculate the month the baby would be born in. As I aged, we would make bets on the signs of people we met, never missing one a round. I never thought much about the fact that we never made an error - and neither did she. My mother told me one day how her friends used to gather on the beach after class. The five of them had read each other's palm lines one day, scoffing and giggling at what each others hand revealed about their luck. The fifth girlfriend didn't have a lifeline creased into her palm, and when she died a year later in a car accident, no one was joking around anymore.

While my relationship with astrology or universal energy has been massaged for years, I was never sure of what to make of it - but it always bothered me to think that it was far saner to believe in a hovering instructional God, than in energy bouncing around the stars above our heads.

Hundreds of rituals and inventions that have come from ancient civilizations have been archived and forgotten, but astrology has stayed with us pulsing in and out of popularity.

Even with the printing of newspapers becoming arduously more expensive and underfunded, the astrology section still remains viable on the last page to almost every publication. While people love to poke fun at it, it seems every person knows their own star sign.

Contrary to popular belief, publications have a certified astrologer in residence, not a basement blogger. While sometimes the writing can be tacky or excessively entertaining, these star masters are in fact drawing charts of the solar system every day. Horoscopes are a lot like forecasting the weather, the chart tells them what is happening with the planets and how it is affecting our signs today.

Darleen Downing is an astrologer in California, who is widely known as The Mystical Sister. She has identified as a witch since the age of 16, practicing the metaphysical arts for over 15 years. She is trained and certified in esoteric arts, including astrology, numerology, tarot and practical magick. She has practiced yoga and meditation for 10 years, and is certified in Reiki healing. She is the astrologer in residence for Wear Your Voice - an intersectional feminist digital publication. She firmly believes that engaging in spirituality is a powerful tool for self-actualization of ones true desires and happiness.

"Astrology actually works, and people see evidence of that from reading their horoscopes from week to week and keep coming back for more. A good astrology column is a source of self-development and creates an arena of guidance for understanding ourselves. This is something people respond to," Downing says.

The Mystical Sister provides feminine clients clarity and healing through private sessions since 2009, working with clients from New York to Nashville to the Bay areas. Whether it's assessing your natal chart or suggesting a specific yoga routine, she is hoping to guide you.

"Being a witch for me at this time is overlapping from the personal into the political. As a witch I believe in fighting for the rights of marginalized people, protecting our planet, and putting a deep emphasis on the practice of self-awareness and healing for myself and others. I was thrilled to accept the offer for Wear Your Voice when it came my way, because it's an intersectional feminist platform and I am an intersectional feminist astrologer," says Downing.

She became extremely interested in astrology after reading Eric Francis' Planet Waves. She says she noticed something so therapeutic about his horoscopes that really turned her onto the possibilities of what an astrology practice could uncover. She was encouraged to take up the study by Annabel Gat of Root Astro, who writes horoscopes for Broadly.

While other countries, such as India, centralize traditional astrology, the Western world quickly devalues the occult science-often the practice is not fully understood.

"I think people have shrugged it off because at its core, astrology is a practice of self awareness and self development, and we are coming out of a very industrial and commerce based age that put little or no emphasis on a reflective sense of self," says Downing. "As a society, we were taught that our time should be spent spending and making money, and we weren't encouraged to use tools that help us in thinking about ourselves or our relationships with others, which is what astrology does."

As Millennials abandon religion, and the obsession for scientific certainty grows - it seems spirituality is making a resurgence - a flickering shot of colour in the crack of a black and white urban society. From planetary stick n pokes, to moon jewelry, crystals and sage burning, engaging in mystical elements has become a trend. Earthly activism is awakening loudly as well, as youth are engaging in conversations about ethical living and sustainability - going from recycling to waste free lifestyles in one giant leap. The planet seems to be coming into focus socially, environmentally and politically - and humans seems to be blurring out. This generation has been actively fighting traditional gender roles and stereotypes, destroying binaries and bringing fundamental attention to androgyny.

Downing suspects the resurgence of astrological material as a hint to the rising of introspective behaviour.

Perhaps the narcissism millennials are constantly charged with is manifesting into self-awareness after all.

"I think we are in a beautiful time right now where there is a lot of awakening to awareness and self development, especially through mystical practices and I think people are interested in using astrology as a tool, which is wonderful, so it's already something that's on peoples radar," says Downing. "People are starting to awaken out of that [industrial] modality of thinking, especially in light of current world politics and social developments. I think the younger generations are increasingly self aware and there is a real power in that."

Astrology is the study of celestial bodies, interpreting their movement as having an influence on human affairs and events in the natural world.

The ancient study began in 3000 B.C in Babylonia and was built upon as it was passed down through battle - from the Greeks, to the Romans, the Arabs and then to India where astrology was embroidered with Hindu ideas. For more than 2,000 years astrology and astronomy were thought to be the same science.

The earliest astrology was used to bring a sense of order out of the chaos reflected on the Gods. It was the earliest sense of divinity in the world, as the foundation for astrology predates the sacred writings of nearly all religions and philosophies. It was used to predict weather patterns for agricultural purposes, and eventually included forecasts of natural disasters and wars.

