# data[].attributes.body
Culture shock refers to feelings of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that people may experience when moving to a new country or surroundings.

Culture shock can occur when people move to a new city or country, go on vacation, travel abroad, or study abroad for school.

A cultural adjustment is normal and is the result of being in an unfamiliar environment.

Culture shock is typically divided into four stages: the honeymoon, frustration, adaptation, and acceptance stage.

Over time, people can become familiar with their new surroundings as they make new friends and learn the customs, leading to an appreciation of the culture.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Most AMAZING Cultures Around The World REVEALED...

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
IDENTIFICAÇÃO DO GRUPO NA ÚLTIMA POSTAGEM.

# data[].attributes.body
Indian Traditional Dress — What do Indian Women and Men Wear
Home Destinations India
Asia Highlights TrustPilot rating
Indian Traditional Dress — What do Indian Women and Men WearBy CarolUpdated Oct. 14, 2022

SKIP AHEAD
History of Indian DressSaree – A symbol of IndiaIndian Traditional Dress for WomenIndian Modern Female AttireIndian Traditional Clothing for MenIndian Wedding DressesWhere to Buy Quality Traditional Indian Clothing
Despite globalization, India has managed to preserve its traditional dresses, a fundamental part of its culture. Even if there are dozens of traditional dresses worn both by women and men, there are some items that are widely recognized everywhere: everybody knows about the saree, dhot, and dastar.

The saree, worn by women, is a long dress that covers the right shoulder and leaves the midriff bare, while the dhoti is worn mostly by men, is a long piece of cloth wrapped around the legs and knotted to the waist. Last but not least, and maybe one of the most recognizable items of Indian attires, is the dastar, the turban mostly worn by Sikh.

# data[].attributes.headline
Members: Christian, luciano, alessandra, leticcya f., mateus p./Finland🇫🇮

# data[].attributes.subject
Members: Christian, luciano, alessandra, leticcya f., mateus p./Finland🇫🇮

# data[].attributes.body
Located in the extreme north of Europe and bathed by the Baltic Sea, Finland has borders with the Russian Federation (to the east), Sweden (to the northwest) and Norway (to the north). A portion of Finnish territory is located in the Arctic Glacial Zone (north of the Arctic Circle) and another in the North Temperate Zone (between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer). In the region called Lapland, located in the extreme north of Finland, there is the phenomenon of the aurora borealis and whole days of darkness (in winter) or light (in summer).


More than 60% of the 338.1 thousand square miles of the national territory are covered by coniferous forests, a fact that boosted the national economy. Finland is a major exporter of wood and has several paper industries. After World War II (1945), the country intensified industrialization, especially in the metallurgical segment. Another highlight is the telecommunications sector – Nokia, a transnational company headquartered in Finland, is one of the largest cell phone companies on the planet, accounting for 20% of Finnish exports.


According to data released in 2009 by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the population of Finland is 5.3 million people, with a demographic density of 15.7 inhabitants per square kilometer. Helsinki, the national capital, is the most populous city: 568,531 inhabitants.


The population enjoyed an excellent standard of living. According to data from the United Nations (UN), Finland's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.871, ranking 16th in the world. Per capita income is among the highest in the world; all inhabitants over the age of 15 are literate; the infant mortality rate is only 3 deaths per thousand live births and environmental sanitation services are offered to all households.

# data[].attributes.body
The most common rituals practiced in all Hindu households are puja, meditation, silent prayers, yoga, recitation of scriptures from Bhagavad Gita or bhajans, reading religious books, participating in Satsang (prayer meets), performing charitable work, visiting a temple, and chanting the name of their beloved.

Major types of Hindu rituals include life-cycle rituals (saṃskāra), especially initiation, marriage, and death and ancestor rituals; worship and prayer (pūjā); sacrifices, especially Vedic fire sacrifices (yajña, iṣṭi, homa) and blood sacrifices; collective and individual festivals (utsava) and processions (yātrā)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ancient Practices and Rituals | India Discoveries | World Nomads

# data[].attributes.body
Characterized by the extensive use of various types of seasonings, herbs and other vegetables, in addition to local fruits. Each family of Indian cuisine has an extensive assortment of dishes and culinary techniques. As a consequence, it varies from region to region, reflecting the demographic variety and ethnic diversity of the subcontinent. Indian cuisine has been influencing cuisines around the world, especially in Southeast Asia and the Caribbean.
In Indian culture, eating habits are based on religion and tradition. Indians have their food basically made of vegetables and no pork. The appropriate way and place to feed are also based on social customs. Most families form these habits through a combination of ingrained cultural and family memories.

# data[].attributes.body
Indian Culture is rich in many aspects and strongly established in striking features arising from the way Indians live.
One of India's customs is that Indian society moves through hierarchies due to the influence of Hinduism, and everyone is well aware of what their social position is in relation to their family, friends or a group of strange people.
Indian houses often have a sanctuary.  In addition to prayers, mantras (considered powerful and divine sounds) are practiced by the Indian people who have a habit of making pilgrimages. One of them is to go to the Ganges River to throw the ashes of the dead there, which, according to India's belief, ensures the eternal rest of their souls.where acts of worship involve offering incense, flowers and fruits to the gods.

# data[].attributes.body
- this aspect, often described as the mirror of a culture, is a
communication and interpretation tool between people, which can be spoken or silent,
through symbols or gestures, body language, eye contact and long-distance communication.
The namaste gesture in India (pressing the palms of the hands together just below the
chin) is often used as a greeting and also used by women to avoid
the handshake with a man. Within the same language there can be meanings and
different expressions, unfolding in many dialects due to these peculiarities regional cultures.

# data[].attributes.body
His hands, feet and arms are tattooed using the henna technique, the ink of which stays on the skin for just a few days. The tattoo consists of the letters of your fiance's name. The Indian bride does not wear white, but rather colorful clothes, especially in reddish tones.

# data[].attributes.headline
Finnish cuisine: plenty of meat and berries

# data[].attributes.subject
Finnish cuisine: plenty of meat and berries

# data[].attributes.body
Rye bread - the national passion

Rye bread is the most prepared in Finland, considered the country's national food. In the summer, it cannot be missing from the Finnish table, fulfilling both a food and a cultural role. It is so appreciated and loved that it is common to find it in kiosks at airports for travelers to take as a souvenir.

They are usually firmer, darker, with a stronger taste and made in different formats. Its characteristic taste is not as sweet and is lighter than other traditional European rye breads. It is served with butter or as a sandwich.

# data[].attributes.headline
Finnish cheese – versatile in production and consumption

# data[].attributes.subject
Finnish cheese – versatile in production and consumption

# data[].attributes.body
The name is difficult to pronounce: Leipajuusto. It is a cheese made with cow, sheep, goat or reindeer milk. It is a traditional product, with a mild flavor, reminiscent of coalho cheese. It is so popular that it is served in many ways, both sweet and savory.

