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Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth II

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by Eliza Southwood

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Did the Mail and Sun help swing the UK towards Brexit ? 

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Did the Mail and Sun help swing the UK towards Brexit ? 

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Was it the Sun wot won it? In a text less than an hour after the victory for leave was declared, editor Tony Gallagher told the Guardian: "So much for the waning power of the print media."

The Sun, which came out last week with a union jack-draped front cover urging its readers to "BeLeave in Britain" and at 6am on Friday published "See EU later", did not rise against the EU alone. British newspapers were overwhelmingly in favour of Brexit, with the Mail, Telegraph, Express and Star accounting for four times as many readers and anti-EU stories as their pro-remain rivals.

The Sun's 1992 'It's the Sun wot won it' headline

"If you believe in Britain, vote leave," urged the Mail on Wednesday, lambasting the "lies" and "greedy elites" of a "broken, dying Europe" on its front page.

Such headlines were not just the hallmark of an increasingly bitter referendum campaign - with its relentless focus on anti-immigration stories - but came after years of anti-EU reporting in most of the British press.

The Daily Mail asks 'Who will speak for England?' Photograph: Daily Mail

In February, the Mail front page asked simply "Who will speak for England?", highlighting the causes of independence and nationhood that have so helped the leave campaign. As the UK considers the far-reaching consequences of leaving the EU, it seems as good a moment as any to consider who has now spoken for England - the people alone or a Eurosceptic press that has campaigned against Brussels for decades.

In recent weeks, as the polls got closer, the desire to highlight what newspapers considered the worst excesses of the EU's freedom of movement laws led to some horrible errors. The Mail was forced to run a correction to a front page story that claimed that a group of migrants were from Europe when video footage showed members of the group, which included three children, say they are from Iraq and Kuwait. Other papers, including the Sun, reported the same story.

Like most pro-leave politicians, the editors of these newspapers say they have simply reflected the fears of the British electorate, fears that were largely ignored by the "establishment" made up of politicians and other papers such as the Guardian and the Financial Times.

This argument - that the "liberal elite" professed expertise but were out of touch with real people - was made not just by newspaper editorials but by Ukip leader Nigel Farage. As another tabloid editor said: "If you'd listened to Twitter or Facebook there would have been a massive vote for In."

The Daily Mail corrected its front-page story claiming that migrants had said they were from Europe Photograph: Associated Newspapers

In an interview earlier this week, Mail Online publisher Martin Clarke shrugged off the confusion of the Middle East with Europe by saying the migrants "were in the back of a van illegally" and "did come from somewhere via somewhere".

When asked whether the Mail, in years of reporting about the "hordes" of migrants and full-up Britain, had stoked the fears, he said: "We've reported people's very legitimate fears over immigration. We don't stoke the fears. The fears are there."

The debate over whether newspapers reflect views or influence votes has raged since long before the Sun claimed it was responsible for the unexpected Conservative general election victory of 1992. Perhaps tellingly, this was also the last time a general election vote was as high as Thursday's 72% turnout.

Since the early 1990s, newspapers have suffered from the rise of the internet and social media giants such as Facebook and Google. In 1990, when the Sun first called for a referendum its circulation was closer to 4m; today it sells less than half that total. Other anti-EU tabloids have fared even less well - although the Mail, with 13.9m online users as well as 1.4m print buyers can claim to have increased its reach and power in that time.

Surveys show that the British people trust the papers less than their European counterparts. As recently as September one showed that 73% of people in the UK "do not tend to trust" the printed press - the highest figure among all EU member states and a staggering 23% higher than the EU average.

And yet there is evidence that, despite such declining readerships and lack of trust, the press still sets the agenda. Where the newspapers lead on issues, far more trusted broadcasters follow. The latest research from Loughborough University's centre for research in communication and culture found that issues which dominated the press also led the television news. While this is partly due to the campaign itself, analysis shows that the number of stories about immigration continued unabated in the last three weeks of the election while those about the economy declined.

"The media has more influence in telling people what to think about than telling them what to think" said David Deacon, Loughborough's professor of communication and media analysis.

Since the start of the year there have been more than 30 splashes about migrants in the Mail and the Express and 15 in the Sun, according to research by Liz Gerard, a former Times night editor.

There is some evidence that a stream of reports of the "bent banana" type have misled the electorate about the power of the EU. Research by the independent UK Electoral Commission in 2013 found "low levels of contextual understanding of the EU, with some participants having no knowledge of the European Union, or the status of UK membership of the EU, at all". Few Brits knew whether the Swiss were fellow EU members or that a draft memo in Brussels would not automatically become British law.

Faced with newspaper outrage over plans to change the name of Bombay mix to Mumbai mix or ban prawn cocktail crisps the EU set up a Euromyths website, which offers officials in Brussels a chance to rebut media stories. The latest of about 650 reports to date claims that the Express's "EU £2,600 tax bombshell" story was completely wrong. However, it is not clear how many people out of the Express's circulation 410,000 read the rebuttal.