As creatures on planet Earth, we exist within the framework of space and time. Humans respond to and are shaped by their natural environment. The solar system is nature's giant clock. We follow the motion of the Sun to know what year it is, the moon to know what month it is, and Earths rotation on the axis to know what time of day it is. These celestial motions are continuous and entirely predictable. It is this continuation of space and time that enables the mystics to say: as above, so below. Our vessel takes on the nature of space and time that is relative to us, and so understanding our place in the universe can help us tune into a natural rhythm.

The zodiac is derived from the Greek word meaning "circle of animals". Early astrologers knew it took 12 lunar cycles (now months) for the Sun to return to its original position. They then identified 12 constellations that they observed to be linked to the progression of the seasons and assigned them characteristics according to their appearance or suspected energy. For example, the rainy season was always occurring when the Sun was in a particular constellation, which was then named Aquarius.

Each sign or constellation takes up a division in the zodiacal circle, each 30 degrees wide. A round chart is drawn where in the Earth is planted in the center. The top of the circle is the Sun at its highest point during the day. Left and right are the eastern and western horizons. The planets have yearlong elliptical orbits through the zodiac and are known to possess distinct powers, being massive bodies of energy in motion. When a planet moves into a division of the zodiac, it will vibrate and emit its energy in the mode of that sign. Being organisms on Earth, it is understood that these frictions can affect us in some way.

While people often know which zodiac their birthday falls into, there are actually three signs you must know to understand your cosmic makeup.

We are multidimensional humans in a multidimensional world, where the energy of every planet and star is engaging with us. Planets that have greater orbits have less of an individual affect, and affect generationally. The truth behind your astrological imprint lies in how these three signs interact.

In addition to your sun sign - the position the Sun was in at your birth, which represents your self expression or motivation - you have an ascendant or rising sign, and a moon sign. Your rising reflects the zodiac sign that was ascending on the eastern horizon the moment you were born. It represents the way others see you or our stage in life. Your moon sign is the position the moon was in when you were born, and it represents your private emotionality, temperament and the ties that come from your childhood. It is said that the Sun and Moon form a mindset-the conscious and unconscious or the projective and the reflective-that is then hosted by the vessel of the Ascendant. The Sun and Moon after all, illuminate the earthly stage.

The most notable resistance to astrology is met by people who believe their Sun sign sound nothing like them. This is because the two other signs may add, subtract, or cancel something out. For example, your Leo sun may assume personable qualities of a confident entertainer, but your Pisces moon is introverted and insecure. Sometimes astrological pairings of signs are catastrophic to our inner harmony and cause tension in the self, and sometimes they weave together like a force. People are often unaware of parts of their exterior or find it difficult to accept something about themselves. Much like psychology, hearing things about yourself can be uncomfortable and can sound generic.

Both psychology and astrology involve a scientific method, but generally crutch on a lot of social surveying and patterning to prove their case - which is challenging for accuracy.

Downing says a huge myth she is constantly facing is people trying to figure out exactly who they are supposed to date by using simple star sign compatibility.

"People forget that we each have a unique astrological imprint including a rising and a moon sign that can alter how we participate in romantic relationships," says Downing. "You may not want to dismiss someone as a potential date or mate because you've read somewhere that your sun signs are incompatible."

To know your three signs you must know the date, time and place of your birth. The numbers are plugged into an equation to create a chart called your Natal or Birth Chart.

It provides the astrologer with a snapshot of the universe at the moment you were conceived. This becomes a sort of time signature, your original state of oneness with Nature. Computer programs have made this extremely easy - but proper interpretation of the chart is both an art of intuition and a science. Your chart is best left in the hands of an accredited astrologer to translate the shapes, distances and placements drawn.

There are hundreds of variables for theoretical influences, making combinations and predications infinite.

Each zodiac sign has a specific description that can boil down to a few key words. It is represented by a planet, an animal or symbol, and an element. For example Capricorn, ruler of Saturn, symbol of the Goat, is an earth sign. All these components are taken into consideration. Your three signs could make you a full water being, or perhaps two fires and an air.

To complicate the process, there is also a distinct series of astrological houses mapped across the zodiacal chart. Houses are divisions in space of the energy field of the Earth, such that there is a 12-fold division, paralleling the 12-fold division of the zodiac. In the course of 24 hours, every celestial object will appear to swing around through them all, taking an average of 2 hours to pass through. The houses are connected to more mundane earthly affairs. Examples include: romance, health, money and security, communication, etc. The 12 can be split into four groups of three, being air, water, fire, or earth houses. Over decades, the names of the houses have reformed to connect to our more civilized reality. Career success was certainly not used in the ancient study.

"In the olden days the houses had very specific meanings, which of course were often times much more complicated and bleaker than how they are interpreted now," explains Downing. "Some of these meanings have evolved, because life in say, medieval times were much harder and different than they are now. I think astrology has progressed as our consciousness has. It's almost running a similar parallel to the evolution of psychology or psychoanalysis in some ways, say as a therapeutic practice. However astrologers still follow ancient rules, and the signs and planets are still steeped and based in ancient archetypes and myth."

The interpretation of an individual requires combining these meanings in an ingenious manner: the planets are specific energies, modulated by the energy of their sign, which play themselves out in the department of your life represented by their particular house position.

In other words, the planet is the basic quality, the sign is how it is expressed, and the house is where it is expressed.

The biggest rule in reading is that no factor of the chart can be judged in isolation.