Traditionally, a piece is baked and served with berries on top. It can also be cut into cubes and served as a salad, along with green leaves and blueberries. There are those who like to enjoy it as a sweet cream for dessert.

# data[].attributes.body
Most people in Finland belong, at least nominally, to a Christian church, the majority being Lutherans. Currently there are two national churches (different from the state church): the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, to which about 68.7% of the population belongs. With approximately 3.8 million members out of a total population of 5.5 million, and the Finnish Orthodox Church, to which about 1% of the population belongs.
Those who officially belong to one of the two national churches have part of their taxes paid to the church.

# data[].attributes.body
Winters are quite harsh in Finland and there are places where you don't see daylight in winter. For example, in Finnish Lapland, the sun sets in late November and usually doesn't rise until mid-January. This phenomenon can last up to 50 days in northern Finland.


The average annual temperature in Finland in the southwestern part of the country is 5 to 7°C, while in the northeastern part of Lapland it is an annual average of 0 to −4°C.

You must be wondering what is the best time to visit Finland? It depends on what you want to see! If you want to get to know the land of Santa Claus, December is the ideal month, despite the rigorous cold. There are several Christmas attractions and it's a magical period! However, winter days (December to March) are quite short and darkness is quite frequent.


As for enjoying the best of Finland and enjoying the great outdoors, the months of June to August are ideal. Summer is the peak tourist season in Finland, but for good reason. That's when the Midnight Sun effect spreads across the country, giving tourists over 20 hours of unlimited sunshine to explore the country.

Have you ever imagined going to an open-air music festival and at 1 am it's still sunny? It's amazing!


The summer months in Europe are the best months to visit the Nordic countries and enjoy the most pleasant temperatures (which can exceed 30ºC), the activities near the lakes, outdoor bars and restaurants and all the summer activities.

# data[].attributes.body
Finland has a highly industrialized market economy, with per capita output greater than that of the UK, France, Germany and Italy. The Finnish standard of living is high. The key sector of its economy is industry - mainly woodworking, metallurgy, engineering, telecommunications (Nokia in particular) and electronic products. Foreign trade is important, accounting for about 1/3 of GDP. With the exception of wood and various ores, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components of manufactured goods.

# data[].attributes.body
Country: Spain
Members: Daniela, Jamilly, Sara, Kamila and Miguel

# data[].attributes.body
Seeking some interesting facts about Spain? Spain is one of the most popular tourist destinations in all of Europe. Spain has it all if you want to explore the beaches, walk around historic cities, enjoy a relaxed lifestyle, revel in the cuisine, or experience the vibrant nightlife.

# data[].attributes.body
1. When we think of “Spain”, the first things that come to mind are flamenco and bullfighting, right? Know that the Spaniards do not like these mentions as if they were part of their daily lives. Spaniards feel no pride in being remembered for such a bloody sport.

2.  The “Spaniards are always lazy” stereotype. In Spain, it is common to “siesta” (i.e. nap in the afternoon), and along with the joke of “Ah, you were probably sleeping” if you have not answered a call, mail, etc., in the afternoon. They feel pretty irritated by that kind of assumption.

3. Assuming that Latin American culture is the same or similar to Spanish. “Oh! This is common in Argentina, I think it is also common in Spain.” No one is going to be offended (maybe) by assuming they dance salsa just because they're Spanish, but… yeah, it's definitely going to roll your eyes.

# data[].attributes.body
Members: Anny Borges; Edivan; Abimael; Lucas Albuquerque; João Guilherme.
Country: Scotland.

# data[].attributes.body
Scotland, a country in the far north of the UK, is a land of mountainous wilderness such as the Cairngorms and the North West Highlands, interspersed with glacial valleys and lochs. The main cities are Edinburgh, the capital, with its famous castle on a hill, and Glasgow, famous for its vibrant cultural scene. Scotland is also famous for golf. The sport was first played on the Old Course at St Andrews in the 15th century.

By: Anny Borges

# data[].attributes.body
Kilt
The kilt is a knee-length, bifurcated skirt-type garment with pleats at the back, originating in the traditional dress of Gaelic men and boys in the Scottish Highlands. It is first recorded in the 16th century as the belted plaid, a long garment whose upper half can be worn as a cape.

Hornpipe The bagpipe
a musical instrument considered one of the symbols of Scotland, has existed for thousands of years. In the history of ancient Egypt, one already appears, made with dog skin and tubes made of bones.

The instrument began to be used by them both in peace and in war, replacing the traditional trumpet, for many years it was associated with battles in the Middle Ages, being recognized as an instrument of motivation to brave Scottish warriors.

By: Anny Borges

# data[].attributes.headline
members: Maria Arielly, Larissa, Ivan lopez and Ana Kassia.country: Indonesia.

# data[].attributes.subject
members: Maria Arielly, Larissa, Ivan lopez and Ana Kassia.country: Indonesia.

# data[].attributes.body
General data about Indonesia:
* Official name: Republic of Indonesia
*Gentilic: Indonesian
* Territorial extension: 1,910,931 km²
* Location: Southeast Asia
*Capital: Jakarta
* Climate: tropical hot and humid
* Government: parliamentary republic
* Administrative division: 31 provinces, one autonomous province and one National Capital District
* Language: Bahasa Indonesian
* Religions:
* Islamic: 87.2%;
* Protestant: 7%; OK
* Roman Catholic: 2.9%;
* Hindu: 1.7%;
* other: 0.9%.
* Population: 276,362,000 inhabitants (UN, 2021).

# data[].attributes.body
culture:
Indonesia's cultural forms have been shaped by the interaction of diverse ethnic groups native to the region and foreign cultures. Indonesia is located in a region crossed by trade routes between the Middle East, South Asia and the Far East, which has contributed to the spread of various religions in the region, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam and Christianity, all of them widely practiced in Indonesian market towns to the present day. The result of this multicultural interaction defined the complex character of the country's culture, as well as giving rise to countless conflicts in its history, such as the repression in Timor-Leste and West Papua.
The unique geographic context of Indonesia has generated mixed forms of religiosity, such as the Abangan belief of the Javanese, which unites elements of Islam and Hinduism, Bodha, which unites Buddhism and characteristics of animism, and the Kaharingan, which fuses Hinduism and animism from aboriginal beliefs.
The dance tradition originating from the island of Bali relies on ancient Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms, while forms of Islamic architecture and art are present on the island of Sumatra, especially in the regions of Minangkabau and Aceh. Silat Pencak Silat is a martial art unique to the archipelago, which combines traditional art, music and sports.
Language:
Bahasa Indonesia is the country's national language. Children learn the language of their region at home before entering school. At school they learn Bahasa Indonesia.

Religion:
Nearly 88 percent of Indonesians declared themselves Muslim in the 2000 census, making Indonesia the nation with the highest percentage of Muslims in the world. Other religious groups in the country are Christians 9% of the country, 2/3 of them Protestants and the rest Catholics, Hindus 2% and Buddhists 1%. Many Indonesians believe in spirits, and combine the ritual of ancestors and nature common to other Asian nations with elements of Islam and Christianity.

