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Official Definition:
modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person’s behavior other than sexual motivations

Unofficial Definition:
evolved form of psychoanalysis that focuses a lot more on the relationship between the conscious and subconscious

Founding Fathers:
Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Anna Freud. Sigmund Freud is the big one, he is the guy who came up with psychoanalysis in the first place and is one of the most important psychologists of history

Buzzwords:
“psychotherapy” revolutionary therapy method that combines psychological findings to better treat patients, invented by Freud due to his psychoanalysis theory “subconscious” + “unconscious” important ideas in
psychoanalysis that develop the idea of a more complex and convoluted mind

Strengths:
Utilizes the idea of the unconscious mind and explores dreams and childhood development + trauma, explains complex and confusing human behaviors

Weaknesses:
There isn’t a lot of solid scientific support since everything is so theoretical

Behavior:
An adult who was abused as a child has several nightmares about their since-deceased abuser due to unresolved trauma

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a. Definition
Formal Definition: the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only.
My Own Words: the psychological perspective that focuses on human actions and responses to different stimuli.

b. Founding Fathers

John B. Watson: Watson pioneered the historic perspective of behaviorism, believing that the field should focus more on behavior than consciousness. He believed conditioning would form the basis of behaviorism.

B.F. Skinner: Skinner took over the field from Watson, continuing research in classical conditioning while also developing his own theory—operant conditioning.

c. Important “buzzwords”

classical conditioning: the basis of behaviorism, and belief that all behaviors are a result of a stimulus-response relationship.

operant conditioning: the theory that behaviors that are followed by “pleasurable” consequences are reinforced and conditioned.

d. Strengths
The behavioral perspective relies solely on observable behavior, which is easily seen and measured. It also offers a unique perspective on how voluntary and involuntary behaviors are learned.

e. Weaknesses/Limitations
The behavioral perspective does not take into account the unconscious mind and as a result disregards the mental processes behind behavior and just making decisions in general.

f. Example of Specific Behavior
A child who gets too close to the stove is reprimanded and punished by his parent. As a result, he is conditioned not to get too close to the stove, not necessarily for fear of getting burned but so as not to get punished by his parents.

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- Definitions: Formal Definition: the “third force” in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.

- My Own Words: the perspective that focuses on the nuances of humans and what makes humans unique. This ranges from how people fall on a spectrum of personalities to how people are free to choose.

- Founding Fathers

Abraham Maslow: Maslow was one of two founding fathers, and his main contribution to the field was developing a hierarchy of needs to explain human motivation.

Carl Rogers: Rogers, the second of the founding fathers developed the theory of Unconditional Positive Regard, in which he explained that children learn through accepting and understanding things unconditionally.

- Important “buzzwords”

free will: the freedom to choose their own destiny. These choices will shape the path someone takes in life.

self-actualization: the final goal of the humanistic perspective which means striving to reach one’s full potential.

- Strengths: The humanistic perspective emphasizes self-understanding and self-improvement. It also helps people choose and realize their full potential.

- Weaknesses: The humanistic perspective can’t be backed up with evidence since it’s based on a person’s personalities and what their choices are

- Specific example of behavior: Ever since she was a child, Claire has always wanted to become a math teacher. Now, as she’s in her college years, she is studying to become one. When she was younger, Claire struggled with learning math because each unit built on top of each other, and as a result, she wants to help students learn about certain math concepts and make sure they understand each lesson.

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- Formal definition: The cognitive perspective focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information as well as memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.
- My definition: The cognitive perspective focuses on how people’s minds work in relation to their memory
- Founding Father: Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, proposed a theory of children’s cognitive development. He believed that as people develop through infancy and adolescence, their intellectual and thought processes develop as well.
- Important “buzzwords”:
1. Gestalt psychology can only be understood as an entire event, while it has influenced the field of cognitive psychology
2. Cognitive neuroscience involves how the brain and nervous system works when it’s engaged in memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes.
- Strengths: The cognitive perspective enhances learning and mental processes, while allowing psychologists to understand what causes certain behaviors
- Weaknesses: The cognitive behavior can lead to people making assumptions about someone’s behavior
- Example: Alex is a junior in high school and is struggling to complete all of his assignments. As a result, he is failing his two AP level classes. He believes that he doesn’t have the ability to get back on track and improve his grades before the end of the year. This is a result of his past in middle school where continuously fell behind in his classes and got picked on by his classmates for being a slower learner.

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Official Definition:

Psychological perspective that focuses on the influence of social interactions, society, and culture on an individual’s thinking and behavior; in psychopathology, approach that examines the impact of social interactions, community, and culture on a person’s thinking, behavior, and emotions.

Unofficial Definition:

Psychological perspective that focsues on how people's culture and social settings infleunce them

Founding Fathers:

Lev Vygotsky is where most of sociocultural psychology comes from. He came up with the idea that learning is a social process, and that people are influenced by their culture, caregivers, peers, and parents in developing higher-order functions.

Buzzwords:
"bystander effect" - a psychological phenomenon originally researched by John M. Darley and Bibb Latané that describes how people are less likely to help someone in need when others are present

"social role" - the expected behavior of someone in a social situation

Strengths:
Explains and considers the complicated relationship between the individual + groups

Weaknesses:
Limited solid evidence and doesn't really consider individual differences and approaches

Behavior:

A man moves to a foreign country with very different customs and social norms than he is used to. At first he struggles to fit in and is considered by himself and others to be an outsider, but over time he gradually starts to assimilate into the rest of the society he is involved in

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Formal: Focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share.

Informal: Tries to explain shared mental traits among humans.

Founding Fathers: Uses strategies from Charles Darwin’s natural selection theory such as having humans solve problems that earlier humans faced, like hunters. The mind in these theories is known as an information processing machine.

Buzzwords: “Evolutionary psychologists” study the origins of human behavior, and when they notices changes in behavior such as “adaptive behavior” they can figure out how and why it happens.

Strengths: Related to other perspectives like sociocultural or biopsychological. Is able to track behaviors and figure out how they adapt.

Weaknesses: Can’t explain things that are psychological like relationships.

Behavior: Early humans coming into contact with poisonous, bitter plants and then their offspring do not like these plants, and avoid them completely.

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Formal: The study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes. Attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.

Informal: This perspective focuses on biological and internal reasons for behavior, like brain function and genetics.

Founding Fathers: Research from Breedlove and Grimbos shaped this perspective by relating sexual orientation to a baby’s exposure to testosterone in the womb and birth order of males. Flint and Munafò used this perspective to figure out how people could develop schizophrenia due to biological factors.

Buzzwords: ”Heredity” is significant in this perspective because it looks internal, biological factors, and people are more likely to develop certain behaviors if they have a certain gene passed down to them.

Strengths: This perspective looks at biological factors to explain behavior such as hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, tumors, and diseases.

Weaknesses: Does not take into account relationships, conditioning, or someone’s motivation in relation to their behavior or mental events.

Behavior: A person that inherits variants of certain genes from their parents, that can cause removing connections between neurons, are more likely to develop schizophrenia.