# data[].attributes.body
Nicaraguans are fleeing structural violence

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
In Record Numbers, an Unexpected Migrant Group Is Fleeing to the U.S.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Hundreds of thousands of Nicaraguans have fled their country in recent years, escaping poverty and repression under an increasingly authoritarian government.

# data[].attributes.body
https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1112682

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
France violated rights of French children detained in Syrian camps

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
France has violated the rights of French children detained for years in camps in northeast Syria by failing to repatriate them, the UN Child Rights Committee said in findings issued on Thursday.

# data[].attributes.body
Due to climate change changing the environmental landscape of south america as well as larger western companies coming into south america, a majority of the south american population has had their livelyhoods displaced, as inequalities and organized violence contunies to rise with every passing day

connection to FFBB:
in the book we can see that because of big USA corporations undercutting all of the prices for everything the economic turmoil that follows shows taht many residents in central america are so far out of a lively hood they are forced to migrate to the USA in order to be able to provide enough for their families

connection to key concept (Power):
due to the vast economic inequality it creates a system within the society that provides a large power imbalance

# data[].attributes.body
The gang violence has turned much of Honduras into a war zone, making it nearly impossible for children to safely attend school or work to provide income for their families. Students either migrate north to the US or stay home out of fear from violence. People are also dealing with displacement and poverty due to the hurricanes in November 2020.

The gang violence in Honduras only increases existing inequalities in the country that cause many families to live in poverty and force others to migrate out of the country. This connects to FFBB, where the Triqui migrates explain that they have no other choice but to migrate to the US because they cannot survive in Mexico.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Vanessa BuschschlüterBBC News Online Latin America editor

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Honduras gang violence at 'war-like levels' - NGO

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Norwegian Refugee Council says gang violence is forcing tens of thousands to flee their homes.

# data[].attributes.body
The Supreme Court’s decision which overruled Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), invoked a landmark shift in women’s health that Boston University School of Public Health professor Julia Raifman calls “structural violence.”
When abortion is considered a human right, as Raifman thinks it is, the decision to restrict access to it — which is happening in at least 19 states in the wake of the decision — becomes a structurally violent one.

This is impacting women's agency. They are losing bodily autonomy and health and social policies drive population health and health disparities.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Politics
"The crisis applies to everyone in our society and in our democracy."

The Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, which overruled Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), invoked a landmark shift in women's health that Boston University School of Public Health professor Julia Raifman calls "structural violence."

Structural violence is a form of violence in which people are unable to secure their basic needs due to social structures or institutions. When abortion is considered a human right, as Raifman thinks it is, the decision to restrict access to it - which is happening in at least 19 states in the wake of the decision - becomes a structurally violent one.

"It's a policy decision that brings population-wide harm and exacerbates disparities," Raifman told Boston.com this week.

The U.S. already has higher maternal mortality and child poverty rates than many other countries, and she said the overturning of Roe would only make these existing issues worse.

Raifman, who is an assistant professor in the department of Health Law, Policy & Management at the Boston University School of Public Health, researches how health and social policies drive population health and health disparities.

"[The overturn] threatens the bodily autonomy of every person who can give birth and the sense of safety of every person who cares about someone who can give birth, so I think that's really substantial," Raifman said.

And there will be negative long-term effects to this policy, she said. Raifman referenced the Turnaway Study, led by University of California San Francisco professor Diana Greene Foster, which followed 1,000 women seeking abortions over 10 years. The women were split into two groups, with one group receiving their desired abortions and the other group getting turned away at abortion clinics.

The study found that six months later, the women who had been denied abortions were three times more likely to be unemployed than the women who received abortions. A year later, they were less likely to have aspirational future plans, and five years later, they were four times more likely to live in poverty. Raifman noted that the pandemic has only exacerbated the poverty issue further.

"Low-income people face repeated COVID infection, their kids face repeated COVID infection in schools; a single parent may have to miss multiple weeks of work due to COVID, and they might not be able to miss multiple weeks of work, they might be fired," Raifman said.

Raifman's earlier work focused on how equal rights for LGBTQ+ people improve health and wellbeing, and how religious refusal policies that allow the denial of services to LGBTQ+ people harm their health. She equated this research to the overturning of Roe - a policy that's taking away the rights of a subset of people in the population - and said even beyond losing the right to abortion, the overturn makes her nervous for the larger effects of not having this choice available.

"It's time to recognize that we're in a crisis - when so much of the population is losing fundamental rights - and the crisis applies to everyone in our society and in our democracy," Raifman said. "Many people who seek abortions have other children and are looking out not just for themselves but for their whole families."

One of Raifman's main concerns is that the overturn means women are no longer considered equal in the eyes of the law.

"I think that is one of the most substantial parts of it, in addition to all the direct terms that it brings to people who live in states that have banned abortion," Raifman said.

Raifman warned of what could come next. She thinks that retaining a democracy that we all value and in which we are all valued requires substantive action.

"This [policy] makes people who can give birth unequal; there are a lot of policies making LGBT people unequal," Raifman said. "I think we're only going to see more of these erosions of human rights and the foundations of our democracy unless there is decisive action to improve the legitimacy of our institutions and their ability to uphold human rights."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A BU School of Public Health professor says the end of Roe v. Wade amounts to 'structural violence.' Here's what that means.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Politics The Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, which overruled Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), invoked a landmark shift in women's health that Boston University School of Public Health professor Julia Raifman calls "structural violence."

# data[].attributes.body
This article discusses a rise in antisemitic incidents in the US since the coronavirus pandemic. In 2021, antisemitism rose to a high, accompanying a rise in white supremacist views and propaganda. It connects to structural violence, as antisemitism is a structure that causes harm to Jewish people through violent acts and discrimination. This connects to the violent persecution of certain groups in Mexico in Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies, such as the indigenous Triqui groups.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antisemitic incidents on rise across the U.S., report finds

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Researchers say that antisemitism rose in the U.S. in 2022 and shows little sign of abating worldwide as political radicals have gained mainstream popularity.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary: This article details some of the violations Syrian migrants in Greece have experienced to their agency. It additionally details the many forms of violence the migrants are experiencing, discussing an uptick in race-related incidents.

Key Concept: This relates to mobility, which refers to the socio-cultural processes surrounding movement. Many of these refugees are from Syria, fleeing direct violence. However, in Greece, they are experiencing structural and symbolic violence in the form of racism. Greek authorities treat these refugees as lesser, offering them asylum but forcing them to remain in poor living conditions.

Connection: This article and the event it summarizes is most similar to FFBB. Like the Mexican migrants, these Syrian migrants left their homes in hope of improving their lives. However, the reality is the receiving country is far from perfect, and the migrants continue to experience violence.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Greece hosts large numbers of asylum seekers while failing to protect their rights, including by pushing new arrivals back to Turkey. Migrant children face homelessness and lack of access to adequate healthcare and education. Victims of hate crimes are reluctant to report attacks to the police. Authorities failed to address rising violence against women and instituted measures that could heighten risks for some domestic violence survivors. Curbs on civil society groups assisting migrants and interference with independent media raised concerns about the state of rule of law in the country.

Migrants and Asylum Seekers

The government continued its heavy-handed and often abusive immigration controls. There was a mounting chorus of criticism of Greece's practice of summarily returning thousands of people to Turkey, including through violent pushbacks.

In April, the Greek ombudsman released an interim report as part of an investigation launched in 2017, criticizing authorities for failing to adequately respond to multiple allegations of pushbacks at the Greek-Turkish land border. In May, Council of Europe (CoE) Commissioner for Human Rights Dunja Mijatović urged authorities to end pushbacks at both the land and sea borders with Turkey, and to ensure independent and effective investigations. In July, EU Commissioner for Home Affairs Yilva Johansson warned Greece to end pushbacks, describing them as "violations of our fundamental European values."

Greek officials deny the allegations, and authorities regularly fail to carry-out proper investigations into pushbacks. The media reported in September that the European Commission asked Greece to set up an independent mechanism to monitor abuses at borders before it releases €15.83 million (around $18 million) in EU migration funding.

In May, the office of Greece's Supreme Court prosecutor transmitted a criminal complaint concerning 147 pushbacks between March and December 2020, filed by Helsinki Monitor, to 16 first instance prosecutors across Greece for investigations. Several other complaints regarding pushbacks and violations by Greece border forces are pending before the European Court of Human Rights.

In June, Greece expanded the use of inadmissibility procedures on the basis that Turkey is a "safe third country" to asylum seekers from Afghanistan, Somalia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh threatening to leave thousands of people in limbo, denied protection in the EU, and unable to return to Turkey as the country has not accepted returns from Greece since March 2020. These nationals represent more than 65 percent of asylum seekers in the country. Syrians have been subject to the same rules since 2016.

Nongovernmental groups (NGOs) said in July the new rules had already resulted in people being denied protection within days of their arrival, following perfunctory asylum interviews, without legal representation. More than 2,800 people were denied protection on that basis in 2020. On August 25, an appeals committee rejected the return of an Afghan family which had been refused asylum, ruling that Turkey could not be considered a safe third country for them. In June, Commissioner Johansson urged the Greek authorities to reverse the inadmissibility decisions for those who cannot be returned and examine cases on their merits.

A law that threatens asylum seekers' rights was adopted in September. NGOs and the CoE commissioner for human rights raised the alarm over the law, which undermines the right to asylum and weakens safeguards against detention and return to the risk of persecution or other human rights abuse.

During the year, the European Court of Human Rights issued interim measures for at least 13 cases regarding living conditions for vulnerable people trapped in migrant camps on the Aegean islands, requesting the urgent transfer of individuals and their families into safer accommodation, and their immediate access to urgently needed medical care. In most of the cases, authorities have failed to act.

One year after the Moria camp on Lesbos burned down, there was little progress towards improving living conditions for migrants there. Although thousands were relocated to other parts of Greece, more than 4,000 remained at time of writing on the Aegean islands, including 3,819 contained in camps. In May, the CoE commissioner for human rights warned that the government's plan to build new closed reception centres created a risk of large-scale, long-term detention. The first such center opened on Samos at the end of September.

In January, limited government soil testing confirmed dangerous levels of lead in some areas of one of the camps on Lesbos, Mavrovouni, built on of a former military shooting range. Despite the government taking some positive steps to address the situation, including fencing off an area with elevated lead levels, at time of writing, dozens of residents continued to live in tents in areas contaminated by lead. Authorities ignored calls to conduct comprehensive testing and remove all residents living near lead-contaminated areas.

By mid-October, 1,047 unaccompanied children and 3,416 others deemed vulnerable had been relocated from Greece to other EU and associated countries, including 2,812 to Germany.

Migrant Children

In a January landmark decision, the European Committee of Social Rights found that Greece violates the rights of asylum-seeking children, citing inadequate, unhealthy, and dangerous living conditions, homelessness, and inadequate access to healthcare and education.

Data on school closures in Greece linked to Covid-19 underscored significant disruption to education for children in the country during 2021. According to the ombudsman for children's rights, only one in seven asylum-seeking children living in camps on the mainland, and none on the islands, was able to attend school in the 2020-2021 school year. During school closures, no Wi-Fi hotspots, tablets, or laptops were provided to children in camps. Some camps were locked down to prevent the spread of Covid-19, with children unable to leave for school and no alternative education provided. In some cases, local officials prevented children from enrolling in public schools in nearby communities. There were persistent delays in opening classes for children who do not speak Greek.

By mid-August, 21 unaccompanied children were detained in police-run facilities despite Greece's abolition of the so-called "protective custody" regime in December 2020. No government statistics have been published since then on child detention.

Attacks on Civil Society

Greek authorities' use of criminal investigations to harass and intimidate groups that investigate abuses against migrants at Greece's border continued.

News emerged in July that 10 individuals, including 4 members of NGOs, are facing criminal investigation for allegedly facilitating the irregular entry of foreign nationals from Turkey to Lesbos. No indictment was issued following a similar investigation announced in September 2020, suggesting that it was a form of state harassment.

In March, three UN special rapporteurs addressed a joint letter to the government expressing concern about 2020 regulations hampering the work of NGOs focused on asylum and migration. According to a May report from NGO Refugee Support Aegean (RSA), since December 2020, 78 groups have had their applications rejected and another 97 have pending applications on the NGO Registry. Most provide services in camps for asylum seekers. Judicial review applications challenging the legal framework are pending before the Council of State.

In its July EU-wide rule of law report, the European Commission expressed concern about the narrowing space for civil society groups working with migrants and asylum seekers. It also said that despite reforms in the judicial system, concerns remain around the procedure of appointinga senior judges and prosecutors.

In September, the CoE human rights commissioner urged the Greek parliament to reconsider legislative proposals that hinder "life-saving" work and human rights monitoring by NGOs. The bill, which was adopted on September 3, introduces restrictions and conditions on NGOs active in areas of competence of the Greek Coast Guard, at the threat of heavy sanctions and fines.

Freedom of Media

At the end of 2020, journalist Dimitra Kroustalli resigned from the daily newspaper To Vima, citing "suffocating pressure" from the prime minister's office following a story she had written on the government's flawed monitoring of Covid-19 cases.

The European Commission flagged concerns about attacks and threats against journalists in Greece in its July rule of law report, in particular the killing of Greek investigative journalist Giorgos Karaivaz. At time of writing, no arrests had been made related to Karaivaz's murder.

