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Youth are almost three times more likely to be unemployed than adults. While the number of working children aged 5 to 17 has declined year by year, child labour remains a serious concern. More than half of child labour is in dangerous jobs, with 59% working in the agricultural sector.

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Decent Work and Economic Growth 📈 SDG 8 💼 Sustainable Development Goals for Kids

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“Labor Exploitation in Electronics Supply Chains：Ethical Dilemmas and the Quest for Sustainable Development”

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“Labor Exploitation in Electronics Supply Chains：Ethical Dilemmas and the Quest for Sustainable Development”

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The global electronics supply chain is underpinned by labour practices that raise significant ethical concerns. This Padlet investigates a critical business ethics issue: the exploitation of workers in small-to-medium electronics contract factories in China. Focusing on three pervasive problems—systematic mandatory overtime (averaging 120 hours per month), poverty-level wages (often below $2 per hour), and inadequate workplace safety—this analysis connects these practices to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG 8), which promotes “sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all” (United Nations, n.d.).

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Ethical decision-making is essential in today ‘s business world.The International Labour Organization (2023) starkly questions the decency of work when overtime pay becomes a worker's primary income. This exploration argues that such conditions represent a fundamental breach of business ethics and a direct obstacle to achieving SDG 8, underscoring the urgent need for reform to ensure economic growth does not come at the cost of human dignity.

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The analysis is supported by the peer-reviewed study “The ‘Survival Clock’ in Electronics Factories” (Li & Garcia, 2023), which examines labour conditions in three Chinese factories supplying major global smartphone brands. 

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The analysis is supported by the peer-reviewed study “The ‘Survival Clock’ in Electronics Factories” (Li & Garcia, 2023), which examines labour conditions in three Chinese factories supplying major global smartphone brands. 

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The research provides empirical evidence of severe exploitation:

Excessive Overtime: To meet aggressive production deadlines for new phone models, factories enforced mandatory overtime, with workers frequently completing 16-hour shifts. The study documents instances of workers sleeping on-site in locker rooms and eating meals at their assembly stations during night shifts to cope with the demanding schedule.

Precarious Wages: The research highlights a wage structure where workers' survival depends on overtime. For example, a worker's base salary might be 2,100 yuan ($290), but they require an additional 2,800 yuan in overtime pay to cover basic living expenses, effectively forcing them to work the equivalent of an extra 30 days per month.

Safety Negligence: Li & Garcia (2023) document cases of severe workplace injuries, such as a worker losing fingers to an unguarded machine, followed by inadequate compensation and threats of replacement.

The authors conclude that this exploitation is a systemic issue, driven by cost and time pressures from global brands that are ultimately transferred to the workforce, creating a direct conflict with the principles of decent work outlined in SDG 8.

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The labour practices described can be critically analysed through three key ethical frameworks.

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The labour practices described can be critically analysed through three key ethical frameworks.

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The Ethics of Care (Noddings, 1984) emphasises responsibilities arising from our interdependence and the vulnerability of others. The factory environment systematically violates this principle. For instance, the study cites a pregnant worker’s request for shorter shifts due to morning sickness being denied, with no supportive infrastructure like maternity rooms. This demonstrates a failure to recognise and respond to the needs of vulnerable individuals, treating workers merely as instruments for production rather than as persons deserving of care.

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Rawls's (1971) theory of Distributive Justice argues that social and economic inequalities are just only if they benefit the least advantaged. The profit distribution in the electronics supply chain reveals a profound injustice. While the brand (e.g., Apple) may capture over 58% of a product's profit, the factory worker receives a fraction of a percent (Li & Garcia, 2023). This disparity is exacerbated when their meagre wage is insufficient for basic subsistence, indicating a system that fails Rawls's test and perpetuates the disadvantage of those already at the bottom.

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Utilitarianism (Mill, 1863/2001) evaluates actions based on their consequences for the overall happiness or well-being of all affected. From this perspective, the current practices create net harm. While shareholders may gain short-term profit from cost-cutting, the negative consequences are extensive: workers suffer physical and psychological harm, high turnover rates incur significant re-training costs for factories, and public resources may be used for healthcare and social support. Furthermore, Li & Garcia (2023) found that extreme overtime led to a 22% drop in productivity, undermining the very efficiency argument used to justify it. Thus, the practice fails to maximise utility for the greatest number.

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Link to SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

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Link to SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

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The documented labour exploitation directly undermines several specific targets of SDG 8.

•Target 8.5 (Decent Work and Equal Pay): Wages as low as $1.80 per hour, which fall below local minimum standards (Shenzhen Statistics Bureau, 2024), violate the principle of "decent work." When workers cannot afford adequate food or housing from their base salary, their work cannot be classified as decent.

•Target 8.7 (End Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking): While not formal slavery, the economic coercion that forces workers into excessive overtime—such as linking basic bonuses to perfect attendance including overtime shifts—constitutes a form of forced labour, as recognised by the ILO (2023).

•A Positive Example: Conversely, initiatives like the “overtime tip-off bonus” in Dongguan, where workers are incentivised to report illegal practices, demonstrate a practical, SDG 8-aligned approach to improving working conditions, showing that enforcement and worker empowerment can yield positive results.

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World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2024

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World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2024

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Based on the International Labour Organization's "World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2024" report, global labor markets showed modest improvement but face persistent structural challenges. The global unemployment rate is projected to fall slightly to 4.9% in 2024. However, significant concerns remain, including a substantial global jobs gap of 402 million people and a continued rise in informal employment, which reached 2 billion workers in 2024.

The report highlights enduring gender inequality in labor markets, with a 23.6 percentage point gap between male and female employment rates. Additionally, labor's share of income declined to 52.4% of GDP in 2024, down from 53.0% in 2014, indicating that economic growth benefits aren't being distributed equitably to workers.

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World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2024

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Labour markets have shown surprising resilience despite deteriorating economic conditions, but recovery from the pandemic remains uneven as new vulnerabilities and multiple crises are eroding prospects for greater social justice.

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This Padlet has synthesised a business ethics issue—labour exploitation in electronics supply chains—with academic research, ethical theory, and the UN's sustainable development agenda. The analysis reveals that practices like mandatory overtime, poverty wages, and unsafe conditions are not only ethical failures under frameworks of Care, Justice, and Utilitarianism but also significant barriers to achieving SDG 8.

The case of workers like Wang Fang, whose aspirations for education are stifled by exhaustive work schedules, illustrates that SDG 8 is more than a abstract goal; it is about creating economic systems that enable human flourishing. Addressing this issue requires a multi-stakeholder approach: brands must adopt responsible sourcing practices, suppliers must implement ethical labour standards, and governments must enforce robust labour laws. Ultimately, sustainable economic growth cannot be divorced from the dignity and well-being of every worker.