# data[].attributes.headline
Indonesian cuisine:Rice is the mainstay of the Indonesian diet, with the exception of the “malukus” and residents of West Papua, the Indonesian part of New Guinea, where the base is flour from the sago palm, sweet potato and cassava, the latter brought from the "West Indies". Meat, fish and vegetable preparations are consumed in small quantities, and always very spicy, unlike Westerners who, for this reason, suffer from the spicy nature of Indonesian cuisine.

# data[].attributes.subject
Indonesian cuisine:Rice is the mainstay of the Indonesian diet, with the exception of the “malukus” and residents of West Papua, the Indonesian part of New Guinea, where the base is flour from the sago palm, sweet potato and cassava, the latter brought from the "West Indies". Meat, fish and vegetable preparations are consumed in small quantities, and always very spicy, unlike Westerners who, for this reason, suffer from the spicy nature of Indonesian cuisine.

# data[].attributes.body
Traditional male and female clothing in Indonesia is a colorful skirt called a sarong or u kain. A sarong is a long strip of cloth that wraps around the body. The kain is similar but with the ends sewn together. Men wear shirts with pants or a sarong. Women usually wear a long-sleeved blouse and a sarong or kain.

Men wear a special hat or bone, and women may wear a veil over their shoulders or head. Unlike Muslim women in other countries, in Indonesia they do not cover their faces with a veil. In cities, most people wear Western-style clothing, although many prefer traditional clothing.

mores:
Kissing and hugging men and women in public is considered unacceptable by most. The correct way to greet a member of the opposite sex is with a handshake initiated by the woman. If a woman does not want to shake hands, she will politely decline by placing her hands in front of her chest in prayer position.

# data[].attributes.body
Spain has five official languages—Aranese, Catalan, Galician, Basque (Euskara) and Spanish.

In Spanish culture, people stand close and frequently touch one another on the arm while conversing. Making eye contact is important and often maintained longer than in other cultures. Spaniards often use exaggerated hand gestures and facial expressions to support what they are saying. They may also speak loudly, laugh, and smile a lot. Pointing at others is impolite but staring at others is more common than in some other countries. Showing emotion in public is more acceptable for women than for men.

# data[].attributes.body
In the video above, the difference between both accents is noticeable.
Just like Brazilian Portuguese and Portuguese from Portugal, there are differences between Spanish from Latin America and Spanish from Spain, but not only that, each country that speaks Spanish has its own way of speaking and slang!

# data[].attributes.body
Main types of "Spanish practices" include allowing workers to go home before the end of their shift if they have completed their scheduled work; negotiable paid overtime within normal working hours after completing scheduled work, regardless of remaining working hours; automatic overtime pay if production reaches a certain level regardless of remaining working hours; no overlap between functions in the same workplace (demarcation); and overtime pay to cover absence of colleagues.

# data[].attributes.body
Spanish cuisine is heavily influenced by Mediterranean regions , but which, over the years, has imprinted its own characteristics on traditional Spanish dishes.

In the country, its cuisine is also very different and varies according to each region which, in turn, has its own customs, but which maintains aspects in common.

The use of olive oil, strong spices, bread and seafood are very common in the preparations, in addition to wine, which is consumed almost daily by the Spaniards

From savory dishes to mouth-watering desserts, you'll fall in love with Spanish cuisine, which has ancient influences.

       Paella

It is undoubtedly one of the tastiest and most famous foods in the world. Here in Brazil, Paella has gained new versions , but the traditional dish is made with rice, seafood, such as octopus, squid, mussels and shrimp.

Some recipes also use pork. All the ingredients are taken to the fire and mixed, becoming a kind of very juicy risotto. A show!

   Cocido Madrileño

On your Spanish food menu, Cocido Madrileño cannot be missing. This is the kind of dish that first pleases the eyes and then delights the most diverse palates.

The recipe takes a variety of ingredients and colors, which make the dish very beautiful. Cocido is made with sausage, potatoes, chicken, chickpeas, cabbage, green beans and other components, which make the food a true delicacy.

If you travel to Madrid , be sure to try this dish, which is a true classic there.

      Torrijas

The cuisine of Spain is not only famous in the world for its savory dishes, desserts are also very popular and traditional there. Torrijas are an example of this.

This Spanish sweet is made with slices of stale bread, breaded with eggs and fried. After that, it is served with cinnamon, sweet syrups and accompanied with a good wine or milk.

What is eaten on a daily basis in Spain?

Meal times and eating habits of the Spaniards are very different from what we are used to here in Brazil.

So, when traveling to the country, forget the Brazilian way when it comes to savoring Spanish cuisine .

Catalan recipes are based on Mediterranean food . For those who want to understand what the Spaniards like to eat, know that in the cities of Spain , in the morning, meals are based on toast, bread, juice, sweets, tapas and coffee.

At lunch, the meal is very elaborate with a salad with vegetables and ingredients, such as tuna, egg, ham, as well as vegetables and sausages, which are part of what they call the first dish.

Afterwards, a dish with fish or meat is served, which can be pork, rabbit, lamb, beef or game, as well as seafood such as shrimp and octopus. Of course, dessert is also a must.

Spaniards love puddings, curds and fruits. In the middle of the afternoon, it's the turn of the farm, which is basically a traditional pastry shop in the country with delicacies derived from milk. Dinner is similar to lunch.

By: Kamila Thais

# data[].attributes.body
One of the best parts about travelling is discovering new customs and traditions. In Spain, with its rich culture, history, and cuisine, you are sure to do just that! From the late lunches and dinners to the kiss-kiss greetings

Double cheek kissing

In Spain, people greet each other and say goodbye with a kiss on each cheek. Don't be mistaken - these aren't wet, sloppy kisses! In fact, these aren't really proper kisses at all. People usually touch their right cheeks together and make a kissing sound, then repeat the process on the left side.

People don't do this every morning when they come into work, but if you meet a friend for drinks or are introduced to someone new, the double cheek kiss is given to say hello and goodbye. Women are always greeted this way, but two men shake hands with each other unless they are relatives.

 Late lunches and dinners

Spanish lunch and dinner times are later than in many other countries. Lunch is normally eaten at two or three in the afternoon, and dinner around ten at night. Lunch is typically a large meal, with a starter, a main dish and dessert. Dinner is normally very light.

       Nightlife

Nightlife in Spain is as good as you've heard. Bars and clubs are open all night, and many people party until six in the morning, sometimes stopping for some churros and hot chocolate at sunrise before finally going to bed.

        Siesta

The Spanish siesta is one of the country's most well-known traditions. Nowadays, few Spaniards are able to commute all the way home to have a midday nap, but many shops still close at lunchtime - usually from 2 pm to 4 or 5 pm. Major chains, however, are normally open all day without interruption.

By: Kamila Thais

# data[].attributes.body
 video link of some cities in italy: https://youtu.be/2b2gJu-g3qE (minuto 32:30 ate 39:40)
https://youtu.be/uCVOwkyXhWI

I hope you enjoy the research and some new curiosities about italy!!