To complicate further, there are apparent angles between planets or points which can be hard or soft, that are visible on your chart. They are known as aspects, and there are five: conjunction, sextile, square, trine and opposition.

And on top of all this, one must keep in mind additional aspects which includes stars, asteroids, eclipse nodes, midpoint parallels of declination, retrograde distances and harmonic aspects.

Scientists have long been battling the legitimacy of astrology, often with the fist of their pride, not wanting to give the stars a place in our reality.

Some will undoubtedly dismiss astrology as superstitious nonsense. Others will acknowledge the gravitational forces exerted on our planet by the Sun and Moon but will deduce the possibility of energy on other planets. Others can't tie up all the threads, but see the philosophy as something that cannot be ignored. For centuries it has been ridiculed and respected in the same breath, never losing its ground.

One thing we can confirm - is that scientists have already proven that our bodies are made up of the same celestial ingredients as the stars and planets.

While assuming our bodies have a divine connection to space is a bigger leap, Cosmobiology refines some of these notions. Forget about anecdotal horoscopes momentarily, and think about the universe.

Cosmobiology is the study of biological aspects of social behaviour in animals and humans. There is a documented connection between the rhythms of organic life on Earth and the motions in the cosmos. For example, certain marine animals follow the phases of the moon even when they are cut off from its light swimming miles away from the wash of the tides. The Moons strong gravitational pull governs the Earths tide according to its orbit. As humans, we are 60 per cent water, with that percentage being much higher for infants. Our water retention, blood, digestive motion, cellular moisture and menstruation is responding to moon energy. Cosmobiology confirms the influence of the Moon, and also of the Sun - using modern scientific methods, statistic analysis and computer programming.

The Earth has a rotating molten-iron core that generates a magnetic field, whose strength has been diminishing throughout history - being tracked since the 1800s. The Sun too, has a magnetic field that changes dramatically within its 11-year cycle.

The Sun releases sunspots and solar flares that eject mass bursts of matter and energy into the solar system. These highly energized particles inject into Earth, which is surrounded by a bubble of air reaching 350 miles into space. The Sun's blasts vibrate Earth's magnetosphere and cause geomagnetic storms. Disruptions occur in electrical fields: radio communication, satellites and climates - but also in bioelectrical fields, such as the rhythms of animals and blood dynamics. Our blood pressure changes, our chemical state alters causing higher rates of depression, heart attacks and death.

Cosmobiology really took off when doctors and clinics started noticing heart attack occurrences would double during rainstorms or moments of malfunctioning telephone lines.

Highly active sunspots were correlated to these disruptions. There are plenty studies written on the Solar Hormone Theory, exploring the relationship between sun radiation and magnetism to human behavior and conditions such as cervical cancer, pregnancy and miscarriages.

While electrical and bioelectrical fields are being disrupted, the residue creeps into our emotional systems, social and political.

Human aggression as seen in international conflicts, terrorist attacks, wars and revolutions have occurred in cycles that can be linked to solar and geomagnetic activity.

In 1960, German scientists analyzed 362,000 industrial accidents over a two-year period and found an increase of 25 per cent in accident rates on days of strong electromagnetic radiation. They analyzed 21,000 traffic accidents and came to the same conclusion.

Clumsiness is scientifically increased on days of high radiation and geo disturbance.

Hundreds of other experiments have lead to similar discoveries. In 1967 scientists replaced the part of the brain in cockroaches responsible for waking them up at midnight and sending them to sleep at 6 a.m. Without this division, they lost all sense of time and died. The scientists then swapped these parts between a British and Australian roach, and everything was back to normal, because the suns radiation synchronizes and recalibrates the biological clock. This showed that our biological clock too is functioning in harmony with our astrological clock.

While the powers of the Sun are undeniable, even though it is 150 million kilometers away from us, somehow people cannot give a shred of recognition to planetary energies. As we enter a statistic-based world, driven by mad scientists who are perpetually stomping on the mystics, I worry about the dissemination of astrology, but Downing believes it will never lose it's ground to the authorities of science.

"I believe that the more we understand about our universe and the planets and energetic vibrations of those planets, the more we will see evidence that astrology is real, and these planets and transits truly are affecting our moods, senses and directions in life."

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Meet the witch who is using astrology to help millennials become more self-aware

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Here's a riddle: what does everyone secretly read but love to deny anyway? Their horoscope. The long debated pseudoscience of stars has always been taboo to mention aloud. Ask someone their star sign, and you risk being accused of "acting like a girl" - but studies have always suggested that horoscopes are well read by everyone.

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Astrology and science - Wikipedia

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Astrology consists of a number of belief systems that hold that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events or descriptions of personality in the human world. Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe. Scientific testing has found no evidence to support the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions.

Where astrology has made falsifiable predictions, it has been falsified. The most famous test was headed by Shawn Carlson and included a committee of scientists and a committee of astrologers. It led to the conclusion that natal astrology performed no better than chance. Astrologer and psychologist Michel Gauquelin claimed to have found statistical support for "the Mars effect" in the birth dates of athletes, but it could not be replicated in further studies. The organisers of later studies claimed that Gauquelin had tried to influence their inclusion criteria for the study by suggesting specific individuals be removed. It has also been suggested, by Geoffrey Dean, that the reporting of birth times by parents (before the 1950s) may have caused the apparent effect.

