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it isn't safe, all pc's receive sended data.

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Private IP address of a system is the IP address which is used to communicate within the same network. Using private IP data or information can be sent or received within the same network.
Public IP address of a system is the IP address which is used to communicate outside the network. Public IP address is basically assigned by the ISP (Internet Service Provider).

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LAN is a network that covers a small geographical area(homes, offices, and groups of buildings). Whereas a WAN is a network that covers larger geographical areas that can span the globe.

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The role of MAC address in packet switching

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The role of MAC address in packet switching

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Network cards each have a unique MAC address. Packets that are sent on the ethernet are always coming from a MAC address and sent to a MAC address. If a network adapter is receiving a packet, it is comparing the packet's destination MAC address to the adapter's own MAC address. If the addresses match, the packet is processed, otherwise it is discarded.

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WAN speed is lower than that of LAN.
Network Propagation Delay is longer in WAN.
WAN has higher congestion than LAN.
Fault Tolerance of WAN is lower than LAN.

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Circuit switching and packet switching are the two different methods of switching that are used to connect the multiple communicating devices with one another. The key difference between circuit switching and packet switching is that packet switching is connectionless, whereas circuit switching is connection-oriented.

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An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet protocols to securely share part of an organization's information

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SMTP is used to deliver e-mail messages over the Internet.
HTTP gives users a secure way to interact with web resources such as HTML files by transmitting hypertext messages between clients and servers.
FTPS is a secure file transfer protocol that allows you to connect securely with your trading partners, customers, and users.

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Every machine connected to central node(hub or switch) which is also server,it's easiest one to implement

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Each network running TCP/IP must have a unique network number, and every machine on it must have a unique IP address. It is important to understand how IP addresses are constructed before you register your network and obtain its network number.

The IP address is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a network interface on a machine.

An IP address is typically written in decimal digits, formatted as four 8-bit fields separated by periods. Each 8-bit field represents a byte of the IP address. This form of representing the bytes of an IP address is often referred to as the dotted-decimal format.

For example:

125.54.15.81:8000

There are two part:

1. Network part : 125.54

2. Host part 15.81

3. Port:8000

MAC address - 48bit

00:00:5e:00:53:af.

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It is the mechanism used by browsers to retrieve any published resource on the web. URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is nothing more than the address of a given unique resource on the Web.

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Open a Command Prompt -> type ipconfig /all and press Enter-> The Physical Address is the MAC address

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Networking hardware, also known as network equipment or computer networking devices, are electronic devices which are required for communication and interaction between devices on a computer network. Specifically, they mediate data transmission in a computer network.

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closed loop topology,data travels in one direction,every machine is retransmitter

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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a method for encoding and transporting information between a client (such as a web browser) and a web server. HTTP is the primary protocol for transmission of information across the Internet.
Information is exchanged between clients and servers in the form of Hypertext documents, from which HTTP gets its name. Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links, or hyperlinks, between nodes containing text. Hypertext documents can be manipulated using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Using HTTP and HTML, clients can request different kinds of content (such as text, images, video, and application data) from web and application servers that host the content.

HTTP is an application‑layer protocol and relies on an underlying network‑layer protocol such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to function.

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a widely used network protocol for transferring files between computers over a TCP/IP-based network, such as the internet. FTP lets people and applications exchange and share data within their offices and across the Internet.
Applications of FTP

FTP finds application in many day-to-day business operations spanning business-to-business and peer-to-peer data transfer use cases:

Organizations use FTP to allow employees to share files across different locations and branch offices

Employees use FTP to securely share files with coworkers and external business partners

IT teams use FTP to transfer data back to disaster recovery (DR) sites

Webmaster teams use FTP to transfer webpages, web application files, and images to their web server

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every pc connected to every pc

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The Post Office Protocol provides access via an Internet Protocol (IP) network for a user client application to a mailbox (maildrop) maintained on a mail server. The protocol supports download and delete operations for messages.
POP was designed for a simpler time when you only needed to access your email from one device. In those days, constant internet access also wasn't common, so POP made sense for dial-up connections where you got online, did what you needed, and then disconnected. It thus has the following pros:

Mail is stored locally, so it's always accessible even without an internet connection.

An internet connection is needed only for sending and receiving mail. Managing it works fine offline.

It saves server storage space, since old messages are deleted from the server automatically.

You have the option to leave copy of mail on the server, giving flexibility if needed.

If you like, it's possible to consolidate multiple email accounts and servers into one inbox.

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is a distributed application framework dividing tasks between servers and clients, which either reside in the same system or communicate through a computer network or the Internet. The client relies on sending a request to another program in order to access a service made available by a server. The server runs one or more programs that share resources with and distribute work among clients.

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Switch,hub,wap-connects a lot of machines into network
router-connects network to internet
firewall-secures network from malware
NIC-device connecting pc and network
Receiver-needed to avoid attenuation

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Haves 7 layers

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haves 7 layers