# data[].attributes.body
Fashion is an art and in Spain a myriad of designers have created their works taking inspiration from national painters like Goya, Picasso, Zurbarán and Sorolla.

- WOMEN’S SPANISH FASHION BRANDS

Besides that, Galician Roberto Verino stands out for always seeking maximum excellence in the quality of the fabric as well as in the pattern of the garment. This is a brand that combines elegance with sensuality and is still the star of many a red carpet to this day.

El Corte Inglés has the best Spanish clothing brands for every taste, gender and age. For example, Desigual, the brand for women was born in Ibiza and developed in Barcelona. Famous for its out-of-the-ordinary, full colour designs, each woman is unique when she wears one of Desigual’s famous dresses or coats.

Over time it also became a symbol of urban tribes like the punks, the skinheads, the hip hop movement and even university students with the college bomber jacket.

- MEN’S SPANISH FASHION BRANDS

For men, on the other hand, there’s Pertegaz by designer Manuel Pertegaz, who opened his first workshop in Barcelona in 1942. This brand knows how to change with the times and has become a top name in both men's and women's pret-à-porter. Men can show off their chinos with a polo shirt and jacket, or with jeans and a cardigan. Huge versatility in just one brand.

For both genders, brands like Green Coast or Easy Wear have a long tradition at the shopping mall, and are the fashion benchmark for many young people in Spain. For a more formal style that’s perfect for the day-to-day at work, both men and women can enjoy the wide variety of shirts by Mirto. But there are also polo shirts, T-shirts, trousers, dresses and skirts to be found for enjoying days off.

- SPANISH FASHION BRANDS FOR CHILDREN TOO

There are different Spanish brands for little ones that offer them the comfort they need at the same time as enjoying the style they like best. Let's remember that fashion is a form of expression and that little ones can develop their own personality by choosing their clothes themselves. The Kids El Corte Inglés brand or Baby El Corte Inglés offer upbeat, free and easy designs for babies, boys and girls.

And for a more urban and sporty style, boys and girls can dress in the characteristic designs by Desigual. In addition to that, and for a more formal children's style, you can rely on designs by Coconut El Corte Inglés, which offers limitless dresses, shirts and even blazers for little fashion- lovers.

# data[].attributes.body
As Habsburg Spain grew in power, Spanish fashions such as Spanish capes, corsets, and farthingales became popular all over Western Europe.

Farthingales were bell-shaped hoop skirts made up of whalebone, cloth, and intricate cages of wire underneath women’s clothes. The style was cumbersome for Renaissance women and it took them hours to get dressed. Spanish traditional clothing was heavily influenced by the Moorish culture, which dominated parts of the Iberian Peninsula from 711 AD until their expulsion in 1492. The Moorish culture popularized rich embroideries with the introduction of the use of jewels (often as buttons) and perfume as well as heavy girdles and collars.

Traditional Spanish bullfighters costumes have also remained unchanged over the years and are elaborate costumes inspired by the flamboyant 18th-century Andalusian styling. They are known as “suits of lights” (traje de luces) and easily distinguished by their use of sequins, gold and silver threads, and detailed embroidery. In addition to these Spanish costumes for specific performers, every region in Spain has its own traditional clothing and Spanish dresses. They are not often worn, but you can often catch a glimpse of them during regional celebrations and parades.

Most traditional Spanish clothing is reserved for special events and celebrations. The most common pieces, still used today, include: the mantilla, the peineta, and the gilet.

- The mantilla: is a traditional Spanish veil piece that is often worn during religious celebrations such as Spanish weddings. It is a light lace or silk scarf that is worn over the head or shoulders on a high comb and held in place by pins.

- The peineta: is a large decorative comb placed in the hair to hold up the mantilla. It is usually tortoiseshell colored with a curved body and long prongs to increase the height. The peineta, used on special occasions, originated centuries ago making it a traditional piece of Spanish clothing.

- The Gilet: The word gilet comes from the Spanish word jileco (from Arabic word yalíka), or chaleco in modern Spanish. It is a sleeveless jacket, much like a waistcoat or vest that forms an important part of traditional Spanish clothing. Historically they were fitted and embroidered, and in the 19th century the gilet was a bodice shaped like a man’s waistcoat. Contemporary gilets are used for additional warmth outdoors. In the first edition of El Quixote, in 1605, a diminutive of the word appeared: gilecuelo.

# data[].attributes.body
Scotland has more than one official language, for example: Scots, Scottish Gaelic, English, british sign language and Doric dialect. British english is the official language, but there are other languages ​​also recognized by the State as minority, and the main one is Scots, or Scottish Gaelic language.

Learn more about the languages ​​spoken in Scotland with a report from a person who lives there: http://vidanaescocia.com.br/que-lingua-se-fala-na-escocia/

By: Abimael Alves

# data[].attributes.body
Scottish cuisine has much in common with English cuisine, but it has its own characteristics and containers.  Robust food, high in fat and meat, and the Scots' penchant for deep-frying everything is contributing to the rise in heart problems and obesity.

Typical scotland food

Haggis Neeps 'N' Tatties

Scotland's national dish, a savory meat meal traditionally served on celebratory occasions such as weddings, Burn's Night or Hogmany

Scottish breakfast

The Scottish breakfast shares the same high-calorie fried ingredients as the English breakfast, but with a few additions like potato scones, black pudding, lorne sausage, and potentially even haggis if you're lucky.  Served all day in many Scottish cafes, expect to feel super full and in need of rest when you finish this meal.

By: Edivan Andrade

# data[].attributes.body
When entering houses and temples, do not forget to leave your shoes outside.  It's a cultural behavior.  In India, the left hand is considered impure, and its use is associated with cleaning and personal hygiene.
So avoid using it to eat, say hello or even pass objects to other people.

In India, you must always eat with your right hand.
If you're eating a meal with your hands, be sure to use your right hand, and don't put your fingers in your mouth.  Just use your thumb to push the food.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
St Andrew's Cathedral located in Glasgow, Scotland's capital.

# data[].attributes.body
In September 2017, a survey carried out in Scotland (commissioned by the Humanist Society of Scotland) showed that 72.4% are declared as having no religion.

The number of people attending church already had decreased considerably in 2016, from 40% to 52%. But a very interesting fact was that the number of people who identify themselves as religious, but do not go to church is 66%.