Astrology has not demonstrated its effectiveness in controlled studies and has no scientific validity, and is thus regarded as pseudoscience. There is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth in the way astrologers say they do that does not contradict well-understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.

Modern scientific inquiry into astrology is primarily focused on drawing a correlation between astrological traditions and the influence of seasonal birth in humans.

The majority of professional astrologers rely on performing astrology-based personality tests and making relevant predictions about the remunerator's future. Those who continue to have faith in astrology have been characterised as doing so "in spite of the fact that there is no verified scientific basis for their beliefs, and indeed that there is strong evidence to the contrary". Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson commented on astrological belief, saying that "part of knowing how to think is knowing how the laws of nature shape the world around us. Without that knowledge, without that capacity to think, you can easily become a victim of people who seek to take advantage of you".

The continued belief in astrology despite its lack of credibility is seen as a demonstration of low scientific literacy, although some continue to believe in it even though they are scientifically literate.

The foundations of the theoretical structure used in astrology originate with the Babylonians, although widespread usage did not occur till the start of the Hellenistic period after Alexander the Great swept through Greece. It was not known to the Babylonians that the constellations are not on a celestial sphere and are very far apart. The appearance of them being close is illusory. The exact demarcation of what a constellation is, is cultural, and varied between civilisations. Ptolemy's work on astronomy was driven to some extent by the desire, like all astrologers of the time, to easily calculate the planetary movements. Early western astrology operated under the ancient Greek concepts of the Macrocosm and microcosm; and thus medical astrology related what happened to the planets and other objects in the sky to medical operations. This provided a further motivator for the study of astronomy. While still defending the practice of astrology, Ptolemy acknowledged that the predictive power of astronomy for the motion of the planets and other celestial bodies ranked above astrological predictions.

During the Islamic Golden Age, astronomy was funded so that the astronomical parameters, such as the eccentricity of the sun's orbit, required for the Ptolemaic model could be calculated to a sufficient accuracy and precision. Those in positions of power, like the Fatimid Caliphate vizier in 1120, funded the construction of observatories so that astrological predictions, fuelled by precise planetary information, could be made. Since the observatories were built to help in making astrological predictions, few of these observatories lasted long due to the prohibition against astrology within Islam, and most were torn down during or just after construction.

The clear rejection of astrology in works of astronomy started in 1679, with the yearly publication La Connoissance des temps. Unlike the west, in Iran, the rejection of heliocentrism continued up towards the start of the 20th century, in part motivated by a fear that this would undermine the widespread belief in astrology and Islamic cosmology in Iran. The first work, Falak al-sa'ada by Ictizad al-Saltana, aimed at undermining this belief in astrology and "old astronomy" in Iran was published in 1861. On astrology, it cited the inability of different astrologers to make the same prediction about what occurs following a conjunction, and described the attributes astrologers gave to the planets as implausible.

Science and non-science are often distinguished by the criterion of falsifiability. The criterion was first proposed by philosopher of science Karl Popper. To Popper, science does not rely on induction; instead, scientific investigations are inherently attempts to falsify existing theories through novel tests. If a single test fails, then the theory is falsified.

Therefore, any test of a scientific theory must prohibit certain results that falsify the theory, and expect other specific results consistent with the theory. Using this criterion of falsifiability, astrology is a pseudoscience.

Astrology was Popper's most frequent example of pseudoscience. Popper regarded astrology as "pseudo-empirical" in that "it appeals to observation and experiment", but "nevertheless does not come up to scientific standards".

"No puzzles to solve"

In contrast to Popper, the philosopher Thomas Kuhn argued that it was not lack of falsifiability that makes astrology unscientific, but rather that the process and concepts of astrology are non-empirical. To Kuhn, although astrologers had, historically, made predictions that "categorically failed", this in itself does not make it unscientific, nor do the attempts by astrologers to explain away the failure by claiming it was due to the creation of a horoscope being very difficult (through subsuming, after the fact, a more general horoscope that leads to a different prediction).

Rather, in Kuhn's eyes, astrology is not science because it was always more akin to medieval medicine; they followed a sequence of rules and guidelines for a seemingly necessary field with known shortcomings, but they did no research because the fields are not amenable to research, and so, "They had no puzzles to solve and therefore no science to practise."

Progress, practice and consistency

Philosopher Paul Thagard believed that astrology can not be regarded as falsified in this sense until it has been replaced with a successor. In the case of predicting behaviour, psychology is the alternative. To Thagard a further criterion of demarcation of science from pseudoscience was that the state of the art must progress and that the community of researchers should be attempting to compare the current theory to alternatives, and not be "selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations".

Progress is defined here as explaining new phenomena and solving existing problems, yet astrology has failed to progress having only changed little in nearly 2000 years. To Thagard, astrologers are acting as though engaged in normal science believing that the foundations of astrology were well established despite the "many unsolved problems", and in the face of better alternative theories (Psychology). For these reasons Thagard viewed astrology as pseudoscience.

are focused on comparing their approach to others.

have a consistent approach.

try to falsify their theory through experiment.

What if throughout astrological writings we meet little appreciation of coherence, blatant insensitivity to evidence, no sense of a hierarchy of reasons, slight command over the contextual force of critieria, stubborn unwillingness to pursue an argument where it leads, stark naivete concerning the efficacy of explanation and so on? In that case, I think, we are perfectly justified in rejecting astrology as irrational. ... Astrology simply fails to meet the multifarious demands of legitimate reasoning.

