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Propaganda image of the war between US and the Islamic State

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A surrogate/proxy war is when a major power (such as the United States and the Soviet Union) supports another party in a conflict without actual troop and physical involvement. This tactic is played by a major power to minimize direct damage from an aspect of a worldwide conflict.

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Image of the United States and Chinese flag separated by the brink.

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2.) Why is the Cold War not a traditional war?

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2.) Why is the Cold War not a traditional war?

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Compared to a cold war, a hot war is when the main warfare tactic is physical fighting and conflict. Cold wars, on the other hand, are when the main two powers in the war do not engage in actual conflict. Instead, to fight, the Cold war uses nuclear threats and supports 'surrogates' (such as the New Republic of Korea, the Republic of Korea, etc.) as warfare against the opponent's goals and ideals. Compared to a traditional war, this Cold War includes minimal to no physical contact between main powers but uses other tactics to vie for overpowering the other (such as surrogate/proxy wars).

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Image of Kim Il-Song planning during the war.

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3.)Why are Koreans fighting each other in the late 1940s and early 1950s?

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3.)Why are Koreans fighting each other in the late 1940s and early 1950s?

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After Japan surrendered, the Soviet Union and the United States separated two zones with its border on the 38th Parallel for an intended temporary period. However, both sides backed up a different leader matching their ideals: (The Soviet Union backing up Kim Il Song in the North, and the United States backing up Syngman Rhee in the South). However, the United States would back out their forces in South Korea, allowing Kim Il Song's army to invade South Korea in June 1950. The US military would soon return, approved under the United Nations, to push back the invasion. Thus, this would cause a large conflict of multiple invasions on both sides, creating the Korean War.

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4.) What Part/Role did the United States Play in This War and Why?

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4.) What Part/Role did the United States Play in This War and Why?

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At first, the United States remained a militaristic authority in the Southern zone after the separation in the late 1940s. However, in 1950, the United States would play an ambivalent factor in the war. The United States would first back out of South Korea because they believed that a main key aspect of spreading democratic influence lay elsewhere, especially with the rebuilding of Japan. The absence of US attention would lead to the June 1950 invasion in the first place. However, the United States would also send forces, composed of UN authority as well, to battle against the invasion. After the previous defeat in China, the United States wanted to contain Communist leaders in North Korea and tried to stop Korean reunification under a Communist government. Thus, the United States would continue to support and send forces in South Korea.

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Image of Soviet Plane used in Korean War

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5.) What Part/Role did the Soviet Union Play in This War and Why?

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5.) What Part/Role did the Soviet Union Play in This War and Why?

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After the invasion and throughout the war, the Soviet Union would support North Korea in terms of diplomacy, war strategy, and logistical air support. The Soviet Union also trained North Korean and Chinese pilots. These pilots along with a few Soviet pilots would shoot down 400 UN aircraft in this war. The Soviet Union, including newly-taken China and North Korea, saw the United States backing off as a chance to reunify Korea under a Communist government. Southeast Asia played a major part in this war, and taking over Korea could lead to Southeast Asia being Communist as a whole. However, there were not many Soviet troops in the zone, unlike the United States.

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Image of US troops fighting in Korea during Korean War.

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June 25th, 1950--North Korea Invades South Korea.
North Korea invades South Korea after numerous provocations and tensions at the borders. Catching South Korea off-guard, the forces would capture Seoul in three days, and would officially start the war and rebellion against this invasion. This was significant as it would bring the United States back into South Korea with new UN forces as well. The capital, Seoul, was also captured within South Korea, and with the absence of the Soviet Union on the Security Council, the capture of Seoul would sway the UN to support US forces.

September 15th, 1950--the United States Takes Over Inchon
General MacArthur makes a risky tactical move by landing a marine invasion of 80,000 troops in the ports of Inchon by Seoul. This move would cut off North Korean troops, while the UN would move through the Pusan perimeter. This significant move would lead the United Nations to take back Seoul on the 26th and chase the remaining North Korean forces back to the 38th parallel. This would also instill the move for the United States to follow on the offensive and even take the North Korean capital.