In January, the citizen protection minister unveiled guidelines to implement a controversial 2020 law regulating demonstrations, which journalists are concerned will restrict their ability to report effectively.

In April, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) raised concerns about restrictions on media freedom in Greece, including the withholding of government advertising from critical outlets, accusations of government censorship, as well as violence and harassment of journalists by police during demonstrations.

Racism and Intolerance

Statistics on hate crimes for 2020, released in April by the nongovernmental Racist Violence Recording Network (RVNR), showed an increase in incidents of racist violence against refugees and migrants, and attacks on civil society groups working with them. The RVNR recorded racist incidents in the context of police enforcement of Covid-19 movement restrictions. The RVRN also recorded 30 incidents of verbal assault, physical violence, or sexual assault against individuals based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. Of the 107 incidents of hate crimes documented by the RVRN, only 35 were reported to the police. In 46 incidents, the victims said that they would not take further actions due to fear, lack of trust in the authorities, or bureaucratic obstacles.

Police statistics published in May on fines for breaches of Covid-19 measures on the islands of Lesbos, Chios, and Samos showed that between March 23, 2020 and May 24, 2021 74 percent of the fines were issued against foreigners, despite the fact foreign nationals make up a small percentage of the islands' population, raising concerns about the use of ethnic profiling, a long-standing issue in Greece. Covid-19 movement restriction measures in camps across the country were stricter than for the general population.

The trial of six people, including four police officers, for causing fatal bodily harm in the 2018 killing of 33-year-old queer activist and human rights defender Zak Kostopoulos resumed in October after being postponed in October 2020 due to Covid-19.

Women's Rights

Violence against women was the subject of heated debate during the year, after Olympic medalist Sofia Bekatorou alleged in January she had been sexually assaulted in 1998 by an official of the Greek sailing federation, triggering a national "#MeToo" movement.

In May, government passed a controversial family law, despite the risk that the law poses to women and children who are victims of domestic violence.

In March, nongovernmental group Diotima noted that during the pandemic there was an increase in reported incidents of domestic and other gender-based violence. At least 11 women have been murdered by their current or former husbands or partners in the first nine months of the year. The killings shocked the public, opening a debate on the issue of domestic violence. Women face multiple barriers to reporting domestic violence and seeking help from the state.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
World Report 2022: Rights Trends in Greece

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Greece hosts large numbers of asylum seekers while failing to protect their rights, including by pushing new arrivals back to Turkey. Migrant children face homelessness and lack of access to adequate healthcare and education. Victims of hate crimes are reluctant to report attacks to the police.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-64646802

"The UK is committing crimes against humanity after removing people from the Chagos Islands" in the 1960s and 1970s.

"The UK is today committing an appalling colonial crime, treating all Chagossians as a people without rights."

This connects to the way the US exploits migrant workers, treating them as though they don't have human rights. This also connects to the key concept of power, as the US and the UK hold influence over the minority groups they are targeting.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
By Andre Rhoden-Paul & Andrew Harding, Africa correspondent, in Johannesburg BBC News

Chagossians were evicted from the Islands to make way for a US airbase on the British territory

The UK is committing crimes against humanity after removing people from the Chagos Islands, a British territory in the Indian Ocean, a rights group said.

Human Rights Watch called for Britain to pay reparations to Chagossians and allow them to return to the islands, from which more than 1,000 people were forced to leave in the 1960s and 1970s.

The group accused the UK of "committing an appalling colonial crime".

The Foreign Office said it rejected this characterisation.

After a military base leased to the United States was established in 1966 on Diego Garcia, the largest of the 60 small islands of the Chagos Archipelago, the indigenous inhabitants were evicted from their homes. Chagossians have fought for their return ever since.

On Wednesday, Human Rights Watch - an international group investigating abuses across the world - published a report calling for the UK and US to provide reparations to Chagossian people.

The group identified three "crimes against humanity", including continued force displacement of Chagossian people, prevention of their return home and persecution of them on the grounds of race and ethnicity.

Its senior legal adviser Clive Baldwin said: "The UK is today committing an appalling colonial crime, treating all Chagossians as a people without rights.

"The UK and the US, who together expelled the Chagossians from their homes, should provide full reparations for the harm they have caused."

Crimes against humanity are acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, according to the 1998 Rome Statute which established the International Criminal Court.

Human Rights Watch also recommended King Charles issue a full and unreserved apology for crimes committed against by Chagossians by the UK.

A Foreign Office spokesperson said: "We respect the work Human Rights Watch does around the world, but we categorically reject this characterisation of events.

"The UK has made clear its deep regret about the manner in which Chagossians were removed from BIOT [British Indian Ocean Territory] in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

"We remain committed to supporting Chagossians including through a significant support package and our new British citizenship route for Chagossians launched last November."

The US government said it was "aware of the report from Human Rights Watch concerning the treatment of Chagossians in the 1960s and 1970s".

A spokesperson said: "The United States remains steadfast in its respect for and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals around the world and acknowledges the challenges faced by Chagossian communities. The manner in which Chagossians were removed is regrettable.

"And we welcome the advocacy of Human Rights Watch to promote respect for human rights globally."

The Human Rights Watch report comes as Britain is facing growing international condemnation for holding on to what it calls the British Indian Ocean Territory, with the International Court of Justice - the United Nation's highest court - ruling that the continuing British occupation of the archipelago is illegal.

The UN General Assembly has also voted, overwhelmingly, in favour of the islands being returned to Mauritius.

Mauritius claims it was forced to give up the islands in 1965 in exchange for independence, which it gained in 1968. Britain had already entered into secret talks with the US to lease Diego Garcia to Washington as a military base.

The Foreign Office insists the base helps people in Britain and around the world stay safe by helping to combat threats like terrorism and piracy.

But with all but a handful of nations backing Mauritius's claim, in November the UK agreed to open negotiations with the nation over the future of the Chagos Islands.

Mauritius insists the US can continue to keep its base on Diego Garcia, and that it will commit to resettling "any individuals of Chagossian origin" on their home islands.

Most of the population of the Chagos Islands was sent to Mauritius, 1,000 miles to the south, without compensation. Some moved to the Seychelles and to Britain, where many now live Crawley, West Sussex.

Copyright 2023 BBC. All rights reserved. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read about our approach to external linking.

Beta Terms By using the Beta Site, you agree that such use is at your own risk and you know that the Beta Site may include known or unknown bugs or errors, that we have no obligation to make this Beta Site available with or without charge for any period of time, nor to make it available at all, and that nothing in these Beta Terms or your use of the Beta Site creates any employment relationship between you and us. The Beta Site is provided on an "as is" and "as available" basis and we make no warranty to you of any kind, express or implied.

In case of conflict between these Beta Terms and the BBC Terms of Use these Beta Terms shall prevail.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chagos Islands: UK should pay reparations, says Human Rights Watch

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A rights group criticises the UK after people were evicted from the British territory in the 1960s.

# data[].attributes.body
In Pakistan, (all of the country) girls are being deprived of education because of cost, access, and safety. This story connects to FFBB as in both cases girls are receiving less education than boys for similar reasons such as families not being able to pay for it or only being able to pay for it for boys. This is an example of inequality among genders which is also seen some in FFBB when it is stated that men are the only ones who can get jobs above their hierarchical status and somewhat in LCC, and WTNS where girls are treated unequally compared to guys, but in different ways than in the article. This can connect to both identity and power as the girls aren't getting a good education because of their identity and can connect to power because keeping the girl uneducated is a way to keep power over them as they have to work worse jobs for less money and don't have the knowledge to fight back against larger structures.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
(London) - The Pakistan government is failing to educate a huge proportion of the country's girls, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today.

The 111-page report, " 'Shall I Feed My Daughter, or Educate Her?': Barriers to Girls' Education in Pakistan," concludes that many girls simply have no access to education, including because of a shortage of government schools - especially for girls. Nearly 22.5 million of Pakistan's children - in a country with a population of just over 200 million - are out of school, the majority of them girls. Thirty-two percent of primary school age girls are out of school in Pakistan, compared with 21 percent of boys. By ninth grade, only 13 percent of girls are still in school.

"The Pakistan government's failure to educate children is having a devastating impact on millions of girls," said Liesl Gerntholtz, women's rights director at Human Rights Watch. "Many of the girls we interviewed are desperate to study, but instead are growing up without the education that would help them have options for their future."

Human Rights Watch interviewed 209 people for the report - most of them with girls who never attended school or were unable to complete their education, and their families - in all four of Pakistan's provinces: Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Sindh. Human Rights Watch also interviewed parents, educators, experts, and activists, and visited schools.

Among the factors keeping girls out of school, Human Rights Watch found, are the government's under-investment in schools, lack of schools, prohibitive school fees and related costs, corporal punishment, and a failure to enforce compulsory education. Human Rights Watch also found poor quality within both government and low-cost private schools, a lack of government regulation of private schools, and corruption.

In addition to these factors within the education system, girls are also blocked from attending school by external factors including child labor, gender discrimination, child marriage, sexual harassment, insecurity, and attacks on education.

The Pakistan government has consistently invested far less in education than is recommended by international standards. As of 2017, Pakistan was spending less than 2.8 percent of its gross domestic product on education - far below the recommended 4 to 6 percent - leaving the government's education system severely under-funded. Government schools are in such short supply that even in Pakistan's major cities, many children cannot reach a school on foot safely in a reasonable amount of time. The situation is far worse in rural areas. And there are many more schools for boys than for girls.

Aisha, around age 30, lives with her husband and their six children in an area of Peshawar where the nearest government school for boys, offering nursery school through 10th grade, is less than a five-minute walk away. The nearest government school for girls is a 30-minute walk and goes only through fifth grade. Aisha's daughter left school when she was 9 because of her parents' concerns about her safety walking to school.

"Even parents who are not educated themselves understand that their daughters' future depends on them going to school, but the government is abandoning these families," Gerntholtz said. "Pakistan's future depends on educating its children, including its girls."

An "upward bottleneck" exists as children, especially girls, get older. Secondary schools are in shorter supply than primary schools, and colleges have even less capacity, especially for girls. Many girls who complete the top level at one school cannot access a school where they could go on to the next level. In the absence of an adequate system of government schools, there has been a massive growth in the number of private schools, many of them low-cost. But poor families often cannot afford any tuition fees and the government's near-total failure to regulate and monitor these schools means that many are of poor quality.

Newly-elected Prime Minister Imran Khan's political party's manifesto promises major reforms to the education system, including for girls' education. "We will prioritise establishment and upgradation of girls' schools and provide stipends to girls and women for continuing their education," the manifesto says. It pledges to "put in place the most ambitious education agenda in Pakistan's history, spanning reform of primary, secondary, tertiary, vocational, and special education."

"The government recognizes that education reform is desperately needed and promises to make this a priority, especially for girls - a positive step," Gerntholtz said. "We hope that our findings will help the government to diagnose the problems and identify solutions that will give every Pakistani girl a bright future."
Selected Quotes from People Interviewed Lack of investment and shortage of government schools
"I could send them if there was a government school."
-Akifah, 28, mother of three children, ages 10, 8, and 7. The family moved from a village near Multan to Karachi three years earlier, looking for work, and had no choice but to settle in an area where there were only private schools the family cannot afford, and no government schools within reach.

"My parents said, 'If you are interested enough you can walk there.' Whoever wanted to, went. I found it too far. The path is lonely and isolated and there have been cases of two or three kidnappings in that area... But then I realized I needed to study so I convinced my parents and I got friends to go so we walked to school together."
-Asifa, 20, in Punjab, who delayed attending school until she was 9 or 10 because it was a 45-minute walk from her village. The school only went through eighth grade, so after that she went to live with her sister in a town where grades nine and ten were available.

"The state has never taken education seriously-proper resources have never been allocated in any state. The problem is the priories of government-education is not a priority and they don't allocate the budget."
-Head of a nongovernmental organization working on women's rights, Punjab.

"[E]very mother wants their child to be educated, but there is not a state system to deliver the services."
-Head of a community-based organization, Karachi.
Gender discrimination in the government's provision of schools
"If you have 10 schools for boys, you have 5 for girls."
-An education expert from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Poverty and the cost of education
"The government doesn't help the poor. We can't educate our children, and we can't feed ourselves."
-Rukhsana, 30, mother of three out-of-school children, whose husband is rarely able to work due to illness, who was unable to pay for school fees and related costs, Karachi.

"The school may be free, but there are always demands for money for something or the other. Copies, stationery, every day there is a new expense. A school bag alone costs 500 rupees [US$4.76].... Every day, every day, it's something."
-Zarifah, a mother of five out-of-school children, Balochistan.

"I wanted my daughters to get educated, but I couldn't because of poverty. My husband's salary is 12,000 rupees [$114] a month. At the end of the month, we are always out [of money] and wonder what to do - it is all gone. I want a school for girls who belong to poor families."

-Halima, 38, in Karachi, mother of five daughters, ages 13 to 19, none of whom studied more than a year or two. Her husband works in a chewing gum factory.
Quality concerns and corruption
"A lot of times the teacher showed up late or he would not show up at all. We would just go and sit and then come home."
-Hakimah, 17, Karachi, describing her primary school.