This poor reasoning includes appeals to ancient astrologers such as Kepler despite any relevance of topic or specific reasoning, and vague claims. The claim that evidence for astrology is that people born at roughly "the same place have a life pattern that is very similar" is vague, but also ignores that time is reference frame dependent and gives no definition of "same place" despite the planet's moving in the reference frame of the solar system. Other comments by astrologers are based on severely erroneous interpretations of basic physics, such as the general belief by medieval astrologers that the geocentric solar system corresponded to an atom. Further, James noted that response to criticism also relies on faulty logic, an example of which was a response to twin studies with the statement that coincidences in twins are due to astrology, but any differences are due to "heredity and environment", while for other astrologers the issues are too difficult and they just want to get back to their astrology. Further, to astrologers, if something appears in their favour, they latch upon it as proof, while making no attempt to explore its implications, preferring to refer to the item in favour as definitive; possibilities that do not make astrology look favourable are ignored.

Astrologers often avoid making verifiable predictions, and instead rely on vague statements that let them try to avoid falsification. Across several centuries of testing, the predictions of astrology have never been more accurate than that expected by chance alone. One approach used in testing astrology quantitatively is through blind experiment. When specific predictions from astrologers were tested in rigorous experimental procedures in the Carlson test, the predictions were falsified. All controlled experiments have failed to show any effect.

In 1955, astrologer and psychologist Michel Gauquelin stated that although he had failed to find evidence to support such indicators as the zodiacal signs and planetary aspects in astrology, he had found positive correlations between the diurnal positions of some of the planets and success in professions (such as doctors, scientists, athletes, actors, writers, painters, etc.), which astrology traditionally associates with those planets. The best-known of Gauquelin's findings is based on the positions of Mars in the natal charts of successful athletes and became known as the " Mars effect". A study conducted by seven French scientists attempted to replicate the claim, but found no statistical evidence. They attributed the effect to selective bias on Gauquelin's part, accusing him of attempting to persuade them to add or delete names from their study.

Geoffrey Dean has suggested that the effect may be caused by self-reporting of birth dates by parents rather than any issue with the study by Gauquelin. The suggestion is that a small subset of the parents may have had changed birth times to be consistent with better astrological charts for a related profession. The sample group was taken from a time where belief in astrology was more common. Gauquelin had failed to find the Mars effect in more recent populations, where a nurse or doctor recorded the birth information. The number of births under astrologically undesirable conditions was also lower, indicating more evidence that parents choose dates and times to suit their beliefs.

Carlson's experiment

Shawn Carlson's now renowned experiment was performed by 28 astrologers matching over 100 natal charts to psychological profiles generated by the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) test using double blind methods.

The experimental protocol used in Carlson's study was agreed to by a group of physicists and astrologers prior to the experiment. Astrologers, nominated by the National Council for Geocosmic Research, acted as the astrological advisors, and helped to ensure, and agreed, that the test was fair. They also chose 26 of the 28 astrologers for the tests, the other two being interested astrologers who volunteered afterwards. The astrologers came from Europe and the United States. The astrologers helped to draw up the central proposition of natal astrology to be tested. Published in in 1985, the study found that predictions based on natal astrology were no better than chance, and that the testing "clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis".

Scientist and former astrologer Geoffrey Dean and psychologist Ivan Kelly conducted a large-scale scientific test, involving more than one hundred cognitive, behavioural, physical and other variables, but found no support for astrology. A further test involved 45 confident astrologers, with an average of 10 years' experience and 160 test subjects (out of an original sample size of 1198 test subjects) who strongly favoured certain characteristics in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to extremes. The astrologers performed much worse than merely basing decisions off the individuals' ages, and much worse than 45 control subjects who did not use birth charts at all.

Beyond the scientific tests astrology has failed, proposals for astrology face a number of other obstacles due to the many theoretical flaws in astrology including lack of consistency, lack of ability to predict missing planets, lack of connection of the zodiac to the constellations in western astrology, and lack of any plausible mechanism. The underpinnings of astrology tend to disagree with numerous basic facts from scientific disciplines.

Testing the validity of astrology can be difficult because there is no consensus amongst astrologers as to what astrology is or what it can predict. Dean and Kelly documented 25 studies, which had found that the degree of agreement amongst astrologers' predictions was measured as a low 0.1. Most professional astrologers are paid to predict the future or describe a person's personality and life, but most horoscopes only make vague untestable statements that can apply to almost anyone.

Georges Charpak and Henri Broch dealt with claims from western astrology in the book Debunked! ESP, Telekinesis, and other Pseudoscience. They pointed out that astrologers have only a small knowledge of astronomy and that they often do not take into account basic features such as the precession of the equinoxes. They commented on the example of Elizabeth Teissier who claimed that "the sun ends up in the same place in the sky on the same date each year" as the basis for claims that two people with the same birthday but a number of years apart should be under the same planetary influence. Charpak and Broch noted that "there is a difference of about twenty-two thousand miles between Earth's location on any specific date in two successive years" and that thus they should not be under the same influence according to astrology. Over a 40 years period there would be a difference greater than 780,000 miles.