Giving evidence to the Leveson inquiry in 2012, Rupert Murdoch described the "Sun wot won it" headline as "tasteless and wrong" and reported giving the then Sun editor Kelvin MacKenzie "a hell of a bollocking ".

Whether Murdoch did or not, he seems more likely to be giving the current Sun editor a bottle of champagne than a bollocking today.

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Did the Mail and Sun help swing the UK towards Brexit?

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Was it the Sun wot won it? In a text less than an hour after the victory for leave was declared, editor Tony Gallagher told the Guardian: "So much for the waning power of the print media."

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The Age of Exploration

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Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth  on "doing nothing is hardest thing"

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The Crown Meaningful Lesson From Grandma Queen Mary

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B.Cumberbatch

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BREXIT Official Trailer (2019) Benedict Cumberbatch Movie HD

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The shock announcement by Prince Harry and his wife Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, that they intend to "step back" as senior members of the UK royal family has reopened a long-running debate on the nature of the monarchy. What exactly does the royal family do, how much money does it cost (and create), and what will Harry and Meghan do to support themselves?
What are the Queen's constitutional and ceremonial roles?
The UK has a complicated system of government, of which the monarchy is the oldest part - but the passage of time, increasing democracy and the small matter of a civil war have reduced the monarchy's constitutional power, and it is now largely ceremonial compared to the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

Queen Elizabeth II technically plays a constitutional role in opening and dissolving parliament, as well as approving bills before they become law, but again these powers are largely ceremonial: the last time royal assent was not granted for a bill was 1708.

The day after a general election, the monarch invites the leader of the party that gained the most seats in the House of Commons to become prime minister to form a government. The monarch also conducts the State Opening of Parliament, which marks the beginning of the parliamentary year; the king or queen will read out a speech, prepared by the government, detailing intended policy and legislation. When this legislation is subsequently agreed in parliament, it is formally agreed to by the monarch.

The prime minister is also expected to update the monarch on matters that include the state of affairs of the nation. While the monarch does not directly participate in the enforcement of the law, legal institutions dispense justice in the name of the sovereign. The monarch also has the official title of the commander in chief of the British armed forces.

In effect, the monarch's main role is to be a symbol of British unity, which means he or she is head of state rather than head of government.
Where does the Queen get her money from?
The Queen gets the majority of her money from the Crown Estate, a collection of land and property holdings in the territories of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Its total land area is 7.2 million square feet, and its net annual profit is $448 million. However, that revenue doesn't all go to the monarch. Her share, known as the Sovereign Grant, is decided by parliament and is usually between 15 and 20 percent.

The Queen's second source of income comes from the Duchy of Lancaster: the private estate of the British sovereign (who is also the Duke of Lancaster, hence the name). In the year to July 2018, its net annual profit was $28.35 million.

Finally, the Queen owns land separate from the estate. The Crewe estate in Cheshire includes 75 rural cottages and farmhouses, a roadside service area and potential sites for future developments. The Queen also owns the Marbury estate, which includes a dairy farm and four residential properties including her country retreat at Balmoral.
How much money does the royal family bring in?
According to statistics from VisitBritain, tourism associated with royal residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle add up to a total of 2.7 million visitors each year.

Brand Finance estimated in 2017 that the monarchy's annual contribution to the UK economy was approximately $2.3 billion annually. The Crown also brings in an approximated $718 million in tourism revenues each year, and increased trade from the royal family acting as ambassadors, is reportedly worth $195 million a year. This figure is more than the royal family's costs to the public purse.
Does the royal family pay tax?
Since 1992, the Queen has voluntarily paid income and capital gains on her personal income and the revenues that do not go towards her official duties and work. Prince Charles also pays voluntary income tax on the income from his landed estate, the Duchy of Cornwall, since 1993. In 2016-17, his estate posted revenues of $29.3 million, on which he paid a tax of $6.21 million.

A large proportion of Prince Charles's official duties are funded by the Duchy's income, which also covers the duties of royals such as his wife Camilla and Prince William and Catherine, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. This expenditure offsets Prince Charles's tax liabilities and other working royals in his direct family also get revenues from the Sovereign Grant.

The Queen's Sovereign Grant funds her official duties, so tax does not apply to that element of her income.
Where will Harry and Meghan get their money from?
Angela Levin, journalist and author of Harry: Conversations with the Prince, told CGTN: "It depends whether the Queen withdraws the money that she gives them, which is about 2 million pounds [$2.6 million] a year, Prince Charles gives them about 3.5 million pounds a year, so they've got loads here.

"But they might not take it all away and Meghan may go into making a film, earning lots of money on that. She's signed a contract with Disney. I think it will be very hard for Harry to make money unless he does public speaking and cuts lots of ribbons and turns up at events - and I don't think he's going to like that very much."

