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“Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.” CDC. Accessed March 29, 2023.

https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/pdfs/providers/facts_about_concussion_tbi-a.pdf.

“Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy.” NHS. Accessed March 29, 2023.

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/#:~:text=Chronic%20traumatic%20encephalopathy%20(CTE)%20is,support%20can%20manage%20the%20symptoms

“Concussion.” Mayo Clinic. Last modified February 17, 2022. Accessed March 29, 2023.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/concussion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355600

“Prognosis.” BrainLine. Last modified June 9, 2017. Accessed March 29, 2023.

https://www.brainline.org/identifying-and-treating-concussionmtbi-service-members-and-veterans/prognosis#:~:text=The%20overall%20prognosis%20for%20patients%20with%20concussions%20is%20good.&text=Generally%2085%2D90%25%20of%20individuals,and%20symptoms%20of%20concussion%2FmTBI

“The Science of CTE.” Concussion Legacy Foundation. Accessed March 29, 2023.

https://concussionfoundation.org/CTE-resources/science-of-CTE

“Concussion in Athletes.” Concussion in Athletes. Michigan Medicine. Accessed April 5, 2023. https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/concussion-athletes-neurosport.

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https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/pdfs/providers/facts_about_concussion_tbi-a.pdf

https://concussionfoundation.org/CTE-resources/science-of-CTE

https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/concussion-athletes-neurosport

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Concussion patients must have sufficient rest for the brain to recover. They should only resume normal activities if the symptoms are reduced. Generally, 85-90% of patients with concussions recover in 30 days from the time of injury.

Current Research on Concussion Treatments
Neurostimulation is a potential treatment of concussions. For example, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate and improve nerve cells. This treatment is also used in treating patients with depression.

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Physical and mental rest: limit activities that involve thinking and mental concentration; lay in a dark room with minimal stimuli
Therapies include: rehab for vision, balance problems, or cognitive abilities
Pain relief: pain relievers like acetaminophen could reduce the symptoms, but avoid medications like ibuprofen and aspirin because they can increase the risk of bleeding.

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1. Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) test: it assesses the patient's mental status like orientation, ability to tell time, and short-term memory
2. Balance Error Scoring System (BESS): it tests the patient's balance. The patient is required to hold 3 stances with their eyes closed for 20 seconds.
3. CT scans

Ways to detect CTE

PET scans

Fluid based biomarkers

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6 types of concussions –– categorised by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
1. Vestibular: affects balance and cognitive abilities
2. Ocular-Motor: affects the coordination of eye movements
3. Cognitive: affects concentration, learning abilities and memory
4. Post-traumatic Migraine: causes headache, nausea, sensitivity to light and noise
5. Cervical: causes back and neck pain
6. Anxiety / Mood: causes anxiety and irritability

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Physical: headaches, sensitivity to bright light or loud noises, nausea, balance problems, fuzzy or blurry vision, feeling lethargic
Emotional: mood and behavioral changes, irritability, sadness or nervousness, and the onset of depression or anxiety. Developmental: memory difficulties (ie: having difficulties recalling recent events), could even develop dementia, sleep disturbances (sleeping more or less than normal), difficulty concentrating

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A jolt, bump, or blow to the head that causes the head to rapidly move back and forth. This movement could stretch the cells and nerves in the brain. These impacts could come from falls, a hit against an obstacle, etc.

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Concussion causes the brain to bounce around in the skull. This movement could stretch the cells and nerves in the brain. As a result, the communication between neurons is damaged. Moreover, a concussion could also lead to axonal injury, which would also disturb connections between neurons. The part of the brain that received the impact could also bruise or even bleed.

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Concussions among athletes are extremely common. Sports like football, soccer, and boxing could bring trauma to the brain. Each year in the U.S., about 3.8 million concussions occur from sports-related injuries. Concussions among athletes are often unreported or untreated, which could cause chronic brain injuries like CTE.