Edward W. James, commented that attaching significance to the constellation on the celestial sphere the sun is in at sunset was done on the basis of human factors-namely, that astrologers didn't want to wake up early, and the exact time of noon was hard to know. Further, the creation of the zodiac and the disconnect from the constellations was because the sun is not in each constellation for the same amount of time. This disconnection from the constellations led to the problem with precession separating the zodiac symbols from the constellations that they once were related to. Philosopher of science, Massimo Pigliucci commenting on the movement, opined "Well then, which sign should I look up when I open my Sunday paper, I wonder?"

The tropical zodiac has no connection to the stars, and as long as no claims are made that the constellations themselves are in the associated sign, astrologers avoid the concept that precession seemingly moves the constellations because they don't reference them. Charpak and Broch, noting this, referred to astrology based on the tropical zodiac as being "...empty boxes that have nothing to do with anything and are devoid of any consistency or correspondence with the stars." Sole use of the tropical zodiac is inconsistent with references made, by the same astrologers, to the Age of Aquarius, which depends on when the vernal point enters the constellation of Aquarius.

Some astrologers make claims that the position of all the planets must be taken into account, but astrologers were unable to predict the existence of Neptune based on mistakes in horoscopes. Instead Neptune was predicted using Newton's law of universal gravitation. The grafting on of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto into the astrology discourse was done on an basis.

On the demotion of Pluto to the status of dwarf planet, Philip Zarka of the Paris Observatory in Meudon, France wondered how astrologers should respond:

Should astrologers remove it from the list of luminars [Sun, Moon and the 8 planets other than earth] and confess that it did not actually bring any improvement? If they decide to keep it, what about the growing list of other recently discovered similar bodies (Sedna, Quaoar. etc), some of which even have satellites (Xena, 2003EL61)?

Astrology has been criticised for failing to provide a physical mechanism that links the movements of celestial bodies to their purported effects on human behaviour. In a lecture in 2001, Stephen Hawking stated "The reason most scientists don't believe in astrology is because it is not consistent with our theories that have been tested by experiment." In 1975, amid increasing popular interest in astrology, The Humanist magazine presented a rebuttal of astrology in a statement put together by Bart J. Bok, Lawrence E. Jerome, and Paul Kurtz. The statement, entitled "Objections to Astrology", was signed by 186 astronomers, physicists and leading scientists of the day. They said that there is no scientific foundation for the tenets of astrology and warned the public against accepting astrological advice without question. Their criticism focused on the fact that there was no mechanism whereby astrological effects might occur:

We can see how infinitesimally small are the gravitational and other effects produced by the distant planets and the far more distant stars. It is simply a mistake to imagine that the forces exerted by stars and planets at the moment of birth can in any way shape our futures.

Astronomer Carl Sagan declined to sign the statement. Sagan said he took this stance not because he thought astrology had any validity, but because he thought that the tone of the statement was authoritarian, and that dismissing astrology because there was no mechanism (while "certainly a relevant point") was not in itself convincing. In a letter published in a follow-up edition of The Humanist, Sagan confirmed that he would have been willing to sign such a statement had it described and refuted the principal tenets of astrological belief. This, he argued, would have been more persuasive and would have produced less controversy.

The use of poetic imagery based on the concepts of the macrocosm and microcosm, " as above so below" to decide meaning such as Edward W. James' example of "Mars above is red, so Mars below means blood and war", is a false cause fallacy.

Many astrologers claim that astrology is scientific. If one were to attempt to try to explain it scientifically, there are only four fundamental forces (conventionally), limiting the choice of possible natural mechanisms. Some astrologers have proposed conventional causal agents such as electromagnetism and gravity. The strength of these forces drops off with distance. Scientists reject these proposed mechanisms as implausible since, for example, the magnetic field, when measured from earth, of a large but distant planet such as Jupiter is far smaller than that produced by ordinary household appliances. Astronomer Phil Plait noted that in terms of magnitude, the sun is the only object with an electromagnetic field of note, but astrology isn't based just off the sun alone. While astrologers could try to suggest a fifth force, this is inconsistent with the trends in physics with the unification of electromagnetism and the weak force into the electroweak force. If the astrologer insisted on being inconsistent with the current understanding and evidential basis of physics, that would be an extraordinary claim. It would also be inconsistent with the other forces which drop off with distance. If distance is irrelevant, then, logically, all objects in space should be taken into account.

Carl Jung sought to invoke synchronicity, the claim that two events have some sort of acausal connection, to explain the lack of statistically significant results on astrology from a single study he conducted. However, synchronicity itself is considered neither testable nor falsifiable. The study was subsequently heavily criticised for its non-random sample and its use of statistics and also its lack of consistency with astrology.

In 1949 Bertram Forer conducted a personality test on students in his classroom. Each student was given a supposedly individual assessment but actually all students received the same assessment. The personality descriptions were taken from a book on astrology. When the students were asked to comment on the accuracy of the test, more than 40% gave it the top mark of 5 out of 5, and the average rating was 4.2. The results of this study have been replicated in numerous other studies.

The study of the Barnum/Forer effect has been focused mostly on the level of acceptance of fake horoscopes and fake astrological personality profiles. Recipients of these personality assessments consistently fail to distinguish between common and uncommon personality descriptors. In a study by Paul Rogers and Janice Soule (2009), which was consistent with previous research on the issue, it was found that those who believed in astrology are generally more susceptible to giving more credence to the Barnum profile than sceptics.