"For the last five years, everyone has to pay [to obtain a government teaching position]. It's worth it just for the salary - it's an investment. This has an impact on the quality of the teaching - there's no teaching."
-Director of a community-based organization, Karachi.

"Once or twice a year they [inspectors] come, unannounced. They come for a half hour. They want tea and to be entertained. You have to please them or they will say that your school is not good. Once I made the inspector wait and he got mad and left and said, 'I will write a bad report.' My colleague went to his house and gave him 25,000 rupees [$238] and we got a good report."
-Private school principal, describing government monitoring of the school, Punjab.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
(London) - The Pakistan government is failing to educate a huge proportion of the country's girls, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today. The 111-page report, " 'Shall I Feed My Daughter, or Educate Her?': Barriers to Girls' Education in Pakistan," concludes that many girls simply have no access to education, including because of a shortage of government schools - especially for girls.

# data[].attributes.headline
Social inequities reflected in wait times: The poor wait longer

# data[].attributes.subject
Social inequities reflected in wait times: The poor wait longer

# data[].attributes.body
3.

The article Social inequities reflected in wait times: The poor wait longer talks about the inequality of waiting services where Black Americans and lower-income Americans wait longer whether in grocery store lines or in a hospital waiting room, etc. This inequity can result in worsening health conditions and/or the ability to complete an important task. This article also goes on to talk about how income does not necessarily provide advantages in waiting conditions as “high-income Black people experience the same higher average wait times as low-income people regardless of race.”

Additionally, this article is backed up by the article Nature Human Behaviour co-authored by Stephen Holt, an associate professor of public administration and policy at Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, which makes it a credible source. In addition to Holt's contribution, co-author Katie Vinopal, an associate professor at Ohio State University's John Glenn College of Public Affairs, also contributes to this source.

Although this article is based in Albany, NY, there is no doubt minority groups in America experience this inequality in other places. In fact, this is only one of several injustices minority groups in America experience. This article also touches on social injustices such as racism and gender inequality.

4.

This article is a good source that connects to many world issues such as economic, social, and gender inequality, as well as racism and segregation. It also connects to the key concept of power as people have power over resources and choose whether or not to assist those in need of those resources. Additionally, power can also be seen in this article as there is a wide mention of inequalities between members of social groups, assuming that it also connects to the social structure that has been established in our society today.

Furthermore, this article connects to both the Learning Capitalist Culture and Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies ethnographies as it talks about inequality due to identity such as race. It also connects more to Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies because of limited access to resources such as salary and income.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Credit: John Cameron/Unsplash.com

Nobody likes waiting for services, whether it's a long line at the grocery store or an extra half-hour in a doctor's waiting room. Turns out wait times are not the same for everyone: Black Americans and lower income Americans wait longer.

This inequity is spelled out in an article in Nature Human Behaviour co-authored by Stephen Holt, associate professor of public administration and policy at Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy. The article, "Examining inequity in the time cost of waiting," suggests clear implications of the waiting gap, even beyond stress and the loss of productivity. Longer waits for medical services result in worse health outcomes, and long lines at the polls impact people's ability to cast their ballots.

Holt and co-author Katie Vinopal, an associate professor at Ohio State University's John Glenn College of Public Affairs, used 17 years of data from the American Time-Use Survey, based on time diaries collected by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. They compared waiting times among households of different income levels and adjusted results for work and travel time, family obligations, education and demographics.

"The unconditional gap in waiting time suggests low-income people spend at least six more hours per year waiting for services than high-income people," the article states. "Further, high-income Black people experience the same higher average wait times as low-income people regardless of race."

"Generally, people understand that we have some agency in how we decide to spend our time. What makes waiting unique is that sometimes you need the service, say medical attention for instance, and can't just choose not to wait," Holt said. "We show that economic and social inequities create inequities in our autonomy over our own time, and that disadvantaged groups pay a higher price for services in the form of their time."

Waiting in line is not the only example of income-related time inequity, Holt and Vinopal explain.

Higher-income and salaried employees people typically have the flexibility to make appointments during paid work hours, use time-saving conveniences such as food delivery, or pay someone else to take care of a child or aging parent. Low-paid and hourly employees are more likely to lose income during needed medical appointments or child-care and school obligations, and more likely to care for family members themselves. "Since women and people of color are more likely to be employed in less flexible, hourly jobs, this also has implications for gender and racial time inequality," the article states.

Lower income people are also more likely to interact with government agencies for services, necessitating "substantial time spent on paperwork, in government waiting rooms and on the phone dealing with bureaucracy," according to the article.

Racism and class discrimination add to this "time poverty." The article notes that in the 2016 presidential election residents of Black neighborhoods waited nearly 30% longer than residents of white neighborhoods, Black Americans have a harder time getting mental health appointments and people who "sound Black" on the phone take twice as long to find apartments than white-sounding callers.

"The difference in treatment when seeking basic services represents a pernicious inequality in the daily lives of the rich and poor," Holt and Vinopal write. "Beyond the economic effects of imposed unproductive time, additional time waiting for basic services makes predictable daily schedules more difficult, leading to stress and creating spillovers into the quality of time spent in other activities."

The article suggests that wait times differences are actually greater than reported, and that further study is needed into how wait time affects productivity and civic engagement, and whether socioeconomic and racial representation among public sector employees would reduce wait time and increase efficiency.

More information: Stephen B. Holt et al, Examining inequality in the time cost of waiting, Nature Human Behaviour (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01524-w

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Social inequities reflected in wait times: The poor wait longer

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Nobody likes waiting for services, whether it's a long line at the grocery store or an extra half-hour in a doctor's waiting room. Turns out wait times are not the same for everyone: Black Americans and lower income Americans wait longer.

# data[].attributes.body
Thousands more Scots living in very deep poverty
Number of people in Scotland living in deep poverty(40% below median household income) increased by 50% in 25 years. Risk for poverty increases in homes with someone that has a disability or ethnic minority. Anti-poverty charity calls for a minimum income guarantee to cover costs of essentials.
Connection: FFBB, ethnic minorities more likely to live in deep poverty due to structural violence limiting their opportunities

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.npr.org/2023/04/19/1170838123/sudan-khartoum-fighting

Civilians in Khartoum, Sudan are currently undergoing violent attacks from the Sudanese military and a "paramilitary" group called the Rapid Support Forces. The streets are too dangerous to go into, as shooting occurs for any citizen seen outside the protection of their homes, and many have become separated from their families. This connects to violence and Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies because this is a representation of political and behavioral violence. The political conflicts in this area have stimulated the fighting between these two groups, and the physical violence of shootings is a representation of behavioral violence. This is similar to the enthnography Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies because the warfare within this country could be compared to the warfare experienced in various areas of Mexico. The Sudan situation is ongoing, but if the violence continues, migration similar to that in Mexico could be necessary for safety and security.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
JOHANNESBURG, South Africa - A mother shot in the street while crouching to protect her child. A toddler trapped in a building that's been shelled, separated from her mother. A whole family hiding under a bed, with children crying from the sound of constant gunfire and shelling.

These are just some of the stories civilians living under siege the past five days in Sudan's capital Khartoum have told NPR, when reached by phone.

They describe a dire situation in the city, with no electricity, water or medicine, as they cower amid the brutal urban warfare going on in their residential neighborhoods.

The violence broke out on Saturday between the Sudanese armed forces and a paramilitary group, the Rapid Support Forces. The two are vying for power, despite promises that a civilian government would be installed after an October 2021 coup d'etat by the Sudanese military.

"On Saturday morning, April 15, we woke up to the sounds of gunfire, from that morning on we live in fear," says Hipa Salih, a Sudanese journalist. "I think we can die at any time. Nobody can feel safe in Khartoum now."

Her voice raw from breathing in smoke from gunfire and bombings, she says: "The children are crying because they're very, very scared and the house is shaking... all our family stay under the bed, the war planes over us."

Civilians have been shot in the streets

It's impossible for civilians to reach family members from whom they are separated, Salih says, so people are effectively prisoners in their own homes. One woman she knew had tried to move from one location to a safer place with her children - and was shot dead by the RSF.

"They killed her in the middle of the road - she was trying to cover her children and then they shoot her," she says.

Kholood Khair, a researcher and academic who's also hunkered down in Khartoum, says the extreme violence has shocked residents.

"On Saturday morning, everyone was kind of caught unawares," Khair says. "It's the kind of warfare one might expect in a battlefield, but instead it's taking place right in the heart of town. And the problem is for a lot of people that no one is really sure how long this is going to take - and that uncertainty is driving people's anxieties and fears."

Families are separated with no certainty of reuniting with their loved ones, she says. "A friend of mine was separated from her three-year-old daughter on Saturday and hasn't been able to get to her since. And because the streets are unsafe, she's not sure whether she's able to get to her. In addition, she found out just today that their apartment block, where her daughter is, has been hit. So these are the kinds of desperate stories, multiplied by tens of thousands, that exist all over Khartoum."

Duaa Tariq, an art curator, tells NPR she is trapped inside a house with her sister, who is five months pregnant, and two-year-old nephew. They are beginning to run out of food.

"Right now the fight has come to my neighborhood," she says. "Three people were killed two minutes away from my house from anti-aircraft, and yeah, we're very frightened and scared and we're also in a very bad situation in terms of supplies."

Democratic dreams have been repeatedly hijacked by the military

Tariq, 30, is a member of one of Sudan's grassroots pro-democracy resistance committees. She was involved in a peaceful people power revolution in 2019 that brought down President Omar al-Bashir, the North African country's longtime dictator and an indicted war criminal. Since then she's continued her activism, hoping to see a democratic Sudan.

But that dream has been repeatedly hijacked by military forces. First there was the 2021 coup, and now there's the fighting between the Sudanese army and the RSF. The two are erstwhile allies - the RSF is a Bashir-created group that grew out of the notorious Janjaweed militia responsible for abuses in Darfur.

Asked if she feels hopeless that democracy will ever come to Sudan now, Tariq is defiant.

"Our neighborhood committees, last night we went out and we did graffiti in the street, just to remind people that our voices are here. We're trying to be heard, because you know the bullets are always louder than people's voices, but we're trying to make it through."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Residents in Khartoum live in fear and desperation as fighting rages on

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
JOHANNESBURG, South Africa - A mother shot in the street while crouching to protect her child. A toddler trapped in a building that's been shelled, separated from her mother. A whole family hiding under a bed, with children crying from the sound of constant gunfire and shelling.

# data[].attributes.body
The US and Canada reached an agreement designed to limit the number of asylum seekers in both countries. The deal meant that Canada could now turn away asylum seekers crossing at illegal crossing points from the US. In turn, Canada will begin a refugee program for 15000 South and central american refugees, which will lessen pressure for illegal crossing on the US-Mexico border.

This agreement will lessen the mobility of many refugees, significantly limiting the number of asylum seekers able to move into Canada from the US. However, it will also aid the mobility of a small portion of refugees who will be helped directly into Canada from the new refugee program that was part of the deal. It also shows how many migrants there are. The article touches on how both the US and Canada have seen an incredibly large increase in the number of migrants that enter their countries each year, showing how these groups continue to move away from rising instability, violence, and poverty in their countries.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
U.S. and Canada Reach an Agreement on Diverting Asylum Seekers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The deal, reached just before President Biden arrived in Canada for an official visit, allows both countries to reduce a surge in migration.

# data[].attributes.body
Eli
https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/23655640/colorado-river-water-alfalfa-dairy-beef-meat
Big agricultural companies, mostly growing food for beef cattle and dairy cows, some of which are foreign, use up 80% of all water from the colorado river before it gets to civilians. Evidence shows that the most recent extreme drought in the colorado river basin is exhasterbated by big agribusiness. The people living in the colorado river states--Navada, Califronia, New Mexico, Arizona--are disporpritonally non-white, poor, and are seriously affected by the major water crisis going on there.
Globalization: A significant amount of the crops produced in the colorado river area are shipped out of the US and into places like Saudi Arabia. That means that the water and resources are being extracted from the people in the Western US and the actual food that's produced is being sent elsewhere--think Externalization.
Human Rights: Everyone needs water to live, and access to water is one of the most basic human rights in the world. The people reliant on the colorado river's water are being deprived of this right without much say in where it goes or how its used. Water becomes more expensive and less clean while fields of Saudi-owned alfalfa take up huge amounts of the water in the region.
This connects to FFBB because it shows how globalization can destroy the lives of the least powerful citizens and force them to move or be deprived of basic resources.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This story is part of a group of stories called
Part of the issue The 100-year-old-mistake that's reshaping the American West from , Vox's home for ambitious stories that explain our world.
Vox's home for ambitious stories that explain our world.

Last May, 30 miles east of the Las Vegas Strip, a barrel containing a dead body washed up on the shores of Lake Mead, the country's largest water reservoir. In the following months, more human remains surfaced, along with a World War II-era boat and dozens of other vessels.

While these discoveries might sound like the opening to a crime thriller, they're more than just morbid curiosities - they're flashing warning signs that the Colorado River, which supplies water and hydropower to 40 million Americans, is in crisis.

