# data[].attributes.body
Each sense receptor responds to different inputs (electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical), transmitting them as signals that travel along nerve cells to the brain. The signals are then processed in the brain, resulting in immediate behaviors or memories.

# data[].attributes.body
Split light and sound (or split mechanical and "non-mechanical")?

# data[].attributes.body
The iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution.

# data[].attributes.body
Digitized signals (sent as wave pulses) are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information.

# data[].attributes.body
However, because light can travel through space, it cannot be a matter wave, like sound or water waves.

# data[].attributes.body
A wave model of light is useful for explaining brightness, color, and the frequency-dependent bending of light at a surface between media.

# data[].attributes.body
A wave model of light is useful for explaining brightness, color, and the frequency-dependent bending of light at a surface between media.

# data[].attributes.body
The path that light travels can be traced as straight lines, expect at surfaces between different transparent materials (e.g., air and water, air and glass) where the light path bends.

# data[].attributes.body
When light shines on an object, it is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the object, depending on the object's material and the frequency (color) of light.

# data[].attributes.body
A sound wave needs a medium through which it is transmitted.

# data[].attributes.body
A simple wave has a repeating pattern with a specific wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.

# data[].attributes.body
Yellow: DCI elements
Green: key ideas (implicit and explicit)
Purple: unsure if key idea
Red: questions
Blue: possible misconceptions

# data[].attributes.body
Encoded and decoding specifics

# data[].attributes.body
Signals communicate information and have a source, then are transmitted, then are received. Signals can be converted between analog and digital (using a cell phone).

# data[].attributes.body
Digital signals are more reliable because they are easier to "decode". It is more precise to determine exact values (on/off) than determine values on a spectrum.

# data[].attributes.body
A digital signal is a pattern of wave pulses (0/1, on/off). Digital signals have discrete values (light switch on or off). An analog signal (ex. sound) has an infinite number of values (dimmer switch).

# data[].attributes.body
How to balance the qualitative vs. quantitative measurements of waves?

# data[].attributes.body
Mechanical vs. matter waves?

# data[].attributes.body
Light waves are not mechanical (matter) waves but can be modeled similarly.

# data[].attributes.body
Specifying the term refraction

# data[].attributes.body
Light travels in straight lines except when passing through multiple materials (air/water, air/glass) which "bends" the light and can change perception of an object.

# data[].attributes.body
There are many other kinds of EM radiation, they can be organized on a spectrum based on their wavelength.

# data[].attributes.body
Visible light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation

# data[].attributes.body
Waves can be 1D (travel in a straight line), 2D (travel on one plane), or 3D (travel in all directions).

# data[].attributes.body
When light is reflected it "bounces" at a predictable angle. Perceived color is a result of certain frequencies being absorbed or reflected.

# data[].attributes.body
Sound is transmitted, travels through a medium (solid, liquid, or gas), and received. Matter is not moved (significantly) but does collide with other matter.

# data[].attributes.body
A wave is a disturbance that can travel through space (EM waves) and/or through a medium (sound waves). Space is a vacuum.

# data[].attributes.body
Longitudinal vs. Transverse

# data[].attributes.body
wave speed (m/s) = wavelength (m) x frequency (Hz) [implied by DCI book as appropriate for students to use]

# data[].attributes.body
Amplitude is maximum displacement of a particle from rest position (distance from rest to crest). The greater the amplitude, the stronger the wave (ex. loud sounds have larger amplitude than quiet sounds). Amplitude declines as the waves get farther away from their source.

# data[].attributes.body
Frequency is how many cycles (or the number of areas with high particle density) occur per second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).

# data[].attributes.body
Wave length is the distance between peaks (or crests or areas of high particle density). This can change based on the medium the wave is traveling through.

# data[].attributes.body
Digitized signals (sent as wave pulses) are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information.

# data[].attributes.body
When light shines on an object, it is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the object, depending on the object's material and the frequency (color) of light.

The path that light travels can be traced as straight lines, except at surfaces between different transparent materials (e.g., air and water, air and glass) where the light path bends.

A wave model of light is useful for explaining brightness, color, and the frequency-dependent bending of light at a surface between media.

However, because light can travel through space, it cannot be a matter wave, like sound or water waves.

# data[].attributes.body
A simple wave has a repeating pattern with a specific wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.

A sound wave needs a medium through which it is transmitted.

# data[].attributes.body
The iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution.

# data[].attributes.body
Each sense receptor responds to different inputs (electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical), transmitting them as signals that travel along nerve cells to the brain. The signals are then processed in the brain, resulting in immediate behaviors or memories.

# data[].attributes.body
Digitized signals (sent as wave pulses) are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information.

# data[].attributes.body
However, because light can travel through space, it cannot be a matter wave, like sound or water waves.

# data[].attributes.body
A wave model of light is useful for explaining brightness, color, and the frequency-dependent bending of light at a surface between media.

# data[].attributes.body
The path that light travels can be traced as straight lines, expect at surfaces between different transparent materials (e.g., air and water, air and glass) where the light path bends.

# data[].attributes.body
When light shines on an object, it is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the object, depending on the object's material and the frequency (color) of light.

# data[].attributes.body
A sound wave needs a medium through which it is transmitted.

# data[].attributes.body
A simple wave has a repeating pattern with a specific wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.

# data[].attributes.body
Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved.

# data[].attributes.body
Assessment does not include mechanisms for the transmission of this information.

# data[].attributes.body
Gather and synthesize information that sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories.

# data[].attributes.body
Assessment does not include binary counting. Assessment does not include the specific mechanism of any given device.

# data[].attributes.body
Emphasis is on a basic understanding that waves can be used for communication purposes. Examples could include using fiber optic cable to transmit light pulses, radio wave pulses in wifi devices, and conversion of stored binary patterns to make sound or text on a computer screen.

# data[].attributes.body
Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals.

# data[].attributes.body
Assessment is limited to qualitative applications pertaining to light and mechanical waves.

# data[].attributes.body
Emphasis is on both light and mechanical waves. Examples of models could include drawings, simulations, and written descriptions.

# data[].attributes.body
Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.

# data[].attributes.body
Assessment does not include electromagnetic waves and is limited to standard repeating waves.

# data[].attributes.body
Emphasis is on describing waves with both qualitative and quantitative thinking.

# data[].attributes.body
Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.

# data[].attributes.body
"Some students consider sound to be an entity that is carried by individual molecules as they move through a medium."
"...sound is a physical entity that is transferred from one molecule to another through a medium."
p 78 DCI book.