Look at the following charts related to the religious percentage in Scotland:

Religion in Scotland (2011)

Graphic 1:

-Dark blue: Church of Scotland (32.4%)
-Purple: Catholic Church (15.9%)
-Light blue: Other Christians (5.5%)
-White: No religion (36.7%)
-Dark green: Islam (1.4%)
-Light green: Other religion (1.2%)
-Black: No affirmation (7%)

https://static.wixstatic.com/media/0e05c8_1023367215c442bcb5d31403933267fa~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_114,h_190,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Grafico 1.jpg

Graph 2:

​Current religion/ Number and percentage 2001 - 2011

-Christianity
-Church of Scotland
-Roman Catholic
-Other Christians
-Islam
-Hinduism
-Buddhism
-Sikhism
-Judaism
-Others
-Total

https://static.wixstatic.com/media/0e05c8_2e1bc1c488c6434bb90b415aeca1cab7~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_250,h_250,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Grafico 2.jpg

Graph 3:

https://static.wixstatic.com/media/0e05c8_601d1ea643f446f9a307f3d91ce47b1d~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_410,h_250,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Grafico 3.jpg

By: Abimael Alves

# data[].attributes.body
You will feel right at home with the Scots during your exchange there.  The Scottish people are extremely kind and curious, in addition to being very lively and enjoying talking to each other!

And if you meet a Scotsman in a pub, be aware that if you try to join him on beer or whiskey, you could easily lose: Scottish people are famous for drinking a lot!  Oh, and it's worth a heads up: the Scots don't mince words and speak whatever comes to mind!

By: Edivan Andrade

# data[].attributes.body
Members: Kamilla da Rocha; Karla Gabrielle; Anna Luiza Santana; Andressa Ferreira; Giovanna Sousa
Country: China

# data[].attributes.body
China is a nation whose densely populated eastern landscape encompasses grasslands, deserts, mountains, lakes, rivers and more than 14,000 km of coastline. The capital Beijing combines modern architecture with historical landmarks such as the Forbidden City palace complex and Tiananmen Square. Shanghai is a global financial center filled with skyscrapers. The emblematic Great Wall of China crosses the northern region of the country from east to west.

Drag down and come and learn a little more about China!

# data[].attributes.body
Obedience and deference to authority are among the strictest customs in Chinese society. The order is to put older men first, then younger men, then older women, followed by younger women.

Social interaction is governed by Confucianism, which expects honor, attention, loyalty and respect for seniority.

Touching is allowed between people of the same sex, but little tolerated between individuals of the opposite sex. It is common to offer gifts on the occasion of Chinese New Year, birthdays, weddings and births.

There are gifts, however, that are not well accepted because they can represent bad luck or death. Among them are scarves, sandals, flowers, watches, scissors and knives. A gift can be declined up to three times before being accepted. When presenting, it is important to do so with both hands.

# data[].attributes.body
Music is one of the greatest cultural manifestations of societies, since all of these hold it.
It doesn't matter if it's modern or traditional, let alone the rhythm. Songs can be religious or not, they can express feelings, worship, tradition among others.

In Japanese culture music is divided into two distinct types, classical and folk.

The classical modality has a distinct variety of rhythms and styles that have occurred throughout Japanese history.

Between the years 710 to 794, which represents the Nara era in which Japan's cultural interactivity with China took place, the Japanese court adopted gagaku.

# data[].attributes.body
One of the most widespread cultural products internationally are Japanese comics, known as manga and anime, with titles such as Dragon Ball, Digimon, Pokémon and Naruto. As much as the product comes from an Eastern culture, which has very different habits from westerners, the charisma of the characters and the quality of the works (history and animations) have won the hearts of millions of people around the world.

The animes are the cartoons, which in turn come from the manga, the traditional Japanese comic books, published in print. Both forms of production have enormous commercial success, moving japan's economy. Its fans are generally very engaged with the works and, in addition to reading and watching, consume the most varied types of products, such as dolls, video games, t-shirts, caps, paintings, costumes etc.

Although today there is a direct link between manga and anime production, the first Japanese television animations emerged independently in the early 20th century, talking about Japanese legends, short stories and local culture. By understanding the educational power of film productions, the Japanese government itself began to invest in its production.

After World War II (1939-1945), with the advance of television and film, the first Japanese animated films in feature film began to emerge, and one of the first productions, which was great success in the late 1960s, was "The Legend of the White Serpent". With the popularity of the genre, began to emerge the first anime production studios, which began to gain prominence around the world. One of the most famous is Toei Animation, producer of major hits such as Dragon Ball, Digimon and Knights of the Zodiac.

The diffusion of anime to the West came through some trips of the producers, but popularization gained strength from the 1980s, with the film Akira, considered a major milestone of Japanese animation. After that came other very successful anime, and many are on the rise to this day, as is the case of the Dragon Ball series, which is about to complete 40 years of existence.

In Brazil, the precursor anime was the Series Knights of the Zodiac, which in 1994 made a huge success in television, paving the way for other great works. The series was aired by the now defunct Rede Manchete, and then resumed by Rede Bandeirantes de TV. Rede Globo, through its children's programming, TV Globinho, would also bet on manga, getting a lot of success with the Pokémon series.

# data[].attributes.body
Namaste is a greeting and salutation typical of South Asia, which means "I salute you" in Portuguese.  This term is mainly used in India and Nepal by Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists.

The gesture expresses a great feeling of respect, invokes the perception that all individuals share the same essence, the same energy, the same universe.  Therefore, the term and the action have a very intense pacifying force.

# data[].attributes.body
The history of religion in Japan is marked by a long process of influences and religious traditions. In contrast to Europe, where Christianity supplanted local pagan traditions, the local Shinto religion continued as part of people's lives from ancient times to state organization in modern times.

When Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the 6th century, Shinto and Buddhist beliefs began to interact. And that is the defining characteristic of the Japanese religion. The greatest example of this interaction is the honji suijaku theory, in which the Shinto kami was seen as the incarnation of Buddhist deities.

Confucianism and Taoism are two other "imported" religions that have played an important role in Japanese society for a period of more than a thousand years. Confucian precepts had a greater influence on Japanese ethics and philosophy in the period of state formation (in the 1600th and 1868th centuries), and again in the Edo period (<>–<>). With an influence not so marked as that of Confucianism, Taoism in Japan can be perceived in the use of the Chinese horoscope and in popular beliefs such as in divinations or 'auspicious directions'.

# data[].attributes.body
Of the rituals related to Death, there are, in China, two large groups to consider:

1. The funerary ritual;
Chinese death rituals follow a rich cultural tradition that dates back to the earliest dynasties. Chinese families still follow these traditions, with a few minor exceptions.

Funeral Rituals for the Elderly
Proper respect is always paid to elders in Chinese society, including those who have passed away. Therefore, the funeral of an elder must be carried out in full. That includes:

Preparing for the funeral even before death, while the person is on their deathbed
asking for a coffin
Driving the family of the deceased into debt to pay for the funeral

Funeral Rituals for Younger Family Members
According to Chinese custom, an elder need not show respect to someone younger. If a younger family member dies, there remains the question of how to prepare for the funeral of single adults and children. What can happen includes:
- If someone dies and is not married, no respect is paid to him, as he is not considered an elder, nor does he have children to prepare the funeral for him.
- They will be dropped off at the funeral home and not taken home for a typical Chinese ritual. Parents are not even allowed to take the body home or say prayers for them.
- The same applies to babies and children. No funeral rites are performed. Family members carry out these burials in silence

2. Ceremonies in honor of the Ancestors, with veneration of stelae in temples and the use of simulacra of coins to "purchase life" or the right to live and offering food and visiting tombs (the so-called veneration of the mountains) on set days in the luni-lunar calendar.