Along with Lake Powell 300 miles away, Lake Mead stores water for the lower states along the Colorado River: California, Arizona, and Nevada as well as Mexico and around 20 Indigenous reservations. But a climate change-induced "megadrought" has led to higher rates of water evaporation in recent decades and a drastic reduction in water supply, with Lake Mead currently at just 29 percent capacity. The streamflow on the northern part of the river, which supplies Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, and five Indigenous reservations, has fallen 20 percent over the last century.

Heavy snowfall in the Rocky Mountains this winter should give Lake Powell a modest boost as it melts, but not enough to assuage fears over the lakes reaching what's termed "dead pool" status, when water levels drop too low to flow through the dams. To avoid that fate, the federal government has urged states to cut their water use.

But despite news stories about drought-stricken Americans in the West taking shorter showers and ditching lawns to conserve their water supply, those efforts are unlikely to amount to much - residential water use accounts for just 13 percent of water drawn from the Colorado River. According to research published in Nature Sustainability, the vast majority of water is used by farmers to irrigate crops.

And when you zoom in to look at exactly which crops receive the bulk of the Colorado River's water, 70 percent goes to alfalfa, hay, corn silage, and other grasses that are used to fatten up cattle for beef and cows for dairy. Some of the other crops, like soy, corn grain, wheat, barley, and even cotton, may also be used for animal feed.

"Meat production is the most environmentally stressful thing people do, and reducing it would make a huge impact on the planet," said Ben Ruddell, a professor of informatics and computing at Northern Arizona University and co-author of the Nature Sustainability paper, over email to Vox. "We've known this for a long time."

The stress on the West's water supply due to alfalfa is especially acute in Utah: A staggering 68 percent of the state's available water is used to grow alfalfa for livestock feed, even though it's responsible for a tiny 0.2 percent of the state's income. Last year, the editorial board of the state's largest newspaper, the Salt Lake Tribune, declared that "it's time for Utah to buy out alfalfa farmers and let the water flow."

California takes more water from the Colorado River than any other state, and most of it goes to the Imperial Valley in the southern part of the state. It's one of the most productive agricultural regions in the US, producing two-thirds of America's vegetables during winter months. But the majority of the Imperial Valley's farmland is dedicated to alfalfa and various grasses for livestock.

In Arizona, Phoenix's backup water supply is being drained to grow alfalfa by Fondomonte, owned by Saudi Arabia's largest dairy company, which it ships 8,000 miles back to the Middle East to feed its domestic herds. (Water-starved Saudi Arabia banned growing alfalfa and some other animal feed crops within its own borders in 2018.) Across the 17 Western states, at least 10 percent of alfalfa is shipped to Asia and the Middle East where meat and dairy consumption is low compared to the US but on the rise.

A drought is the product of two interlocking factors: supply and demand. We can point to climate change for the drought that's drying up the water supply that is the Colorado River, but we have to reckon with the fact that the West's already limited water is primarily used to grow a low-value crop, alfalfa, while cities are left to spend heavily on water-saving infrastructure to keep the H2O running and ensure reserves. And ironically, all that alfalfa is used to produce beef and dairy - two food groups that themselves contribute significantly to climate change. In other words, we're using water supplies that have been shrunk in part by climate change to produce food that will in turn worsen climate change.

The West's water squeeze can be explained by poor planning in its past, but it raises a difficult question for its future: As local and state governments are forced to adapt their water use to a changing climate, do we also need to start thinking about adapting our diets?

Why there are so many water-guzzling farms in the desert

When I asked John Matthews, executive director of the Alliance for Global Water Adaptation, why there are so many water-intensive farming operations in the desert ecosystem of the Southwestern US, he had a simple answer: If we could start from scratch, we would not have designed the system we have today.

"I don't think a farmer would design it this way," he said.

The West's water system has its roots in the 1862 federal Homestead Act, which gave Western settlers up to 160 acres of land for free if they agreed to improve it and stay on it for at least five years, and later offered even more land at a reduced price if they agreed to farm it. But because there was so little water and irrigation was shoddy, Congress passed the Reclamation Act in 1902 to "reclaim" arid land in the West for agriculture. The federal government sold tracts of land to fund massive irrigation damming projects to divert rivers and streams to farms. Armed with cheap land and water backed by federal price guarantees - and aided by a warm climate that permitted an expanded growing season - Western settlers began to farm cotton and alfalfa.

Choosing to put farms on arid land wasn't the only short-sighted mistake the region made. In 1922, negotiators representing the seven states that share the river's water grossly overestimated just how much water it could provide, which locked in over-apportionment and thus overuse.

Of course, government officials at the time also couldn't foresee a historic, climate change-fueled drought, or the growth of sprawling metropolises like Phoenix and Las Vegas in the decades to come that would compete with agriculture for limited resources. (In 1920, Arizona's total population was just 334,000 people - around 20 percent of Phoenix's current population - while all of Nevada had only 77,000 people.)

And most importantly - and at the heart of the conflict today between California and its fellow Colorado River users - is how water rights were obtained.

In the Eastern US, water rights are determined using what's called the riparian doctrine - everyone who lives near a body of water has an equal right to use it, and is entitled to a "reasonable use" of it. The Western US, as is the case in so many other areas, does things differently.

Water rights in the West were determined - under state laws - by what's called the prior appropriation doctrine, which gives senior water rights to whoever first uses the water, a right they retain so long as they continue to use it. And those rights were mostly snatched up by miners during the Gold Rush era of the mid-1800s and farmers in the following decades who came to the West after the Homestead and Reclamation Acts (and some of that water and land was taken from Indigenous tribes). Even in times of shortage, senior water rights holders - many of them farmers - get priority over latecomers, like those millions of Western urbanites.

That created repeated conflict - as the old Western saying goes, "Whiskey is for drinking, water is for fighting." Over 150 years after the Gold Rush, fights over the prior appropriation doctrine are as fierce as ever, playing out in communities and between states, like Cochise County, Arizona, residents battling a water-guzzling mega-dairy, or the six Colorado River states that have agreed to slash their use to make up for the shortfall while California refuses to commit to necessary reductions. It's now the Golden State versus everyone else.

California public officials, like many California farmers, argue that they don't need to cut their water use so drastically because they hold senior rights. That's now up in the air. Earlier this month, the Department of the Interior published a draft analysis detailing three options it can take if states fail to reach an agreement: do nothing, make cuts based on existing water rights, or cut water allotments evenly among California, Arizona, and Nevada.

"This is what we have inherited: a very rigid and complex system," said Nick Hagerty, an assistant professor of agricultural economics at Montana State University, back in February.

Matthews was blunter: "It is a stupid system, but the problem is that people are really heavily invested in that system."

However, it's hard to get those who've benefited from the system for so long to change. California's Imperial Valley, home to many alfalfa farms, gets about as much water from the Colorado River as the entire state of Arizona - and farmers in the Valley pay just $20 per acre foot (326,000 gallons). Meanwhile, farmers and residents in nearby San Diego County pay around $1,000 or more per acre-foot.

ManyImperial Valley farmers are reluctant to reduce their use, citing their senior water rights. One farmer who chairs an agricultural water committee for the valley's water district told Cal Matters that unless the federal government adequately compensates farmers, mandated cuts could be akin to property theft, and blamed water shortages on urban growth and excessive use from junior water rights holders.

The Imperial Irrigation District now conserves around 15 percent of its allocation, though much of that conservation is funded by San Diego County, which receives some water from the district.

Sudden changes to the water supply can hit farmers hard, and assistance has taken various forms in recent years - and experts like Matthews want to see them get the help they need to adapt to a different, drier economy. As the US Bureau of Reclamation has reduced the water supply for several states and Mexico, a patchwork of federal and state initiatives have moved forward to compensate farmers to reduce water use.

Late last year, the Biden administration announced it will use some of the $4 billion in drought mitigation from the Inflation Reduction Act to pay farmers - as well as cities and Indigenous tribes - to cut their water use. Utah lawmakers recently proposed spending $200 million on grants for farmers to invest in promising but costly water-saving technologies, while farmers in Southern California have been paid to skip planting some of their fields.

But Hagerty says a lot more could be done: "I think it's incredibly important there be more flexibility in the system." He wants to see farmers have more leeway to transfer, sell, or lease their water rights to cities. In California, farmers don't directly hold their water rights and instead are members of irrigation districts that collectively hold those rights. But California law often impedes the districts from leasing water, leading some farmers to use water even if it may not be critical to their operations because if they don't use it, they lose it.

One solution he's proposed is a reverse auction, in which water users make bids to the federal government on how much money they'd accept to forgo a particular amount of water use. But he says any reform will inevitably be incremental because there are so many competing interests at play.

"Policymakers have been hesitant to make any real major changes, and I think that's partly because this stuff is very politically fraught," Hagerty said. "There's a whole lot of different stakeholders to keep happy."

Adapting to climate change includes changing what we eat

A number of short-term solutions should be enough to help Colorado River states get through the next few years, but in the long term, policymakers and food producers - and us - around the world will need to rethink how we farm and eat in a changing climate. It won't be enough to simply change farming practices in the Western US, as Ruddell, a co-author of the Nature Sustainability paper, noted to me.

That means altering the demand side of the water supply-demand equation and shifting diets globally to foods that use less H2O, which ultimately means less meat and dairy, as well as fewer water-intensive tree nuts like almonds, pistachios, and cashews (nut milks, however, require much less water to produce than cow's milk).
Special thanks to Laura Bult and Joss Fong on the Vox video team, whose extensive research for a November 2022 on this subject contributed to this story.
Agriculture isn't just the largest user of water in the Southwestern US, it's the largest globally, consuming 70 percent of freshwater withdrawals. And what we need in the Southwest and beyond isn't just climate adaptation, but dietary adaptation.

Just as policymakers made the Western US into the agricultural powerhouse it is today, despite its lack of something that is generally considered key to farming - water - they can also shape water policy and broader agricultural policy to ensure water security for the tens of millions of Americans west of the Mississippi River. But that will require policy changes that go beyond the dinner table.

The federal government, through deregulation, R&D investments, subsidies, and food purchasing (like for public schools and federal cafeterias), heavily favors animal agriculture. Given the meat and dairy lobby's political influence and farm states' overrepresentation in the Senate, drastic changes to our food supply in the near term, ones that would favor plant-based agriculture, are out of the realm of political possibility. But change is afoot: In March, the Biden administration announced goals to bolster R&D for plant-based meat and dairy and other animal-free food technologies. Down the road, climate change may force some state and federal government's hands to turn those goals into comprehensive agriculture policy. Already, American policymakers are mulling and making hard choices about water use, pitting crops for cows against water for people.

There's no disagreement that if the Colorado River can continue to supply Americans with running water, there will need to be cuts to agricultural use. We can learn from the mistakes made by Western planners in 1922 who overestimated how much water would flow from the Colorado River, and act now to shape food policy to adapt to a warming, drier climate.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Colorado River is going dry to give us milk, steak, and hamburgers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Part of the issue The 100-year-old-mistake that's reshaping the American West from , Vox's home for ambitious stories that explain our world. Vox's home for ambitious stories that explain our world. Last May, 30 miles east of the Las Vegas Strip, a barrel containing a dead body washed up on the shores of Lake Mead, the country's largest water reservoir.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/04/19/proper-pandemic-treaty-would-value-universal-access-over-profit

The World Health Organization is working towards creating a pandemic treaty after some of the systemic failures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the course of the past three years, vaccine rollout across the world, primarily to many countries in the global south, was slow. During the process of making this agreement, governments and companies that make vaccines have to reach an agreement that keeps the entire world healthy in the event of another pandemic.

Key Concept: Power. Globalization is definitely at play in this situation. A pandemic is the perfect example of a situation that needs to be solved by the whole world. We no longer live in individual societies, we live in a world that is interconnected and there are problems like disease and climate change that needed to be treated as such.

Book Connections: Pretty Modern, Working the Night Shift

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A proper ‘pandemic treaty’ would value universal access over profit

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Following the failures of both national and international responses to the pandemic – ranging from vaccine hoarding by wealthy countries to profit-driven vaccine distribution decisions by pharmaceutical companies – it’s clear the power imbalance within the global health world needs to be seriously c…

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/18/us/ralph-yarl-shooting-suspect-charges.html
Who: Ralph Yarl, a high school student in Kansas City was shot twice after accidentally ringing the doorbell at the wrong house.

Real World Issue: Structural Violence and Inequality
Key Concepts: Society and Social Relations
Connection to Ethnography: FFBB

This is a direct example of racism and thus structural violence occurring in Kansas. The young boy did nothing more than a simple, harmless, extremely common act of social relations, ringing someones doorbell. Yet this action rather than resulting in a friendly interaction as it usually does resulted in the shooting of an innocent young man. The shooter who was a white male "was released from police custody last week rather than being charged immediately"(Smith, Bosman) and citizens stated that, " “I have no doubt that if it was a Black homeowner who shot a white kid on his porch, he would have stayed in jail until somebody pressed charges,” she said.". It is clear that this violence was racially driven and thus a result of structural violence in the form of racism. As many have stated it is because of the racism and racist structures in place in Kansas that led to the shooting to occur in the first place but also led to the direct result in the aftermath. While the shooter , a white male, was initially released despite have just murdered an innocent boy, if the roles had been reversed, the same privilege would not have been given and thus this is an example of both structural violence and hence inequality and violence within Kansas. This can be seen through the society within Kansas and specifically the social hierarchy that exists which always favors white individuals at the top. This can be connected to FFBB because structural violence in the form of racism is extremely prevalent on the Tanaka Farms. The white workers are always higher up in the social hierarchy and thus have the best jobs and working conditions while the immigrant farm workers are always at the bottom and have the worst pay and working conditions. This is similar to the issue in Texas because structural violence is having a direct effect on their social hierarchy and thus treatment by others within their society. Therefore inequality is being created between groups of individuals specifically those of different races.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Shooting of Teen Who Rang Doorbell at Wrong House Unsettles Kansas City

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Residents and friends of the victim were searching for answers as the 84-year-old homeowner surrendered to the authorities on two felony charges.