By a process known as self-attribution, it has been shown in numerous studies that individuals with knowledge of astrology tend to describe their personalities in terms of traits compatible with their sun signs. The effect is heightened when the individuals were aware that the personality description was being used to discuss astrology. Individuals who were not familiar with astrology had no such tendency.

In 1953, sociologist Theodor W. Adorno conducted a study of the astrology column of a Los Angeles newspaper as part of a project that examined mass culture in capitalist society. Adorno believed that popular astrology, as a device, invariably led to statements that encouraged conformity-and that astrologers who went against conformity with statements that discouraged performance at work etc. risked losing their jobs. Adorno concluded that astrology was a large-scale manifestation of systematic irrationalism, where flattery and vague generalisations subtly led individuals to believe the author of the column addressed them directly. Adorno drew a parallel with the phrase opium of the people, by Karl Marx, by commenting, "Occultism is the metaphysic of the dopes."

False balance is where a false, unaccepted or spurious viewpoint is included alongside a well reasoned one in media reports and TV appearances and as a result the false balance implies "there were two equal sides to a story when clearly there were not". During Wonders of the Solar System, a TV programme by the BBC, the physicist Brian Cox said: "Despite the fact that astrology is a load of rubbish, Jupiter can in fact have a profound influence on our planet. And it's through a force... gravity." This upset believers in astrology who complained that there was no astrologer to provide an alternative viewpoint. Following the complaints of astrology believers, Cox gave the following statement to the BBC: "I apologise to the astrology community for not making myself clear. I should have said that this new age drivel is undermining the very fabric of our civilisation." In the programme Stargazing Live, Cox further commented by saying: "in the interests of balance on the BBC, yes astrology is nonsense." In an editorial in the medical journal , editor Trevor Jackson cited this incident showing where false balance could occur.

Studies and polling have shown that the belief in astrology is higher in western countries than might otherwise be expected. In 2012, in polls 42% of Americans said they thought astrology was at least partially scientific. This belief decreased with education and education is highly correlated with levels of scientific knowledge.

Some of the reported belief levels are due to a confusion of astrology with astronomy (the scientific study of celestial objects). The closeness of the two words varies depending on the language. A plain description of astrology as an "occult influence of stars, planets etc. on human affairs" had no impact on the general public's assessment of whether astrology is scientific or not in a 1992 eurobarometer poll. This may partially be due to the implicit association amongst the general public, of any wording ending in "-ology" with a legitimate field of knowledge. In Eurobarometers 224 and 225 performed in 2004, a split poll was used to isolate confusion over wording. In half of the polls, the word "astrology" was used, while in the other the word "horoscope" was used. Belief that astrology was at least partially scientific was 76%, but belief that horoscopes were at least partially scientific was 43%. In particular, belief that astrology was very scientific was 26% while that of horoscopes was 7%. This appeared to indicate that the high level of apparent polling support for astrology in the EU was indeed due to confusion over terminology.

1. Zarka, Philippe (2011). "Astronomy and astrology". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 5 (S260): 420-425. Bibcode:2011IAUS..260..420Z. doi:10.1017/S1743921311002602.

2. Bennett, Jeffrey; Donohue, Megan; Schneider, Nicholas; Voit, Mark (2007). The cosmic perspective (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. pp. 82-84. ISBN 978-0-8053-9283-8.

3. ^ Hansson, Sven Ove; Zalta, Edward N. "Science and Pseudo-Science". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

4. ^ Hartmann, P; Reuter, M.; Nyborga, H. (May 2006). "The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study". Personality and Individual Differences. 40 (7): 1349-1362. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017. To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book Astrology: Science or superstition? by Eysenck and Nias (1982).

5. ^ Peter D. Asquith, ed. (1978). Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1. Dordrecht u.a.: Reidel u.a. ISBN 978-0-917586-05-7.
"Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding". science and engineering indicators 2006. National Science Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. About three-fourths of Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 survey items[29]" ..." Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places/situations, telepathy/communication between minds without using traditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone who has died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a "spirit-being" to temporarily assume control of a body.

6. ^ Hamilton, Mark (6 May 2015). "Astrology as a culturally transmitted heuristic scheme for understanding seasonality effects: a response to Genovese(2014)". Comprehensive Psychology. 4: 4-7. doi:10.2466/17.CP.4.7. S2CID 148369358.

7. ^ Odent, M. (2005). "Seasonality of Birth: Is There a Link between Primal Health Research and Astrology?". Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health. 20 (2): 143-155. S2CID 142143148.

8. ^ Allum, Nick (13 December 2010). "What Makes Some People Think Astrology Is Scientific?". Science Communication. 33 (3): 341-366. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.598.6954. doi:10.1177/1075547010389819. S2CID 53334767. This underlies the "Barnum effect". Named after the 19th-century showman Phineas T. Barnum, whose circus act provided "a little something for everyone", it refers to the idea that people believe a statement about their personality that is vague or trivial if they think that it derives from some systematic procedure tailored especially for them (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Rogers & Soule, 2009; Wyman & Vyse, 2008). For example, the more birth detail is used in an astrological prediction or horoscope, the more credulous people tend to be (Furnham, 1991). However, confirmation bias means that people do not tend to pay attention to other information that might disconfirm the credibility of the predictions.