October 15th, 1950--The United Nations takes over Pyeongyang
After chasing the North Korean forces, the UN military followed the flighting forces to Pyeongyang. This capital would then be taken over by UN forces. However, this victory would prove its ambivalent significance as it proved to be temporary relief. An invasion from China would be caused by the warning signs of this victory.

November 7th-December 9th, 1950-- "Frozen Chosin"
On November 7th, the Chinese PVA would continue their large-scale invasion into North Korea and push 15,000 US marine troops around the Chosin reservoir to retreat to two ports of Hungnam and Wonsan. In those places, 20,000 refugees had evacuated, causing a dangerous situation for the US marines. This battle would bring a significant 12,000 troop casualties with 3,000 killed. This invasion overall would also lead to the United States and UN forces being pushed back to the 38th Parallel.

July 27th, 1953-- Armistice Agreement Between China, North Korea, and the United Nations
The United Nations, China, and North Korea would sign the armistice agreement, maintaining the division between the two republics at the 38th Parallel. This division and the tensions that came with this still stand today.

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7.) Who Won? What Were TWO Main Effects of This War?

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7.) Who Won? What Were TWO Main Effects of This War?

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Is There a True Victor from this?
The United States and its Allies would technically be the victor of this war, as they both prevented Communist influence to take over South Korea. The Soviet Union, China, and North Korea would fail to reunify Korea under Communist influence. However, was this a true victory? In the end, the borders remained the same for both sides, but with larger casualties. Because of the armistice, Korea is not reunified still to this day and remains at borders at the 38th Parallel. Truly, both sides suffered numerous losses (and some might consider both lost the war) to not pursue any original reform.

Korea Suffering Devastating Losses in Casualty, Relationship, and Industry
Both South Korea and North Korea would suffer three to four million losses in civilian casualties alone, and 150,000 altogether in South Korean, US, and UN troops. Survivors also suffered from families broken up after the war and living on separate sides of the demilitarized zones. Both sides of Korea had destroyed industries, especially North Korea. North Korea had a surge in poverty as an aftermath of the war, leading them to be behind in the economic competition against South Korea.

The United States, China's, and the Soviet Union's relations become tenser after the war.
The United States started to tear off relations with China after its involvement in the war. The United States also became warier of foreign interaction with increasing military rearmament (shooting from $48 billion to $60 billion after the war). The United States also signed a series of allied pacts against the Soviet Union, such as the ANZUS pact, bringing more tension between the two powers.
China and the Soviet Union started squabbling over which nation would pay for the damage of the war. China started to vie for independence, which its efforts would take place after the war.

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Image of North Korean 'Hwaseong-19,' a tactical missile with guide-tracking capabilities 

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9.) How is Surrogate/Proxy Wars Part of the Larger War? How Does This Relate To The Present Today?

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9.) How is Surrogate/Proxy Wars Part of the Larger War? How Does This Relate To The Present Today?

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The surrogate/proxy wars would play a large part as a tactic for the major powers to fight each other without suffering large repercussions. In the Korean War, the United States suffered a large 20,000 casualties in the war, but, through this surrogate/proxy war, there were three to four million Korean civilian casualties taking place on the Korean battleground. The Soviet Union used Chinese and North Korean troops in a vie to spread Communist influence (through the invasion of June 1950) without physically interfering, and causing aftermath poverty in North Korea but not in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union and the United States essentially used a civil war (North and South Korea) only as a key battle in a worldwide ideal conflict by supporting them through troops, instructors, strategists, etc. However, this small key battle leads to large national repercussions to this present day, including tensions on the 38th Parallel border between North and South Korea. Recently, North Korea has tested a new nuclear weapon, causing more tensions between South Korea. South Korea and North Korea have recently been testing rockets, as remaining tensions from this Cold War lead to nuclear fear between the two sides.

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Foster, John. “Milestones: 1945–1952.” Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/korean-war. Accessed 20 April 2022.

Cite

“The Korean War: Timeline.” CBS News, 6 July 2018, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-korean-war-timeline/. Accessed 20 April 2022.