# data[].attributes.body
This article talks about the many recent tragedies that have occured at the US-Mexico border. These deaths could have been prevented by US immigration and border policies and the Mexican government's actions.

Key concepts: Mobility (it is shown REPEATEDLY that people will immigrate in hopes of better lives (economic, political, etc) despite horrific risks; Human Rights (cruel treatment of immigrants (both through practices and laws)); Violence (structural)

Connection to Ethnographies: FFBB (immigration, push-pull factors, voluntary/involuntary migration, violence continuum)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tragedy at a Mexican Immigration Detention Center

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Last week, horrifying images circulated in the media of fire and smoke engulfing people locked in an immigration detention cell in Ciudad Juárez as guards are seen walking away as the fire killed 39 people.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65326738
Germany's president has drawn parallels between the brutal Nazi crackdown of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and Russian President Putin's full-scale invasion of Ukraine last year.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Germany's president has drawn parallels between the brutal Nazi crackdown of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and Russian President Putin's full-scale invasion of Ukraine last year.

Mr Putin "has broken international law, challenged borders, committed land grabs", said Frank-Walter Steinmeier at a commemorative ceremony in Poland.

More than 10,000 Jews were killed by the Nazis during the ghetto uprising.

Mr Steinmeier asked "for forgiveness for the crimes" Germany had committed.

The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - one of World War Two's most remarkable acts of defiance - began exactly 80 years ago as a response to Nazi efforts to send the remaining Jewish population in the Polish capital to death camps.

Hundreds of young Jewish men - armed only with pistols, machine guns and grenades - withheld the onslaught of German troops for three weeks.

About 13,000 Jews were killed, many of them burnt alive or suffocated after the Nazis burned the ghetto block-by-block.

Of the remaining 50,000 residents, almost all were captured and sent to the death camps of Majdanek and Treblinka in Nazi-occupied Poland.

On Wednesday, Mr Steinmeier - together with Polish President Andrzej Duda and Israeli President Isaac Herzog - laid wreaths at the monument to the ghetto heroes in Warsaw.

And speaking at the commemorative ceremony, the German president said that President Putin's war "brings immeasurable suffering, violence, destruction and death to the people of Ukraine".

"You in Poland, you in Israel, you know from your history that freedom and independence must be fought for and defended. You know how important it is for a democracy to defend itself.

"But we Germans, too, have learned the lessons of our history. Never again, which means that there must be no criminal war of aggression like Russia's against Ukraine in Europe."

Mr Steinmeier stressed this meant Germany and other Western nations would "stand firmly on the side of Ukraine".

It was the first time that a German head of state has been asked to speak at an anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

Unlike counterparts in other Western countries, German leaders had somewhat strained relations with Ukraine's authorities during the first few weeks of the Russian invasion, with senior officials in Kyiv openly criticising them for refusing to send modern weapons.

It was even reported that Mr Steinmeier was snubbed by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky last year, when he wanted to visit the Ukrainian capital together with other Western leaders.

But Germany is now seen as being at the forefront of Ukraine's fight with the invading forces.

Tens of thousands of people are believed to have been killed, and many Ukrainian towns and villages have been destroyed since President Putin launched his invasion on 24 February 2022.

Ukraine and its allies accuse Russian troops of committing thousands of war crimes, including mass murder, and rape and deportations.

Mass burial sites have been found in several parts of Ukraine previously occupied by Russian troops, including some containing bodies of civilians showing signs of torture.

Moscow has repeatedly denied the accusations.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: German president draws Putin-Nazi parallels

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Germany's president has drawn parallels between the brutal Nazi crackdown of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and Russian President Putin's full-scale invasion of Ukraine last year. Mr Putin "has broken international law, challenged borders, committed land grabs", said Frank-Walter Steinmeier at a commemorative ceremony in Poland.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.npr.org/2023/04/19/1170553504/florida-abortion-life-of-the-mother-exception-mental-health-suicide-psychiatric
A woman in Florida named Baileigh Johnson dealt with mental health issues and dealt with the decision of having an abortion in a state with a 6-week abortion ban. The article explains mental health problems occurring with women that become pregnant and what the outcomes are.
This falls on the lines of Human Rights. It connects to the struggles women have to go through and the individual power they hold. It also supports the key concept of Identity. Becoming pregnant and having a baby is a huge part of a woman’s life. It can create several stereotypes as well as the way people see them.
This article can connect Working the Night Shift with women’s rights aspects. Having a child can create obstacles in one’s life, along with mental health issues making it difficult to provide for a child and work hours at a time away from them.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Florida’s abortion laws protect a pregnant person’s life, but not for mental health

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If a pregnant person is struggling with mental health and considering suicide, several states’ laws, including Florida’s, specifically say the “life of the mother” exception does not apply to them.

# data[].attributes.body
Black Women in the US face higher rates of maternal mortality and childbirth-related complications in comparison to their non-Black counterparts. These disparities are caused by a lack of attention or belief in Black patients' concerns and maternal healthcare deserts in predominantly Black communities.

This issue connects to inequality & structural violence, Identity, and the struggle for healthcare & disproportionate suffering seen in FBBB.

- Madeline Luu

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Black women die due to pregnancy-related complications at a rate that is three times higher than their white peers, according to recent federal data, and experts say those tragic disparities result from structural racism. In a yearlong investigation, Capital B national health reporter Margo Snipe examined records in Georgia to better understand how disinvestment in health care systems that served predominantly Black communities led to maternal health care deserts.
Watch the conversation in the player above.
In Georgia, eight out of 10 deaths linked to pregnancy occur after childbirth, according to Snipe's analysis of reports from the state's maternal mortality review board. That's higher than the national average, according to the Commonwealth Fund, which has reported that about five out of 10 maternal deaths occur after labor and delivery.
READ MORE: U.S. maternal mortality spiked during the worst days of COVID, new data shows
But Black pregnant people also experience postpartum depression and preventable complications at higher rates than their non-Black peers. In Snipe's reporting, she interviewed multiple families who had endured these traumas. Collectively, their stories also echo what Black birthing people nationwide have said for years.

"Black folks are speaking up a lot of the time, and they're really calling for providers to listen," Snipe told PBS NewsHour digital anchor Nicole Ellis.

'I wish I had been brave enough to stick up for myself'

Beyond systemic disinvestment, Snipe found that many families said they felt health care providers ignore or dismiss their concerns and complaints, and that if they listened to them, problems would not turn into emergencies.

Many individuals and families Snipe interviewed said they were still processing the trauma they had encountered in the health care system. Thinking about what they would like to do differently, Snipe said many interviewees told her, "'I wish I had felt brave enough to stick up for myself." Others said they had spoken out when they first recognized a problem, but that health care workers did not listen to them.

Taking action

Several Black women who Snipe interviewed blamed the hospitals where they delivered their children for their birth outcomes and complications. Through her reporting, Snipe recommended that pregnant people seek out health care providers who are aware of and sensitive to longstanding disparities to counteract systemic inequities. She also urged Black families and individuals to talk openly, especially with their health care providers, about mental health. Even when an infant is born without visible complications, the stress of child birth and parenting can take a toll.

One of the mothers Snipe interviewed reported feeling postpartum depression and sadness, but not knowing how to put a name to what she was feeling. Kimberly McGill said that in her community, Black women are taught to prioritize emotional toughness. "There's not a lot about our culture that allows you to feel sad," McGill said, according to Snipe's reporting.

"We talk a lot about maternal deaths, but there's a large number of women and families who are grappling with the mental health toll of nearly dying in childbirth or having a traumatic experience," Snipe said.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Black women face greater risk of death and trauma due to childbirth. This reporter explored why

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Black women die due to pregnancy-related complications at a rate that is three times higher than their white peers, according to recent federal data, and experts say those tragic disparities result from structural racism.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary of text:
In Pakistan, government authorities are forcibly evicting farmers from their land in the city of Lahore. This is a part of the Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Plan that aims to address many of Pakistan's environmental and human rights problems. This eviction is having the opposite effect on farmers as they are not receiving adequate compensation and the Pakistani economy as now food must be shipped at a higher cost from neighboring countries.
Connection to real-world issue: human rights
This eviction is unconstitutional as the Pakistani constitution ensures “every citizen shall have the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property in any part of Pakistan, subject to the Constitution and any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the public interest”. Forced evictions violate the human rights to adequate housing, food, water, health, education, work, security of person, freedom from cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment, and freedom of movement.
Connection to key concept: power
In Pakistan, the government has the political power to control the lives of farmers.
Connection to ethnography: FFBB
In FFBB migrant farm workers have limited power due to structural powers of the United States. In Pakistan, farmers have limited power due to political structures.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
(New York, April 11, 2023) - Pakistan authorities are forcibly evicting thousands of farmers near the city of Lahore for a massive infrastructure project, Human Rights Watch said today. The authorities should enforce environmental protections and reform colonial-era laws that grant the government broad powers to acquire land for private as well as public use.

The Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Project was begun in August 2020 by then-Prime Minister Imran Khan, who claimed it would address Lahore's many problems - pollution, sewage, water, housing, and employment - while reviving its "lost glory." The 5 trillion Pakistani Rupi (PKR, at the time of writing US$7 billion) government project, covering more than 100,000 acres along the Ravi River in Punjab province, is among the largest infrastructure projects in Pakistan. Proposed plans would create the "world's largest riverfront city," with a population of 12 million.

"Punjab provincial authorities have harassed and threatened area farmers to deprive them of their homes and livelihoods," said Patricia Gossman, associate Asia director at Human Rights Watch. "The authorities need to ensure that government projects minimize displacement and loss of income, but also minimize environmental harm and flooding risks."

To advance the Ravi River project, the government has acted on behalf of private developers to acquire the necessary property, 85 percent of which is agricultural land occupied by nearly one million farmers, laborers, and business owners. Affected farmers who have challenged the legality of the land seizures have faced intimidation and criminal charges brought by the governmental Ravi Urban Development Authority (RUDA), provincial authorities, and project developers, even as these legal challenges remain pending in court.

Environmental groups have raised concerns that the project's proposed changes to the flow of the Ravi River could significantly increase the risks of flooding. Pakistan's Sindh province experienced catastrophic floods in mid-2022.

Between February 1 and March 1, 2023, Human Rights Watch spoke to 14 farmers who said they have been evicted or threatened with eviction in Lahore since August 2020, as well as 8 lawyers, environmental rights activists, and journalists.

Since 2020, the authorities have criminally charged more than 100 farmers with resisting or refusing to hand over land they occupied. Accounts by farmers along with corroborating photos and video show evidence of intimidation, harassment, and use of force to evict farmers. The exact number of people affected or forcibly evicted has been difficult to determine, including by groups representing farmers.

In January 2022, the Lahore High Court ruled that the Ravi River project was unconstitutional. The court said that it violated domestic laws concerning the forcible acquisition of land, the process for compensating those displaced, and the project's environmental impact assessment. The following month, the Supreme Court partially overruled the Lahore High Court decision and allowed the government to continue development only on the land it had already acquired and for which it had paid compensation.

Farmers and activists have alleged that despite the Supreme Court ruling, the Development Authority has continued to seize land. In November 2022, they petitioned the High Court to have the Supreme Court's decision enforced. The Development Authority has denied forcibly evicting farmers.

In October 2022, the Development Authority filed criminal cases against at least nine farmers, claiming that they resisted handing over lands and houses that the government legally acquired. The farmers have challenged this, saying that they had not consented to the acquisition and had received no compensation from the government.

One farmer told Human Rights Watch that his family had lived on the land for three generations and the government was not only forcibly evicting them but also refusing to pay adequate compensation. A 60-year-old farmer whose land had been seized said: "The government says they want to build a new city, but why do they need to destroy the city and lives that we already have to build a new city?"

In the Ravi River area, as in much of rural Pakistan, farming is central to economic survival for families and communities. When farm families are deprived of their livelihood, the consequences are often far-reaching. Without the ability to cultivate land and sell crops, farmers are commonly forced into jobs for which they lack skills and produce far less income, ultimately driving them into poverty. One farmer said: "The government is taking over fertile land that] provides food not only for the farmers but for the entire city of Lahore and replacing it with a concrete jungle that only benefits government officials, property developers, and rich people."

Human Rights Watch interviewed several families whose land and livelihood was taken away, leaving the farmers and their families destitute and insecure. As Pakistan looks to develop new infrastructure, it needs to ensure that it protects its citizens' rights to land and livelihood.