# data[].attributes.body
The Chinese language has 10 variations, and these "branches" don't bear much resemblance to each other. There are differences regarding vocabulary, but mainly about phonetics. After all, there are some words that are spelled the same but have different meanings. The only difference between them is the pronunciation, that is, the tone in which they are spoken.

Going back to Chinese variations, we mention that there are 10 dialects, right? Now, we will list which are the 10 languages spoken in China:

Mandarin;
Huizhou;
Jin;
Cantonese;
Hakka;
Min;
Xiang;
Gan;
Wu;
Pinghua.
Among all these, we can say that Mandarin is the most popular. After all, it is what we quote the most when we talk about the Chinese language.

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese food is one of the most widespread cuisines in the world. In virtually every major metropolis, Chinese restaurants can be found. China, with all its millennial history, has several typical dishes. Some you find close to home, with a slightly different recipe. But, if you travel to China one day, be sure to reserve space, in your belly and pocket, to discover Chinese food at its origin.
chinese sweet and sour pork
The name in Chinese is 糖醋里脊, but the world knows this dish as Sweet and Sour Pork – which means sweet and sour pork, in good Portuguese. This is one of the most traditional and widespread dishes in China, being part of the table in practically every corner of the country. According to tradition, the sweet and sour pork recipe would have appeared during the rule of Emperor Qin Shihuang, between 221 and 207 BC – yes, 2200 years ago!

The emperor, who liked sweet and sour recipes, would have held a thematic contest. An elderly woman won the parade, was transformed into a court cook, and sweet and sour pork entered the pantheon of Chinese cuisine forever.

Kung Pao
Chicken pieces, peanuts, sesame oil, spices and peppers make up Kung Pao, a dish that was born in Sichuan, a state in the central region of China, and has spread throughout the country and the world. Today, Kung Pao Chicken is almost synonymous with Chinese cuisine. On the Gastrolândia website there is a recipe in Portuguese, step by step.

Unlike many of the more traditional Chinese dishes, Kung Pao is relatively recent. It was created in the 19th century, during the Qing dynasty, and is said to have been named after a Sichuan governor. The imperial origin of this dish caused its name to be changed during Mao Zedong's Cult Revolution, when the recipe was officially called hongbao jiding, which means something like "diced chicken". The name reverted to the original in the 1980s.

wontons
A typical recipe from Canton, in southern China, which also crossed borders and is now common in various parts of Asia. The dish is made with thin sheets of wheat flour dough, which is usually steamed or fried and stuffed with different ingredients, from pork to small cubes of shrimp. Wontons can also be served with a soup.

The origin of the recipe is controversial: there are sources that say that the dish has been around since the Tang dynasty, which ruled China between 618 and 907 AD. were consumed two millennia ago. In all this time, wontons have always had a religious and ceremonial role, being common in festivities such as the Winter Solstice Festival.

And before I forget: wontons are similar (and often confused) with another typical Chinese recipe, dumplings.

Dumplings
In comparison, dumplings are slightly larger than wontons, but that's not the only difference between the recipes. The dumplings dough is thicker and with that the delicacy takes a little longer to get ready – it can be boiled, steamed or fried. The stuffing of the dumplings is varied, but pork and cabbage are two of the most traditional.

This is another recipe with ceremonial significance in China, particularly in the north of the country. Over there, dumplings are the official Chinese New Year food. See here a recipe, step by step and in English, to make the dish.

peking duck
With its thin and crispy skin, the Beijing roast duck is almost a tourist attraction in the city and one of the gastronomic symbols of China. In the capital of the country, there is no lack of restaurants specializing in the recipe, which has existed since the times of the Empire – the first record of this dish was made about 1500 years ago. But it was only a millennium later, when the country's capital moved from Nanjing to Beijing, that roast duck gained the city's surname.

The most traditional restaurants even keep the process of raising the birds intact, controlling the amount of food for the animals, the way they are raised and the exact time for them to be slaughtered on the farms. After being sacrificed, the viscera of the ducks are removed through a hole, made near the wing, which is then used to fill the meat with air – another ancient technique that guarantees that the skin detaches itself from the fat. The recipe also includes a good amount of time for the duck meat to rest, hanging in a specific place, which also helps with the flavor. Then the duck is boiled, brushed with spices and roasted over a special wood fire, before being hung up again to rest.

In general, the duck comes whole from the kitchen and is sliced in front of the customers, a technique that is also full of traditions: the skin, crispy enough, is one of the highlights. This is probably the most expensive meal a tourist can have in Beijing, but it's worth it.

# data[].attributes.body
Confucianism and Taoism are considered Chinese religions, but both began as philosophies.  Confucius, like his successors, dismissed the gods and turned to action.  In turn, the Taoists appropriated popular Chinese beliefs and the structure of Buddhism.  As a result, a separate stream of "religious Taoism" emerged, as distinct from the "philosophical Taoism" associated with ancient Chinese thinkers Lao-Tzu and Zuang-Zi.

Buddhism first arrived in China during the late Han dynasty, quickly took root, and temples like the one pictured were built.  The Communists eliminated organized religion when they took power in 1949 and most temples were reorganized for secular uses.  The 1978 Constitution restored some religious freedoms, and there are now active Buddhist and Christian groups in China.

# data[].attributes.body
The Scottish people are extremely kind and curious, in addition to being very lively and really enjoying talking to others.

By: Lucas Oliveira

# data[].attributes.body
Spoken in China by over 1 billion people, 95% of the Chinese population.  Minorities use languages ​​from different language families: Tibetan, Mongolian, Lolo, Miao and Tai.  Chinese is the most spoken language in the world.

Because it is the dominant language in East Asia, Chinese exerted influence on the lexicon and spelling of neighboring languages, but belonging to another linguistic group.  Among them are Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese, which belong to the Altaic linguistic group.  It is believed that, until the 18th century, more than half of the world's books were published in Chinese.

General features

Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan—as well as many languages ​​of small Southeast Asian tribes—belong to the Sino-Tibetan family.  With the exception of the lexicon and some basic phonemes, Chinese and other related languages ​​show traits that make them different from Western ones: they are monosyllabic, with scarce tonal inflections.

Languages ​​and Dialects

Chinese has dialects classified into seven major groups (see table).  Differences in lexicon and pronunciation are analogous to those in Romance languages.  Most Chinese speak the same dialect, called Mandarin by Westerners.  Mandarin forms the basis of the current vernacular script, baihua, which, in turn, forms the basis of the official language: putonghua.

A curiosity is that it is estimated that around 1/5 of the population speak some of the linguistic variants of this territory.  This makes this language considered the most spoken in the world, despite not being as popular in other countries outside of China.  the issue of language in China is totally different in Brazil.  While a person from São Paulo perfectly understands the speech of a person from Maranhão, a person who lives in the south of China will hardly understand what someone from the north says.

