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NAIAD (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease), the US Department of Defense, the CDC (Center for Disease Control), and US Department of Energy are currently experimenting with heat-killed viruses in an attempt to create an effective vaccine for the Pneumonic Plague (Plague | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2016).6mi

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Nowadays, the Plague is much less prevalent. Worldwide, we see only 1000-2000 cases a year, with an average of seven of those cases being from the US yearly. The countries who suffer the most from the Plague are Madagascar, Peru, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (CDC 2018a).

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Have you ever heard the phrase, "avoid it like its the Plague?" That phrase exists for a reason. Everyone will avoid you, even many doctors. You will need to take Prophylactic antibiotics. If you have this, you will be likely bedridden, and if you have the Pneumonic Plague, you will be unable to live for more than 18 hours (Lawrenz, 2010).

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As of now, there is no consistent or approved vaccines for the Plague. Heat-killed cultures have shown promise, but none were fully effective. The best treatment is Prophylactic antibiotic treatment, as this will keep the Plague bubonic and stop it from becoming pneumonic (Lawrenz, 2010).

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It often starts with a flea bite. That is it. It then will spread to the lymph nodes. Once it spreads to the lymph nodes, the symptoms will set in. If this is not dealt with the lymph nodes will face hemorrhaging and necrosis. It can then spread to the bloodstream or lungs unhindered, where pneumonic or septicemic versions will set in. Both of which will cause further internal hemorrhaging and bleeding, which leads to organ failure, which leads to death (Lawrenz, 2010).

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The Plague is transmitted through fleas who spread the disease to animals, who then spread it to humans. It is also commonly transmitted through infected discharged droplets. For example, sneezing and coughing caused by Pneumonic Plague spreads the disease (CDC, 2019).

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The symptoms of the Plague vary depending on where the Plague sets in. For the Bubonic Plague, fever, chills, headache, and swollen lymph nodes are symptoms. For Septicemic Plague, the swollen lymph nodes are replaced by abdominal pain and internal bleeding. For the Pneumonic Plague, those are replaced by rapid pneumonia and organ failure (CDC, 2018b).

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The plague did not discriminate. It killed mercilessly all throughout the world. However, a study by JC Russell concluded that older men (over the age of 55) were the most affected, and children between 10 and 15 were the least affected (DeWitte, 2010).

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The Plague originates from Ethiopia in the 6th century. It spread northward to Constantinople where it killed 5000-10000 a day. It ravaged Europe, Asia, and Africa killing 100 million. It broke out again in the 14th century, originating in Kyrgyzstan and spreading to Europe. After a few years in Europe, it killed close to 20% of the population. It was able to do so as the time from infection to death was under a day. The world population would not recover until 200 years later. The third outbreak occurred in the 19th century and started in Yunnan, China. It spread internationally via trading. It was the least deadly of the plagues, and lead to the discovery of the disease itself in 1894 by Alexandre Yersin(Frith, 2011).

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The Plague, better known as "The Black Death" and "The Bubonic Plague," is a bacterium that broke into the limelight in the midst of the 14th century. Starting in Africa, it subjected the world to three pandemics, the largest one being the 14th century outbreak, which started its rampage in Kyrgyzstan (Frith, 2011).