"Pakistani authorities urgently need to reform colonial-era land laws to ensure that its laws are equitable, transparent, and in line with Pakistan's international obligations," Gossman said. "The government has an obligation to compensate for loss of land and provide for the resettlement and rehabilitation of those displaced."
For additional details and accounts, please see below. Land Laws, International Rights Standards, and Environmental Issues Land Acquisition Act 1894 and Forced Evictions
The British colonial government enacted the Land Acquisition Act 1894 to acquire land for "public purposes." Under the colonial-era law, Pakistani authorities are empowered to acquire land not only for government projects but also for other entities, including public-private partnerships and private companies. The law gives the government almost exclusive power to decide what falls within that scope and to displace people to achieve those aims.

Under the act, once the government makes a determination that land is required for public purposes, the landowner has no choice but to transfer ownership of the land. Farmers may effectively only contest the adequacy of the compensation. The law does not compensate the loss of livelihood for those evicted, nor require the government to resettle and rehabilitate those displaced. The cash compensation offered is often inadequate and not in accordance with market rates, Human Rights Watch found.

Most of the farmers who spoke with Human Rights Watch who are resisting evictions said that they have not been paid adequate - or any - compensation. The government has said that it has paid 70 percent of the landowners and that landowners who have reservations will have an opportunity to assert their claims.

Pakistani rights groups have documented officials' use of threats, excessive force, and intimidation in development projects carried out under the Land Acquisitions Act. In the Ravi River project, the courts have not ruled on individual claims of forcible eviction and instead issued rules on the process to be followed.
Inadequate Compensation
The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees the rights to property and land. Article 23 provides, "every citizen shall have the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property in any part of Pakistan, subject to the Constitution and any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the public interest." The Constitution also states, "no person shall be compulsorily deprived of his/her property save in accordance with law." It says, "no property shall be compulsorily acquired or taken possession of save for a public purpose and save by the authority of law, which provides for compensation therefore and either fixes the amount of compensation or specifies the principles on, and the manner in which, compensation is to be determined and given."

Despite these constitutional protections, the Land Acquisition Act itself does not provide a criterion for determining market-based compensation and serious concerns remain regarding the adequacy of the compensation paid.

The courts, which regularly review the processes and considerations behind executive actions, traditionally have been hesitant to review the adequacy and legitimacy of the public purpose justification made by state institutions.

In March 2022, Pakistan's Supreme Court said:

The law of acquisition is confiscatory in nature and easily deprives an individual of their property and all rights attached to it. Hence, the colonial objective and understanding of the law continues as acquisition even today, for public purpose, is at the cost of an individual's right to own property. In this context, there appears to be no effort on the part of the acquiring department to be fair in their application to determine compensation.

Shabbir, 37, a farmer with a few acres of land that have been earmarked for acquisition for RUDA, told Human Rights Watch: "In addition to us being evicted from our homes, from our lands, we are also being denied real compensation for our land. The government is using outdated land prices to set the compensation amount. My farm's value is not only the land but also the price of the crops that grow on it and provide income to my family."

Rahim, a 58-year-old farmer with land near the banks of River Ravi, which his family has lived on and cultivated for three generations, said: "The compensation is a joke. The price that the government puts on our lives and livelihoods is ridiculous. There is no mechanism to calculate market rate. They take over our lands which is in acres and will build high-rise buildings that they will sell on a rate/price per yard."

Fahad Malik, a lawyer representing several of the farmers facing forcible eviction due to the project, said that the provisions in the act for land acquisition "have no place in a constitutional democracy":

Landowners have little influence or say in determining the adequacy or impacts of the proposed "public purpose" for which the land is being acquired and can realistically only question the amount of compensation being received... Given international obligations and constitutional protections, there can be no forceful acquisition of land by the state against the guaranteed fundamental rights without justifying the public purpose.

Malik contends the Land Acquisition Act "meets none of these principles and requires a complete replacement."
International Human Rights Standards on Forced Evictions
The Land Acquisition Act's provisions permitting forced evictions and the absence of a framework for a remedy violate fundamental human rights under international law.

The former United Nations Commission on Human Rights defined "forced evictions" as "the permanent or temporary removal against their will of individuals, families and/or communities from the homes and/or land which they occupy, without the provision of, and access to, appropriate forms of legal or other protection." The commission affirmed that forced evictions constitute a "gross violation of human rights."

The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which provides authoritative interpretations of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, to which Pakistan is party, states in its General Comment No. 26, "[f]orced evictions are prima facie incompatible with the requirements of the Covenant."

Governments should provide everyone with a reasonable degree of tenure security that guarantees legal protection against forced evictions. The Covenant imposes a duty on governments not to interfere with land users' legitimate tenure rights, particularly by not evicting occupants from the land on which they depend for their livelihoods.

The authorities can only carry out evictions under legislation that meets human rights standards that fulfill the principles of reasonableness and proportionality between the government's legitimate objective and the consequences for those evicted. The evictions must be the least restrictive measure to fulfill this legitimate purpose, and promoting the general welfare needs to outweigh the impact on those affected.

The UN special rapporteur on the right to adequate housing has characterized forced evictions as "gross violations of a range of internationally recognized human rights, including the human rights to adequate housing, food, water, health, education, work, security of the person, freedom from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, and freedom of movement."

Under the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-based Evictions and Displacement, in addition to providing compensation, authorities need to ensure that evicted people or groups have "safe and secure" access to food, clean water and sanitation, basic housing, essential medical services, and education for children.
Environmental Concerns
The nongovernmental Human Rights Commission of Pakistan has called the Ravi River project environmentally, ecologically, and financially unviable, citing the Lahore Conservation Society's findings that the proposed changes to the river are ecologically unsustainable. Environmental experts say that building barrages and other dams on the river and replacing farmland with paved areas could lead to higher water levels upstream and possible flooding.

The Ravi Urban Development Authority has denied that the project is unsustainable, claiming that the project will increase "green cover" and include "eco ponds, wetlands, [and] wildlife sanctuaries." The authority conducted an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), but rights activists and lawyers have questioned the credibility of the EIA as it was carried out by a non-registered environmental consultant.

Pakistan has a history of poor quality environmental assessments for infrastructure projects, and in 2017 the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency began requiring EIA consultants to be registered. In a June 2021 opinion piece, prominent environmentalists, sociologists, and lawyers criticized the project, noting that despite their the assessment had described the project's impact on ecological resources as "long-term and irreversible."

The unchecked authority of the government to acquire agricultural land for urban development could have serious implications for Pakistan's food security, Human Rights Watch said. Pakistan already faces food security problems that have been exacerbated by rising inflation and climate change. In the greater Lahore area, the percentage of land used for agriculture has dropped from 54 percent in 1972 to 35 percent in 2009. Credible updated figures are not available, but the percentage is likely to have fallen significantly further given the rapid urban development since 2009.

In a ruling on the acquisition of agriculture land for RUDA, the Lahore High Court said:

Only under dire circumstances can a piece of land which is under cultivation be acquired and in case it has to be done the statutory framework must provide for a proportionate area of land to be allocated and which may be brought under cultivation so that the balance of food security should not be disturbed...

Pakistan ranks 80 out of 113 countries on the global food security index and food safety score of 43.5 which is below average score of 60.4. This means simply that Pakistan has to take measures on an emergency basis to curtail the loss of agricultural and cultivated land in order to protect its food security paradigm.

Tahir, a farmer who grows vegetables and now faces possible eviction due to the RUDA project, expressed his concerns not only for the area's farmers, but for the people around Lahore:

This area is Lahore's food basket and provides for vegetables and other crops for the entire Lahore region. Now all of us will be evicted and there is no other place around Lahore where we can resume farming, because there is not enough fertile land available and also since compensation paid to us is measly. As a consequence, it won't only be us who will struggle for food but most of Lahore since they will have to get fruits, vegetables, and crops from far off places and hence pay more for it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Pakistan: Farmers Forcibly Evicted for Urban Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Pakistan authorities are forcibly evicting thousands of farmers near the city of Lahore for a massive infrastructure project. The authorities need to ensure that government projects minimize displacement and loss of income, but also minimize environmental harm and flooding risks.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65325064
This article is about the shooting of Kaylin Gillis when her, her boyfriend and other friends accidentally drove into the wrong driveway and received gunshots from the owner of the house, Kevin Monahan. This is an example of behavioral violence because one person was to be blamed for the physical violence committed again Gillis. This tragedy connects to identity because Monahan had a perception of Gillis and her friends and thought that she may have been some sort of threat. Gillis and her friends also had a perception of Monahan's identity that he was dangerous since he started shooting as they were pulling out of the driveway. This shows our perceptions of each other's identity can be wrong or right. This connects to "Working the Night Shift" since one's actual identity and how they are perceived by others can be drastically different.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The boyfriend of the New York woman who was fatally shot after pulling into the wrong driveway tells NBC his life is shattered.

In an interview on Tuesday, Blake Walsh, 19, said he, two friends and his girlfriend, Kaylin Gillis, drove to the wrong house while looking for a party.

Mr Walsh said shots were fired as they were exiting the driveway. One hit Ms Gillis, 20, in the neck.

The 65-year-old suspect, Kevin Monahan, has been arrested on murder charges.

"My world was taken from me Saturday," Mr Walsh told NBC. "I didn't want to be with anybody else, and I wanted to spend the rest of my life with her."

Mr Walsh was driving a Ford Explorer through Hebron, a rural town about 50 miles outside of the New York state capital, Albany, on Saturday night.

The four friends pulled into Mr Monahan's driveway, Mr Walsh said, thinking it was the address of a party to which they'd been invited.

"We didn't have any cell service to figure it out. As soon as we figured it out that we were at the wrong location, we started to leave, and that's when everything happened," he said.

"My friend said, 'They're shooting - go!' I tried to step on the gas as fast as I could, and that's when the fatal shot came through," Mr Walsh said.

Mr Monahan allegedly fired twice at the vehicle as the group was leaving, according to Washington County Sheriff Jeffrey Murphy, who said the group "clearly" posed no threat.

The group had to drive about five miles before they found the cell phone service to call paramedics, Mr Walsh said.

One of the bullets had struck Ms Gillis in the neck; she was pronounced dead at the scene.

Mr Monahan is charged with second-degree murder and has pleaded not guilty.

"There were errors, there were misunderstandings that culminated in a tragedy," said Kurt Mausert, Mr Monahan's lawyer, according to local news station WAMC. "But the fact that we have a victim in a tragedy does not mean there's a villain. Villain, to me, requires bad intent and my client, I don't believe - the facts will show - that he had bad intent."

Ms Gillis and Mr Walsh had been together for more than four years when Ms Gillis was fatally shot, Mr Walsh said.

The couple referred to themselves as the "2%", Mr Walsh said in the interview, a statistic they'd heard in which only 2% of high-school sweethearts get married.

"I want the world to know how good of a person she really was and how much she impacted everybody who had the fortunate opportunity to be in her life," Mr Walsh said.

Washington County Sheriff Jeffrey Murphy told CNN that Mr Monahan has "not shown any remorse in this case".

Mr Monahan is currently being held at the Warren County jail, where he is expected to appear in court for a bail hearing on Wednesday.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Kaylin Gillis' boyfriend says his life is shattered after driveway shooting

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The boyfriend of the New York woman who was fatally shot after pulling into the wrong driveway tells NBC his life is shattered. In an interview on Tuesday, Blake Walsh, 19, said he, two friends and his girlfriend, Kaylin Gillis, drove to the wrong house while looking for a party.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.npr.org/2023/04/19/1170838123/sudan-khartoum-fighting
In the neighborhoods of Khartoum, people arer fighting to stay alive, with no resources in this war torn area. This is showing behavioral violence as well as the key concept, power. While symbolic and structural violence are shown in FFBB, behavioral is shown in this article.
-Bridgette Beaton

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
JOHANNESBURG, South Africa - A mother shot in the street while crouching to protect her child. A toddler trapped in a building that's been shelled, separated from her mother. A whole family hiding under a bed, with children crying from the sound of constant gunfire and shelling.

These are just some of the stories civilians living under siege the past five days in Sudan's capital Khartoum have told NPR, when reached by phone.

They describe a dire situation in the city, with no electricity, water or medicine, as they cower amid the brutal urban warfare going on in their residential neighborhoods.

The violence broke out on Saturday between the Sudanese armed forces and a paramilitary group, the Rapid Support Forces. The two are vying for power, despite promises that a civilian government would be installed after an October 2021 coup d'etat by the Sudanese military.

"On Saturday morning, April 15, we woke up to the sounds of gunfire, from that morning on we live in fear," says Hipa Salih, a Sudanese journalist. "I think we can die at any time. Nobody can feel safe in Khartoum now."

Her voice raw from breathing in smoke from gunfire and bombings, she says: "The children are crying because they're very, very scared and the house is shaking... all our family stay under the bed, the war planes over us."

Civilians have been shot in the streets

It's impossible for civilians to reach family members from whom they are separated, Salih says, so people are effectively prisoners in their own homes. One woman she knew had tried to move from one location to a safer place with her children - and was shot dead by the RSF.

"They killed her in the middle of the road - she was trying to cover her children and then they shoot her," she says.

Kholood Khair, a researcher and academic who's also hunkered down in Khartoum, says the extreme violence has shocked residents.

"On Saturday morning, everyone was kind of caught unawares," Khair says. "It's the kind of warfare one might expect in a battlefield, but instead it's taking place right in the heart of town. And the problem is for a lot of people that no one is really sure how long this is going to take - and that uncertainty is driving people's anxieties and fears."