This is because there are several ethnic groups in the country, which means that each region has its own customs, cultures, traditions... and dialects!  There are even places that have more than one dialect.  It is estimated that, in the territory, there are around 81.

# data[].attributes.body
One of the main features of Scottish English is the famous "" enrollado, which has a pronunciation similar to ours "" in words such as "grateful", "phrase", "great", etc. Another striking specificity in Scottish English is the pronunciation of vowels, which is a little different from the pronunciation of vowels in standard English.

By: Lucas Oliveira

# data[].attributes.body
Even with the westernization of fashion in modern China, there is a movement to rescue this tradition from the imperial era.  Some universities have the Hanfu Society, whose members wear the costume in celebrations and present its history to others.  Many supporters believe that wearing the Hanfu reinforces the sense of national identity, preserving the country's culture and history.  the most traditional Chinese clothes that the culture of the Asian giant has, which are very important in the representation of the country's imperial times.

The colors of Chinese clothes

First of all, we should know that the Chinese people take the issue of colors and their meanings very seriously, not only when it comes to clothes, but also gifts and other belongings.  Darker colors, such as red, were historically favored over lighter colors in traditional Chinese clothing.  Light colors were more used by people of the lower classes.  In addition, the colors were, and still are, the representation of the season of the year that was present: green representing spring, red representing summer, white for autumn and black for winter.  In addition, the Chinese have a sense of contrast, coordination and combination between colors, which can create new meanings. Some examples of traditional clothing:

Hanfu – “Han Dynasty Garments” in free translation – is the oldest style of dress.  It has this name because it became popular in this period and was adopted for more than 3 millennia. The Hanfu comprises a flowing tunic with loose sleeves and a sash around the waist, usually adorned. Despite having undergone some modifications in other dynasties, it is considered a symbol of authentic Chinese culture.

Qipao – is a women's long dress with buttons, traditionally worn in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911).  This garment became very famous and is still widely marketed as a characteristic Chinese women's garment.

Zhongshan - was a key piece in men's fashion from the 1910s onwards. It resembles a blazer that mixes both Western and Eastern elements.  It has four pockets, five larger center buttons down the front, and three smaller cufflinks on each sleeve.  It became known as “Mao Costume” because it was constantly worn by Mao Zedong, founder of the People's Republic of China.

# data[].attributes.body
A successful professional will think about all the possibilities of conquering the Chinese during a business trip to the country. Therefore, learning their language is one more thing when it comes to conquering guanxi. But be careful, you don't need to have fluency, but any hesitation can result in face. Be well prepared!

Some situations disregarded for us, here in the West, can be very valuable to them, among the most different, we highlight:

Business cards: receive and delivered with both hands, never ignore. Try to read it carefully as soon as you receive it, do not take notes on it and do not store it in your pants pocket.

Exchange of gifts: the Chinese are superstitious, so avoid gifts such as watches or in black and white colors, because for them they are elements linked to death. In addition, sharp objects may seem like an attempt to cut relationships. And only give gifts if it is for all the people involved in the negotiation.

Farewells: always let the Chinese pass in front of you when it's time to leave through a door or get into a car and only turn your back after he leaves. And of course, take pictures to keep as a souvenir.

And when trading is with China, considering its millennial traditions linked to Chinese etiquette rules is vital to succeed in transactions.

By: Andressa

# data[].attributes.body
The Chinese have some very different habits from those practiced in the West. In order for you not to go through any discomfort there, we have separated some tips:

Greet only by tilting your head, at most give a handshake, but only if the Chinese raises his hand first, because the physical contact should be as little as possible.

By:Andressa

# data[].attributes.body
tá ótimo, parabéns

# data[].attributes.body
While many Spanish traditions like tapas and flamenco dancing have become legendary around the globe, knowing where to experience them in Spain can be difficult for some tourist.

- Flamenco in Spain

Flamenco is perhaps the most famous Spanish tradition but also one that is often misunderstood. Flamenco is not a dance but does sometimes have dancing in it, rather it’s a musical style with far more emphasis on the guitar, vocals, and rhythm than on the dancing. In fact, the whole idea of flamenco dancing is a little paradoxical: True flamenco is spontaneous, but flamenco dancing requires appropriate attire, meaning it must be planned! Still, you’ll hear flamenco music and see flamenco dancing all over Spain, and you can even take lessons in many Spanish cities.

- The Siesta

Although the pressures of a modernized market economy have made the idea of taking long breaks in the afternoon a little impractical for businesses, many Spaniards still take a daily siesta during the hottest part of the day. ​Siesta means “nap” in English, and there are two periods most Spanish people take their afternoon rest: from 2 to 5 for people going out for lunch or a drink and from 4 to 8 or 9 p.m. for people who work at bars and restaurants.

- Bullfighting in Spain

Bullfighting, the most controversial of Spanish traditions, is a mixed blessing for Spain. Many tourists are very curious to see it and view it as a fascinating insight into Spanish culture, but it is also a stain on the country’s reputation for others. Bullfighting is nowhere near as popular as it used to be, but it still features prominently in the country’s self-image. While you can still experience these traditional bullfights in many cities across Spain, the sport is dwindling.

- When to Eat in Spain

Many a tourist has been undone by Spain’s rigid eating times. Miss the narrow windows for each and you end up eating on your own or in a substandard touristy restaurant that caters precisely for those who haven’t gotten in sync with the Spanish way of eating. Light breakfast starts at 7 a.m. but most people enjoy it around 8:30, with pastries selling out around 10. You can indulge in la hora del vermut for a sip of sweet Spanish vermouth at around 12:30 p.m. and then lunch around 1:30 to 4 p.m. Dinner tapas are typically enjoyed around 9 in the evening, but a sit-down full meal usually starts at 10 p.m.

- Going for Tapas

Every tourist who comes to Spain wants to try tapas, one of the most famous of Spain’s traditions, but many don’t understand the culture around this style of dining. A tapa is not a type of food, it’s a way of eating it. Tapas are small portions, but they can be of any of Spain’s many traditional dishes. To “go for tapas” does not mean ordering a lot of dishes in one restaurant (though, of course, you can), but to bar-hop, eating a different tapa in each bar.

- Festivals in Spain

The Spanish eating, drinking, and dancing culture steps up a gear when there’s a festival happening—and festivals happen year-round in Spain. Every town or village has a local fiesta, at which point the locals don’t just eat and drink because it’s fun, they do so because it would be un-Spanish not to. There are a number of strange Christmas traditions and fiestas in Spain as well as several that celebrate the cultural heritage of the region.

- Sangria and Paella

Most tourists who visit Spain want to eat paella and drink sangria, but you should be wary of crafty bars and restaurants exploiting the prices for sub-par food and drinks. It’s helpful to know how to properly order sangria and paella to avoid looking too much like a tourist, but you should be fine if you head to traditional local restaurants and treat your server politely. If you’d rather not drink sangria with your meal, Spain also celebrates a rich culture of other drinks and wines produced in the country.