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What is the role of the UK royal family?

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The shock announcement by Prince Harry and his wife Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, that they intend to "step back" as senior members of the UK royal family has reopened a long-running debate on the nature of the monarchy.

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a cartoon about the will for independence 

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a cartoon about the will for independence 

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immigration

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Euronews

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God Save the Queen - Que Dieu protège la Reine (EN,FR lyrics/paroles)

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The English Flag

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Above the portico a flag-staff, bearing the Union Jack, remained fluttering
in the flames for some time, but ultimately when it fell the crowds rent the
air with shouts, and seemed to see significance in the incident.
- DAILY PAPERS.
Winds of the World, give answer! They are whimpering to and fro-
And what should they know of England who only England know?-
The poor little street-bred people that vapour and fume and brag,
They are lifting their heads in the stillness to yelp at the English Flag!

Must we borrow a clout from the Boer-to plaster anew with dirt?
An Irish liar's bandage, or an English coward's shirt?
We may not speak of England; her Flag's to sell or share.
What is the Flag of England? Winds of the World, declare!

The North Wind blew:-"From Bergen my steel-shod vanguards go;
I chase your lazy whalers home from the Disko floe;
By the great North Lights above me I work the will of God,
And the liner splits on the ice-field or the Dogger fills with cod.

"I barred my gates with iron, I shuttered my doors with flame,
Because to force my ramparts your nutshell navies came;
I took the sun from their presence, I cut them down with my blast,
And they died, but the Flag of England blew free ere the spirit passed.

"The lean white bear hath seen it in the long, long Arctic night,
The musk-ox knows the standard that flouts the Northern Light:
What is the Flag of England? Ye have but my bergs to dare,
Ye have but my drifts to conquer. Go forth, for it is there!"

The South Wind sighed:-"From the Virgins my mid-sea course was ta'en
Over a thousand islands lost in an idle main,
Where the sea-egg flames on the coral and the long-backed breakers croon
Their endless ocean legends to the lazy, locked lagoon.

"Strayed amid lonely islets, mazed amid outer keys,
I waked the palms to laughter-I tossed the scud in the breeze-
Never was isle so little, never was sea so lone,
But over the scud and the palm-trees an English flag was flown.

"I have wrenched it free from the halliard to hang for a wisp on the Horn;
I have chased it north to the Lizard-ribboned and rolled and torn;
I have spread its fold o'er the dying, adrift in a hopeless sea;
I have hurled it swift on the slaver, and seen the slave set free.

"My basking sunfish know it, and wheeling albatross,
Where the lone wave fills with fire beneath the Southern Cross.
What is the Flag of England? Ye have but my reefs to dare,
Ye have but my seas to furrow. Go forth, for it is there!"

The East Wind roared:-"From the Kuriles, the Bitter Seas, I come,
And me men call the Home-Wind, for I bring the English home.
Look-look well to your shipping! By the breath of my mad typhoon
I swept your close-packed Praya and beached your best at Kowloon!

"The reeling junks behind me and the racing seas before,
I raped your richest roadstead-I plundered Singapore!
I set my hand on the Hoogli; as a hooded snake she rose,
And I flung your stoutest steamers to roost with the startled crows.

"Never the lotus closes, never the wild-fowl wake,
But a soul goes out on the East Wind that died for England's sake-
Man or woman or suckling, mother or bride or maid-
Because on the bones of the English the English Flag is stayed.

"The desert-dust hath dimmed it, the flying wild-ass knows,
The scared white leopard winds it across the taintless snows.
What is the Flag of England? Ye have but my sun to dare,
Ye have but my sands to travel. Go forth, for it is there!"

The West Wind called:-"In squadrons the thoughtless galleons fly
That bear the wheat and cattle lest street-bred people die.
They make my might their porter, they make my house their path,
Till I loose my neck from their rudder and whelm them all in my wrath.

"I draw the gliding fog-bank as a snake is drawn from the hole,
They bellow one to the other, the frighted ship-bells toll,
For day is a drifting terror till I raise the shroud with my breath,
And they see strange bows above them and the two go locked to death.

"But whether in calm or wrack-wreath, whether by dark or day,
I heave them whole to the conger or rip their plates away,
First of the scattered legions, under a shrieking sky,
Dipping between the rollers, the English Flag goes by.

"The dead dumb fog hath wrapped it-the frozen dews have kissed-
The naked stars have seen it, a fellow-star in the mist.
What is the Flag of England? Ye have but my breath to dare,
Ye have but my waves to conquer. Go forth, for it is there!"

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Above the portico a flag-staff, bearing the Union Jack, remained fluttering in the flames for some time, but ultimately when it fell the crowds rent the air with shouts, and seemed to see significance in the incident. - DAILY PAPERS. Winds of the World, give answer!

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Sturgeon and Scotland

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text

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the UK, monarchy and government

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the rise and fall of the British empire 

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the rise and fall of the British empire 