Families are separated with no certainty of reuniting with their loved ones, she says. "A friend of mine was separated from her three-year-old daughter on Saturday and hasn't been able to get to her since. And because the streets are unsafe, she's not sure whether she's able to get to her. In addition, she found out just today that their apartment block, where her daughter is, has been hit. So these are the kinds of desperate stories, multiplied by tens of thousands, that exist all over Khartoum."

Duaa Tariq, an art curator, tells NPR she is trapped inside a house with her sister, who is five months pregnant, and two-year-old nephew. They are beginning to run out of food.

"Right now the fight has come to my neighborhood," she says. "Three people were killed two minutes away from my house from anti-aircraft, and yeah, we're very frightened and scared and we're also in a very bad situation in terms of supplies."

Democratic dreams have been repeatedly hijacked by the military

Tariq, 30, is a member of one of Sudan's grassroots pro-democracy resistance committees. She was involved in a peaceful people power revolution in 2019 that brought down President Omar al-Bashir, the North African country's longtime dictator and an indicted war criminal. Since then she's continued her activism, hoping to see a democratic Sudan.

But that dream has been repeatedly hijacked by military forces. First there was the 2021 coup, and now there's the fighting between the Sudanese army and the RSF. The two are erstwhile allies - the RSF is a Bashir-created group that grew out of the notorious Janjaweed militia responsible for abuses in Darfur.

Asked if she feels hopeless that democracy will ever come to Sudan now, Tariq is defiant.

"Our neighborhood committees, last night we went out and we did graffiti in the street, just to remind people that our voices are here. We're trying to be heard, because you know the bullets are always louder than people's voices, but we're trying to make it through."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Residents in Khartoum live in fear and desperation as fighting rages on

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
JOHANNESBURG, South Africa - A mother shot in the street while crouching to protect her child. A toddler trapped in a building that's been shelled, separated from her mother. A whole family hiding under a bed, with children crying from the sound of constant gunfire and shelling.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64663105

This article focuses on a few different individuals and their families begin forced to relocate during the Ukraine/Russia war. It takes about their journey as refugees and how they started a new life. They take shelter and build homes in Canada, England, and a few other places.
This can be connected too Fresh Fruit Broken Bodies. Although they don't share a war, both discuss the process of leaving due to push and pull factors, and trying to find work in a new country. Both follow the issue of Mobility (immigrant/refugee). Additionally, they align with the key concept of power. The Ukrainian refugees left due to violence and a lack of power. Once arriving at their destination, they had to work hard to make a name for themselves. In FFBB, the Mexican workers had less power than the white people born and raised in the US.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
When Anastacia Kozmina and Oleksiyy Danko woke to the sound of bombing in February 2022, they immediately decided to leave Ukraine. They joined some eight million Ukrainian refugees faced with finding a safe place to live and work.

The couple arrived in the UK where they found people to be "warm-hearted" and "supportive", but finding jobs was hard. So they started their own business.

Ukraine refugees have been scattered all over the world. This is the story of how many Ukrainians are finding ways of earning a living somewhere new.

In Ukraine, Anastasia worked as a lawyer; Oleksiyy was a qualified pharmacist. They also dry-cleaned furniture to make extra money.

Anastacia said when the bombing began on 24 February 2022, she knew she did not want to live in a warzone.

The couple had friends who had moved to England, so they put an appeal on Facebook for a sponsor - and eventually arrived in Southport, Merseyside.

"It was a really hard period for us," Anastacia says. "I stopped doing my make-up, my nails, my hair... I needed six months to refresh, to understand that I am in a safe place."

Anastacia tried to find work as a lawyer but because the UK has a different legal system she couldn't, so the couple decided to use their side-hustle skills and started a business dry-cleaning furniture.

They has some leaflets printed, and were surprised to receive calls from people who wanted items cleaning, items that were not actually dirty.

"One time Oleksiyy went to clean a small sofa and this lady gave us some beautiful flowers because she wants to support us. She waned to help us, she was really warm-hearted," she says.

They are hoping to continue to build the business: "In England we have another life, we have an opportunity to develop ourselves, to grow," she says.

Yulia left Ukraine three months after the war began.

She found a sponsor in Nottingham and drove for three days with her two daughters and their dog. Yulia asked us not to use her surname because her husband is still in Ukraine.

Back home, she ran a successful wedding-dress business and her sponsor suggested she start it up again.

"It's a crazy idea, but I think I can try... my profession is my life," she says.

A friend of Yulia's husband, who was driving to the UK, brought over her sewing machines, fabrics and mannequins.

"It's not easy because system of business in England is different, it's not like in Ukraine," says Yulia.

She struggled to make her wedding-dress business off the ground in the UK, so decided to use her skills and passion to find a full-time sewing job.

Yulia says, although it's been disappointing not to be able to keep her business going, she is happy with her new life.

"We have a nice place, we have nice work, family... I do what I like to do, so I can say that I am lucky."

She says with a bit more time she will try again to get her business going.

Polina was preparing the children in her dance school for a competition when Russia invaded Ukraine.

"War started and everything that you planned, it doesn't make any sense," she says.

Polina lived beside a tank factory in Lviv and quickly realised it would be a target. The following morning she left for Poland and a month later joined her sister who had been living in Canada for a few years.

"It was really difficult mentally because you are still part of Ukraine and you are here in Canada and it's very different," she says.

"You need to do something, you need to make your mind busy to feel better," she adds.

Polina got a job in recruitment but her passion was for teaching dance.

She rented space in a studio and started Polli's Dance, teaching Canadian children and the children of other Ukrainian refugees.

"I feel this energy exchange with kids," she says. "It's something that makes me feel happy."

Volodymyr and Regina Razumovskaya left Ukraine a year ago.

They had already been forced out of their home in Donetsk when the region was seized by Russian separatists in 2014 and their business was destroyed.

The couple fled to Kyiv where they set up another business selling plants.

But when Russia invaded the family were forced to flee again - this time to join friends in Perth, Western Australia.

"Could you imagine just to leave your house? To leave you business? To leave your friends?" Regina asks.

"Even [after] one year passed I just feel this fear inside, you are not sure what's going to happen."

Regina says the welcome they received in Australia gave them the belief that they could start again.

Vlodymyr now works full-time because the business in Ukraine makes just 10% of what it did before the war.

Regina told us: "When you trust that there is a future for you, you buy plants.

"The people in Ukraine now are so exhausted, so tired by the war they are losing their trust."

Additional reporting by Alex Bell and Jess Quayle

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Ukrainian refugees making a living somewhere new

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
When Anastacia Kozmina and Oleksiyy Danko woke to the sound of bombing in February 2022, they immediately decided to leave Ukraine. They joined some eight million Ukrainian refugees faced with finding a safe place to live and work. The couple arrived in the UK where they found people to be "warm-hearted" and "supportive", but finding jobs was hard.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/12/14/nepal-end-mistreatment-urban-poor

this article demonstrates the opposing power of the government aimed towards removing landless citizens settling in supposedly illegal areas for their own survival, along with local street vendors desperate for money, without providing alternative options for improvement, as documented in the winter of 2022.

the oppression shown towards these individuals can be connected to the key concept of culture, as the overall state of living that is shown for these individuals seems to be shared equally between these communities, while the government holds a vastly different culture, with an emphasis on growing this standard through their communities.

I can relate this to what we have read in the book "Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies", as the Triqui community located in Mexico are constantly within the bottom of Mexico's ideal structure, offering no economical prestige to these natives, which in turn influences the need to cross the border in hopes of preserving their families.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
(New York) - The policies of the Kathmandu Municipal Government toward street vendors, landless people, and begging are threatening the human rights of thousands of city residents, Human Rights Watch said today. They include the rights to work, to housing, and to an adequate standard of living.

Recent campaigns by the city administration under Mayor Balendra Shah, who was elected in May 2022, have used the municipal police to mistreat the urban poor, including from vulnerable Dalit and Indigenous communities, without measures to provide alternative livelihoods or housing.

"Being poor is not a crime, and taking a punitive approach to street vendors and landless people violates their rights," said Meenakshi Ganguly, South Asia director at Human Rights Watch. "The authorities have a responsibility to promote livelihoods and ensure suitable housing for everyone, but instead are driving people to destitution by failing to offer safe working conditions and proper resettlement opportunities."

According to 2018 figures from Nepal's Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal has over 34,000 "street businesses," which provide income to over 45,000 people, many of them living in poverty in the capital, Kathmandu. Since July, the city authorities have deployed municipal police officers to seize their property, placing them at risk of destitution. The city is also home to thousands of landless people who built homes over the years at the side of the Bagmati river, which the authorities intend to demolish without providing other places to live.

In November, Kathmandu municipality announced plans to bulldoze an illegal settlement on the north bank of the Bagmati river, which has been occupied by landless people for over a decade, leading to clashes between residents and the police on November 28.

The authorities claim the evictions are necessary to enforce the rule of law, removing structures that encroach on public land. However, according to the National Land Commission, a statutory body, the city government has failed to provide an alternative place to live. Under international human rights law, everyone has the right to the opportunity to work and to an adequate standard of living, including food, clothing, and shelter.

On December 2, the National Land Commission called on local governments - including that of Kathmandu - to prevent action which may make landless squatters unsafe until it has completed a process of registering them and making alternative provisions. Attempts by authorities in the past to remove the settlement by the Bagmati in Kathmandu caused hardship to residents, who continued to live there even after their homes were destroyed.
In July, the Kathmandu authorities began a campaign against street vendors, accusing them of blocking sidewalks and obstructing pedestrian pathways. The campaign did not include provisions for alternative income and livelihoods for these vendors. Numerous videos on social media show officials chasing street vendors and confiscating their wares, which vendors have said are not returned to them, causing economic hardship. For those who are unable to find regular employment, selling goods on the street is a last resort, enabling the vendors to provide for their families.

A large number of women who have no alternative source of income support themselves and their children by working in the sector. Children also sell items on the streets and in public squares to support themselves and their families. Most people, including most families with young children, do not have access to social protection programs that would help them meet their daily needs.

A 14-year-old girl who sells balloons in a public place to help pay for her and her brother's education told Human Rights Watch in July that the police frequently chase her, causing her balloons to burst and her family to lose money, and that they have fallen behind with school fees. Vendors have accused officials of soliciting bribes and mistreating children during these raids. The vendors, who have organized a trade-union-affiliated protest movement to defend their industry, say they would support municipal efforts to improve the city's streets, but that suitable alternative places should be provided where they can trade.

Previous attempts by the authorities to discourage street selling have caused distress to vendors but failed to effect lasting change.

In another draconian policy, the city government announced in July that beggars would be removed from the streets, and placed in a homeless shelter, where there were allegations of abuse in 2019.

All levels of government, including federal, provincial, and municipal authorities, have a duty to support and provide for all residents, protecting their human rights, Human Rights Watch said. To help protect children from poverty and child labor, Nepal should follow through on plans to expand the Child Grant program, which makes social protection payments to families with young children but is not currently available nationwide. The Kathmandu municipality should recognize and incorporate street vendors' livelihood activities in its urban planning and management.

According to government statistics, half of all businesses in the country are in the informal sector, and they employ 74 per cent of workers. People working in the informal sector, and living in urban poverty, require policies that address their needs, support their rights, and uphold their dignity.

"These are challenging issues faced by many cities around the world, which cannot be solved with abusive crackdowns," Ganguly said. "Time and again the Kathmandu authorities have caused misery to people who have the least with harsh campaigns that do not address the underlying issues."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
(New York) - The policies of the Kathmandu Municipal Government toward street vendors, landless people, and begging are threatening the human rights of thousands of city residents, Human Rights Watch said today. They include the rights to work, to housing, and to an adequate standard of living.

# data[].attributes.body
Due to the DRCs vast amount of natural resources, the country and many of its workers are often exploited. Cobalt is in high demand, so the workers experience poor working conditions and extremely low pay. This connects to human rights and Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies as the field workers are also experiencing poor working conditions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"Exploitation of Workers in DR Congo Taints Electric Vehicles", 7 November 2021

New research...reveals dire conditions, discrimination and extremely low pay at some of the world's largest industrial cobalt mines operated by multinational mining companies in the Democratic Republic of Congo..

...The acceleration of EV production...appears to be linked to serious labour rights abuses, as revealed by the new research at five industrial mines in Congo where cobalt is produced...

Congolese workers interviewed for the research said they received very low pay and were subjected to excessive working hours, degrading treatment, violence, discrimination, racism, unsafe working conditions, and a disregard for even basic health provision.

Some workers described being kicked, slapped, beaten with sticks, insulted, shouted at, or pulled around by their ears. Others reported severe discrimination and abuse at Chinese-operated mines...

The labour rights abuses are directly linked to an outsourcing model whereby workers are...employed indirectly via subcontracting firms...Those interviewed for the report...said the multinational companies do so to reduce labour costs, to limit their legal liabilities and to prevent workers from joining unions.

Workers hired indirectly by the mines earn extremely low wages...They have limited healthcare benefits, sometimes as low as $10 per month, or none at all, even though Congolese law requires employers to provide free healthcare to workers and their dependents...