- Nightlife in Spain

Spanish nightlife, especially in cities like Madrid and Barcelona, is legendary and inclusive of all ages and interests. Each city has a part of town for each demographic, but no one really goes out before 10 p.m. each night. The Spanish are a late-night people, perhaps because of their mismatched timezone—they’re geographically closer to England. With everything from underground clubs to elegant speakeasies, you’re sure to find something to do each night you spend in Spain.

# data[].attributes.body
When you study abroad in Barcelona, there are a few cultural celebrations throughout the country that are worth looking into attending while you're in Spain

- SEMANA SANTA

A religious festival, Semana Santa (Holy Week) is a big deal in Spain. It commemorates the Passion of Christ in the Catholic tradition the week before Easter. Each region has its own distinct traditions, but flamboyant parades fill the streets all over the country with festivities beginning on Palm Sunday and finishing with dramatic processions on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday. You’ll see life-sized floats of biblical characters being carried through the streets, people walking with crosses or candles and religious spectacles throughout the week.

- Carnival

If you want to celebrate Carnival in Spain, hop on a flight to Tenerife in the Canary Islands and head up to the capital city, Santa Cruz. It may be small in size, but each February the island hosts the largest Carnival celebrations in the world after Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. For two weeks, you’ll find street parties packed with revelers in colorful costumes dancing into the earliest hours, plenty of loud music to keep them moving and the vote for the carnival queen from a number of contestants who show off their elaborate outfits. Watch for the Ash Wednesday tradition, "entierro de la sardina" or the “burial of the sardine” during which a giant sardine made of paper is carried along in a “funeral procession” and people dressed as wailing widows follow along, pretending to mourn.

- LA TOMATINA

The Valencian town of Buñol is bathed red with squashed tomatoes during La Tomatina on the last Wednesday of August. Everyone gathers and an hour-long fight ensues, with tomatoes being smashed before they are thrown to limit injuries. The yearly tradition happens in the town square. It began in 1945, was banned in the 1950s then reinstated in 1957. While it was once a free-for-all, it is now well-regulated and promoted by the tourism board. The mess, as you can imagine, is unbelievable, but it is cleared away by fire truck hoses and, bonus—the citric acid in the tomatoes actually gives everything in the an extra thorough clean.

- THE FALLAS OF VALENCIA

For five days and nights in March, the people of Valencia are joined by visitors from around the world for a continuous street party known as “the fire festival.” A bit of history: The festival commemorates Saint Joseph, the patron saint of carpenters. In the Middle Ages, carpenters would hang planks of wood to support their candles while working. These would be burned in the spring to celebrate the end of the darker winter days. They later added clothing to give their planks personality and everything unfolded from there into what it is today—the burning of giant figures (‘ninots’)—often well-known politicians or celebrities. At 8am, brass bands and firecrackers wake the city. Cue days full of processions, fireworks, and plenty of noise. It culminates with the explosion of ninots that have been stuffed full of fireworks in the Plaza Ayuntamiento, the street lights switched off and firefighters in position. The festival has been included in UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list.

- ESTA MAJOR DE GRACIA

In August, blocks compete to win a prize for the best decorated streets around the neighborhood of Gràcia in Barcelona. Each year there’s a different theme. High standards have been set, creativity and originality reign and the competition is fierce with canopies of decorations hanging above you between the buildings and continuing onto balconies. It becomes a week-long street party and is accompanied by about 600 concerts, workshops, parades, and other activities and events. Keep an eye open for the famous and impressive castellers who assemble themselves into human towers. There’s an emphasis on community here and you’ll likely find long tables in the streets so everyone can enjoy traditional Catalan food together.

- SAINT FERMIN AND RUNNING OF THE BULLS

A rocket launch in Pamplona on the 6th of July marks the beginning of San Fermín, a 9-day festival which includes its most famous event, the running of the bulls. Over 1 million people attend what has become one of the most popular festivals in Spain, spread to the English-speaking world through Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises in which the festival is central to the plot. There are processions, traditional dances, and plenty of noise—especially during El Struendo (“The Roar”) when people gather at the town hall and, for several hours, make as much noise as possible. The festival culminates with the singing of Pobre de Mí (“Poor Me”), candlelight and fireworks.

- DIA DE LOS REYES MAGOS

Though Santa makes an appearance in many Spanish households these days, traditionally, it was the Three Kings who brought the gifts—not on Christmas, but on January 6th which marks Dia de los Reyes Magos, or “Three Kings Day”, also known as Epiphany. Celebrations begin the day before with a parade re-enacting the arrival of the Three Kings. Children leave a shoe out for the Three Kings and awake in the morning to find the presents near their shoe. Families gather to share a roscón de reyes, a traditional cake for the day. It’s also known as a tortell in Catalonia. Hidden inside is a fave bean and a small king. Whoever gets the king will have good luck for the rest of the year. Whoever gets the bean has to pay for the cake.

# data[].attributes.body
This might surprise you, but values, NOT feelings, drive your choices and behavior. Whatever your thoughts or dreams and whatever actions you take on your own behalf, honor your values and make them real in the world through your behavior (taking action):

BE your best and most brilliant and passionate YOU
DO that which affirms and esteems YOU
HAVE all that BEING and DOING brings into your life
In addition to the principle of “Be, Do and Have,” let’s add the concept of “Being Congruent”: THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, ACTIONS, and BELIEFS all matching.

Whenever your thoughts, feelings, actions and beliefs don’t all match each other, your personal YOU is out of integrity. When you are out of integrity nothing (and no one) will bring you joy and the deep satisfaction you long for!

There is no feeling in the world quite like the profound contentment that comes from being congruent. Everything that has gone before it pales into insignificance

# data[].attributes.body
The Kilt is successful in Scotland and the world, not only because it is a “different” garment, but also because it is a symbol of national identity, used in festivals, wars and that it was even banned in the country for exalting culture.

from the sgian-dubh, which is a decorative dagger, but can be used to threaten anyone who dares to say that they are wearing skirts and a clasp. 😅⚔️

# data[].attributes.body
Women's dress is less full of rules. Traditionally, like men, they wore the clan tartan, either birth or marriage. Women wore no kilt, but an ankle-length skirt, along with a color-matched blouse and vest.
An earasaid, which is a large shawl, may be worn over the top, usually secured with a brooch.
The sash is a smaller strip of fabric, in tartan, and which is still used today, in typical parties or weddings.

# data[].attributes.body
In one of Scotland's main tourist attractions, Calton Hill, torches are lit to the sound of powerful drums. At the end, a procession takes place, highlighting the nature of the feminine and masculine. Offerings are given to Celtic myths, all to the sound of music and dances typical of this people. A dip in Scottish culture.

# data[].attributes.body
Apresentado por:
Karen Karolyne
Ana Luiza Alves
Ruan
Luísa Linhares
Gabriele Mariana
País:
Índia