9. Arjomand, Kamran (1997). "The Emergence of Scientific Modernity in Iran: Controversies Surrounding Astrology and Modern Astronomy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century". Iranian Studies. 30 (1-2): 5-24. doi:10.1080/00210869708701857.

10. Stephen Thornton; Edward N. Zalta (older edition) (2018). "Karl Popper". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

11. Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013). Philosophy of pseudoscience : reconsidering the demarcation problem. Chicago [u.a.]: Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226051796.

The relevant piece is also published in, Schick Jr, Theodore (2000). Readings in the philosophy of science : from positivism to postmodernism. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Pub. pp. 33-39. ISBN 978-0-7674-0277-4.

13. Wright, Peter (1975). "Astrology and Science in Seventeenth-Century England". Social Studies of Science. 5 (4): 399-422. doi:10.1177/030631277500500402. PMID 11610221. S2CID 32085403.

14. Thagard, Paul R. (1978). "Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience". Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. 1: 223-234. doi:10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1978.1.192639. S2CID 147050929.

15. Gauquelin, Michel (1955). L'influence des astres : étude critique et expérimentale. Paris: Éditions du Dauphin.

16. ^ Benski, Claude; Nienhuys, Jan Willem; et al. (1995). The "Mars effect": a French test of over 1,000 sports champions. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-988-9.

17. ^ Matthews, Robert (17 Aug 2003). "Astrologers fail to predict proof they are wrong". The Telegraph. London.

18. ^ "British Physicist Debunks Astrology in Indian Lecture". Associated Press.

19. Randi, James. "UK MEDIA NONSENSE - AGAIN". 21 May 2004. Swift, Online newspaper of the JREF. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009.

20. Michael Shermer, ed. (2002). The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-57607-653-8.

21. ^ Paul, Annie Murphy (2005). The cult of personality testing : how personality tests are leading us to miseducate our children, mismanage our companies, and misunderstand ourselves (1st pbk. ed.). New York, N.Y.: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-8072-3.

22. ^ Wunder, Edgar (1 December 2003). "Self-attribution, sun-sign traits, and the alleged role of favourableness as a moderator variable: long-term effect or artefact?". Personality and Individual Differences. 35 (8): 1783-1789. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00002-3. The effect was replicated several times (Eysenck & Nias 1981,1982; Fichten & Sunerton, 1983; Jackson, 1979; Kelly, 1982; Smithers and Cooper, 1978), even if no reference to astrology was made until the debriefing of the subjects (Hamilton, 1995; Van Rooij, 1994, 1999), or if the data were gathered originally for a purpose that has nothing to do with astrology (Clarke, Gabriels, and Barnes, 1996; Van Rooij, Brak, & Commandeur, 1988), but the effect is stronger when a cue is given to the subjects that the study is about astrology (Van Rooij 1994). Early evidence for sun-sign derived self-attribution effects has already been reported by Silverman (1971) and Delaney & Woodyard (1974). In studies with subjects unfamiliar with the meaning of the astrological sun-sign symbolism, no effect was observed (Fourie, 1984; Jackson & Fiebert, 1980; Kanekar & Mukherjee, 1972; Mohan, Bhandari, & Meena, 1982; Mohan and Gulati, 1986; Saklofske, Kelly, & McKerracher, 1982; Silverman & Whitmer, 1974; Veno & Pamment, 1979).

23. ^ Theodor W. Adorno (Spring 1974). "The Stars Down to Earth: The Los Angeles Times Astrology Column". Telos. 1974 (19): 13-90. doi:10.3817/0374019013. S2CID 143675240.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Astrology consists of a number of belief systems that hold that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events or descriptions of personality in the human world. Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe.

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Written in the stars | Research | The Guardian

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"While an astronomer could correct for failure, an astrologer could not. An astrologer could only explain away failure but could not revise the astrological hypothesis in a meaningful way" (Wikipedia).

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Many people today use astrology to guide them every day to develop self-awareness and growth. Others call astrology superstition.

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Astrology has been around and taken seriously in many western country cultures for centuries. It was used to predict good and bad events happening in the future like weather, wars, strength of a relationship, etc.

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Astrology is the study of movements based on celestial bodies, pertaining to combinations of the planets and stars. With astrology being made up of predictions, the coincidence of how astrology and human actions being linked have not been scientifically proven.

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Cosmobiology is the study of biological aspects of social behavior in animals and humans. It explains a connection between the motion in the cosmos and organic life on Earth that change the dynamics to life on Earth.

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“It was the earliest sense of divinity in the world, as the foundation for astrology predates the sacred writings of nearly all religions and philosophies” (Celebic from Plaid Zebra).

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“Studies that claim to support astrology point out correlations, merely observed links between one happening and another” (The Guardian)

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Astrology is consisted of predictions, with no real scientific method behind it, that forecasts how the celestial body movements influences human actions and events. Astronomy uses math and science to explain the origins and evolution of the celestial bodies.

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Astrology and Astronomy use the same celestial bodies, natural objects in space such as the planets, moon, the sun, and stars , in their studies.

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Are human occurrences a coincidence or scientifically proven in relation to astrology?

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Are human occurrences a coincidence or scientifically proven in relation to astrology?

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How is religion and faith impacted by Astrology?

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How is religion and faith impacted by Astrology?

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What makes Astrology different from Astronomy when they both use the same components?

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What makes Astrology different from Astronomy when they both use the same components?