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Skilled laborers, craft unions

What: Federation of labor unions representing skilled workers, focused on bread-and-butter issues

Where: United States, across different industries

When: Founded in 1886, became prominent in the early 20th century

Why: Reaction to Knights of Labor's failures, aimed at improving working conditions and wages

How: Collective bargaining, strikes, lobbying for labor legislation

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american federation of labor progressive era

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American Federation of Labor (American Labor Movement)

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Panic of 1873

Who: Financial markets, businesses, workers

What: Financial crisis triggered by over-speculation in railroads and other industries

Where: United States, but with global economic impacts

When: 1873 and subsequent years

Why: Speculative excesses, economic instability

How: Bank failures, unemployment, economic downturn lasting several years

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The New Consumer Culture

Who: Middle-class Americans, urban populations
What: Rise of mass production, department stores, mail-order catalogs
Where: Urban centers primarily, but influenced rural areas too
When: Late 19th and early 20th centuries
Why: Increased availability of goods due to industrialization and transportation improvements
How: Advertising, installment buying, cultural shifts towards consumerism

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Scientific Management

Who: Industrial managers, engineers

What: Systematic management practices to improve efficiency and productivity

Where: Factories and industries adopting new management techniques

When: Late 19th and early 20th centuries

Why: Response to inefficiencies in production processes

How: Time-motion studies, standardization of work processes, division of labor

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Knights of Labor

Who: Skilled and unskilled workers, diverse membership

What: National labor union advocating for workers' rights, including 8-hour workday, equal pay

Where: United States, various industries

When: Founded in 1869, peaked in the 1880s

Why: Response to poor working conditions, inequality, and industrialization's impact on labor

How: Strikes, boycotts, legislative advocacy

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The Working Class

Who: Industrial workers in factories, mines, and mills

What: Conditions, wages, hours of work, types of labor

Where: Industrial centers across the United States

When: Late 19th and early 20th centuries

Why: Industrialization led to mass employment in factories; workers faced harsh conditions and sought labor reforms

How: Struggles for better working conditions, unionization, strikes