The findings are based on detailed research over 28 months and 130 interviews by...Rights and Accountability in Development (RAID), and Centre d'Aide Juridico-Judiciaire (CAJJ)...

Four of the five mines featured in the research said they abide by international and industry standards and pointed to internal human rights standards they had developed. The degree to which these standards applied to a mine's entire workforce (direct as well as indirect hires) was often unclear.

In their report, RAID and CAJJ trace the cobalt from the five mines through the supply chain to EV manufacturers...These consumer-facing companies say they seek to source minerals responsibly. Although such commitments are much needed, none of the growing number of industry initiatives aimed at supply chains are binding and many do not cover workers' exploitation or a broad range of labour rights...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
DRC: Report reveals dire working conditions, discrimination & low pay across cobalt mines supplying electric vehicle manufacturers - Business & Human Rights Resource Centre

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
"Exploitation of Workers in DR Congo Taints Electric Vehicles", 7 November 2021 New research...reveals dire conditions, discrimination and extremely low pay at some of the world's largest industrial cobalt mines operated by multinational mining companies in the Democratic Republic of Congo..

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/04/14/angolan-forces-linked-abuses-against-migrant-women

Angolan Forces are accused of abusing migrants from the neighboring DRC. They deny being guilty of these abuses but their track record of them has been extensively documented. This connects to violence and power, the Angolan Forces use their power and exploit the lack of power the migrants have to abuse them and hurt them. This relates to Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies because both give examples of the type of violence migrants can face and the risks of crossing the border.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Angolan security forces have again been implicated in serious abuses against migrant women from the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo.

The media reported that Angolan security force personnel and others raped Congolese women and children and otherwise abused them during mass expulsions of migrant workers over the past six months. A United Nations investigation has reportedly confirmed the abuses.

Angolan authorities were quick to deny the allegations. But the security forces' long track record of abuses against migrants have been extensively documented. In 2012, Human Rights Watch documented that gang rape and sexual exploitation of women and girls were common practices during roundups of undocumented migrants and while they were in custody before deportation.

In 2018, Human Rights Watch called on the Angolan government to suspend the abusive deportation of Congolese migrants and conduct a prompt and impartial investigation into alleged abuses by state security forces. The abuses reported then included beatings, sexual violence, looting, and destruction of property. The massive deportation was temporarily halted in the same year but the results of an investigation - if one took place - were never made public.

The seriousness of these new reports of sexual violence requires much more than a simple denial from the Angolan government. Under the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the Maputo Protocol), which Angola ratified in 2007, the government has obligations to prevent, investigate, prosecute, and punish those responsible for abuses as well as provide timely, accessible, and effective remedies to victims and survivors.

The fact that security force abuses have been committed over more than a decade is a clear sign the Angolan government has not done its duty to protect migrants and refugees, especially women and girls, from harm.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Angolan Forces Linked to Abuses Against Migrant Women

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Angolan security forces have again been implicated in serious abuses against migrant women from the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo. The media reported that Angolan security force personnel and others raped Congolese women and children and otherwise abused them during mass expulsions of migrant workers over the past six months.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-02-10/whats-the-matter-with-portland-urban-ills-tests-citys-progressive-strain

Summary: This article talks about how the city of Portland and the police are not doing anything to help the homeless issue which also can have harmful impacts on the people who live downtown whose cars and items are being stolen by homeless people.

key concept: Poverty. the homeless crisis in Portland Oregon is a manifestation of poverty. This also relates to society because as a society we want to be able to fix the homeless issue to fix our community but the government won't help.

I think this can be connected to FFBB because in FFBB migrant workers are working due to their poverty issues in their hometowns in Mexico.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What’s the matter with Portland? Shootings, theft and other crime test city’s progressive strain

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Portland, Ore., long a famously progressive city, faces a crisis of confidence as it grapples with homelessness and crime. Residents can’t agree on solutions.

# data[].attributes.body
This article mainly focusses on gender inequality in Japan. It starts off with the criticism of the former prime minister Mori who "had told a Japanese Olympic Committee meeting that women talked too much.” Moving on the author discusses the traditional perspective of gender roles in Japan.

“Historically, after World War Two, the combination of a hardworking husband who devotes his life to his company, and a stay-at-home mother, was encouraged,”

Identity is defined as an individual’s perspective of themself and how they are viewed by others. Gender is an ascribed status of identity. In the Japanese culture, gender is used as a means to categorize gender roles. These cultural views have caused women to be domestically constrained. Like in the ethnography Working The Night Shift, women in Japan are not expected to work and rather be a homemaker.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A day after former Tokyo Olympics boss Yoshiro Mori made global headlines with his sexist comments, Momoko Nojo, 23, helped start a petition calling for action against him. "The aim wasn't his resignation," says Nojo, whose petition - co-created with 10 other women - took two days to collect 100,000 signatures. "I felt we needed to do something, because until now we, as a society, have accepted these kinds of comments."

Mori - an 83-year-old former prime minister who had told a Japanese Olympic Committee meeting that women talked too much - resigned a week later (pictured above). When broadcasters and newspapers reported that he had handpicked another man in his 80s as his replacement, young women called for a transparent process, resulting in the appointment of Seiko Hashimoto - a much younger, female, former Olympics Minister - instead.

The move was seen as something of a victory for women. But Nojo, who is the head of a youth group called No Youth No Japan, says Mori's resignation doesn't come close to tackling the overall problem of gender inequality in Japan. "Companies criticised Mr Mori's comments, but some of them have less than 1% female board members, and that needs to change," she says.

Risa Kamio, an elected member of the Setagaya City Council in Tokyo, agrees. "To me, Mr Mori was only the tip of the iceberg. It was like a whack-a-mole game. People criticised him because he came out to be whacked, but there are many other moles," she says.

The topic of gender equality keeps making headlines in Japan, for all the wrong reasons. Indeed, just a few days after Mori resigned, the ruling party hit the news again by announcing that, while it was willing to allow women to attend its all-male board meetings, they would not be allowed to speak.

These high-profile incidents come despite well-publicised policies aimed at promoting women's representation in society, including an ambitious target announced in 2015 for women to hold 30% of leadership positions by 2020. And the incidents coincide with a steady drop by Japan in global gender equality rankings; the World Economic Forum describes the country's gender gap as " the largest among advanced economies ".

Momoko Nojo, pictured here carrying her petition, says it was important to speak up about Mori's comments (Credit: Momoko Nojo)

While more women have indeed joined the workforce, many remain in part-time or non-career track roles, which will not allow them to access the top jobs. In the private sector, the number of female managers rose to 7.8% in 2019, but that is still nowhere near the 30% target, which the government has quietly pushed back to 2030. And in politics, women make up just 9.9% of lawmakers in parliament's more powerful lower house - ranking Japan 166th out of 193 countries.

The result is that men still dominate business and political leadership in Japan, policies that really meet women's needs are slow to emerge and - in some quarters - misogyny continues to thrive.

Why people don't speak out

Part of the reason comments like Mori's have gone unchallenged for a long time is because of society's unspoken etiquette: in general, people don't get into arguments, particularly with their elders. "Japan is a country where people find it difficult to speak out regardless of your age or gender," says Nojo, whose petition helped force out Mori. "If you do, you could be seen as selfish."

It's the Japanese concept of "reading the air" - kuuki o yomu in Japanese. Even if you find someone's remarks sexist, many choose not to confront the issue, so that the situation doesn't become awkward. That has allowed Mori and others like him to perceive their remarks as acceptable. In the past, even if these leaders were criticised, they were able to apologise, bid for public sympathy by saying, "My wife (and/or daughters) told me off", just as Mori did - and get away with it.

That's why many older women expressed support for Nojo's petition; many said they felt partially responsible that incidents like this kept happening because they didn't speak out in the past.

"I want to say loudly that it's not only Japanese women who are angry about those sexist remarks," points out Komazaki. "The majority of men, including lawmakers, think these sexist comments and actions by Mr Mori and the [ruling] LDP are unthinkable."

While generational change will help, he adds, some older men have already updated their attitudes though interactions with grandchildren or younger colleagues, and realised that acceptable attitudes and perceptions surrounding gender have changed.

'One person cannot fight alone'

As people update their attitudes, social media is also increasingly offering a platform for Nojo's generation to voice opinions, - and more crucially, for them to be taken seriously by stakeholders, like the Olympic sponsors.

Yet pressure from younger members of society needs to be combined with new policy - and messaging - from the top.

Entrenched gender roles mean many women step off the career track when they have kids, missing out on leadership opportunities (Credit: Alamy)

When Japan's new leader, Yoshihide Suga, took office in September 2020, he named just two women in his cabinet (Credit: Alamy)

Kamio doesn't know how long it will take to reach a better level of gender parity, pointing out that despite some changes, social attitudes mean that boys and girls are still raised differently. "As a mother of a boy, I keep reminding myself how important it is to make him help with housework," she says.

But journalist Shirakawa says Mori's forced resignation represents significant progress, noting that had it happened even a few years ago, he might have been able to simply apologise and keep his job.

And unlike previous generations, Nojo and Tanaka - two women in their 20s - say they aren't concerned about the repercussions of their activism as they look for jobs. But even they aren't ready to enter politics. "I know someone has to do it," says Nojo, "but I don't feel like I can be happy if I become a politician," adding that she may have been affected by what she sees in the political arena and how hard she thinks it would be to thrive there.

A survey by research body Dentsu Institute, meanwhile, showed that while people increasingly want the gender equality issue addressed, they expect it to take a long time; participants estimated that it would take 24.7 years before women make up 30% of Japanese company management, and 33.5 years for women to make up half of national lawmakers.

Underlining the slow progress, late last month, yet another high-profile Olympic official had to step down over sexist comments. Creative Director Hiroshi Sasaki suggested it would be appropriate to dress Japan's plus-sized celebrity comedian, Naomi Watanabe, up as a pig for the opening ceremony and call her "OlymPig".

We still have a long way to go.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A day after former Tokyo Olympics boss Yoshiro Mori made global headlines with his sexist comments, Momoko Nojo, 23, helped start a petition calling for action against him. "The aim wasn't his resignation," says Nojo, whose petition - co-created with 10 other women - took two days to collect 100,000 signatures.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.reuters.com/world/nagorno-karabakh-long-winter-amid-azerbaijan-road-blockade-2022-12-23/
Long-lasting territorial dispute over the Nagorno-Karabakh region (also known as Artsakh), internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan. Most of the population in Nagorno-Karabakh is ethnic Armenian and wants independence. On-and-off behavioural violence and armed conflict until 2020 ceasefire. Lately, Azeri "protesters" protesting over "environmental concerns" have blockaded the Lachin corridor, the only real land corridor between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia. Supplies and equipment cannot get through and are being rationed (human rights). Within the past week there has been active fighting and escalation. Artsakhis can't really leave due to the fighting and blockade and have little mobility. If they tried to leave, they might face hostilities from the Azeri military and previously mentioned "protesters" – similar to how migrants in FFBB face hostilities from border patrol agents and the public. Identity plays a role as religion and ethnic identity is a big part of this conflict. Armenia is a Orthodox Christian-majority country, while Azerbaijan is predominantly Muslim. This and other differences has caused a greater separation between Azeris and Armenians. Armenia says that Azerbaijan is an illegal occupying power in Nagorno-Karabakh.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
South Caucasus rivals Armenia and Azerbaijan have accused each other of initiating a fatal clash around the contested Nagorno-Karabakh region which killed seven soldiers.

The two neighbours - both formerly part of the Soviet Union - have fought repeatedly over the last 35 years for control of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan but home to a mainly ethnic Armenian population.

The Azeri defence ministry said three troops had died in a clash close to the contested Lachin Corridor, a key road into Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia that crosses through Azeri territory. The Armenian defence ministry said four of its soldiers had died and another six had been wounded.

Yerevan had earlier accused Azerbaijan of opening fire on Armenian troops performing engineering work near the village of Tegh in Armenia's southern Syunik province. It said its forces had taken "countermeasures", without providing details.

Tegh is the last village on the Lachin Corridor in Armenia before it enters Azeri territory.

Baku said its troops came under "intense fire" from Armenian troops stationed in Syunik province.

About 100 troops were killed during fighting between the two countries in September.

Russia dispatched a thousands-strong peacekeeping contingent to the region in 2020 as part of a deal to end weeks of fighting that killed thousands and saw Azerbaijan make significant territorial gains.

Moscow is an ally of Armenia through a mutual self-defence pact, but also strives for good relations with Baku. The latest standoff has been seen as a key test of Moscow's ongoing influence in the region as it wages its own war in Ukraine.

Azerbaijanis claiming to be environmental protesters have been blocking the route since the end of last year, resulting in what Armenia calls a humanitarian crisis.

Baku denies those claims, saying essential supplies can get into the territory and has defended the protesters as rallying against legitimate environmental concerns. Yerevan calls them government-backed agitators.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Armenian and Azeri soldiers clash near contested Nagorno-Karabakh region

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
South Caucasus rivals Armenia and Azerbaijan have accused each other of initiating a fatal clash around the contested Nagorno-Karabakh region which killed seven soldiers. The two neighbours - both formerly part of the Soviet Union - have fought repeatedly over the last 35 years for control of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan but home to a mainly ethnic Armenian population.