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Social entrepreneurship is the process by which citizens build or transform institutions or systems to solve social problems. It involves the creation of new teams and resources that improve society's capacity to approach problems and as a result maximize social impact through sustainability and sustainability.

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2. Importance of social entrepreneurship

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2. Importance of social entrepreneurship

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Social entrepreneurship becomes more relevant because the strategy that many universities have adopted to improve the effectiveness of their training and social responsibility management. The university education of social entrepreneurship requires refocusing its pedagogical strategies to increase its mission effectiveness.

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Feeling competent, having a good image of the social entrepreneur and having social support, are the main variables that explain 46.6% of the entrepreneurial intention. On the other hand, entrepreneurial behavior is directly explained by intention and self -efficacy.

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3.1 Triple impact entrepreneurship, social innovation, intrapreneurship and change agency

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3.1 Triple impact entrepreneurship, social innovation, intrapreneurship and change agency

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*Triple impact companies are those that seek to generate not only economic benefits but also create social and environmental value for the community where they are located.
*Social innovation refers to the design and implementation of new solutions that imply conceptual, process, product, or organizational change, which ultimately aim to improve the welfare and wellbeing of individuals and communities.
*Change agency has the purpuse to promotes and supports a new way of doing something within the company. This can be the use of a new process, the adoption of a new management structure or the transformation

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What does each impact consist of?
Social impact: Companies must respond to the solution of a social ailment or a problem in a certain region.
Environmental impact
The processes must be responsible, controlling that the necessary raw material comes from renewable sources or that a circular economy model is included with a clear Reduction, Reuse and Recycling of the elements.
Economic impact
Companies aim for economic profitability, something necessary to stabilize over time.

What is the sustainable approach?  Sustainability is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing a balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being.

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An investigation was carried out with a descriptive design based on primary information from
a sample of 5,243 students from the faculties of administrative sciences of 26 universities in
8 Latin American countries was used. The sample comes from a population of 25,830 students from 46 universities in Latin America, accredited or in the process of applying to the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs.
The purpose is to answer the following questions:

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6.1 How many social entrepreneurs are there in the universities?

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6.1 How many social entrepreneurs are there in the universities?

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15% of university students in the region have participated in some social entrepreneurship, most of them as collaborators (8.2%) or as interns (3.4%). Only 3.4% of students have participated in a social enterprise as a project leader. Within the latter group, there is a clear influence of the family group (more relatives with business), greater work experience and greater presence ofwomen.

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6.3 Why are there so few university-based social entrepreneurs? Does the university provide training, servicesand infrastructure in SE?

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6.3 Why are there so few university-based social entrepreneurs? Does the university provide training, servicesand infrastructure in SE?

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66.2% of students declare that the university always or almost always provides the necessary training resources to start a social enterprise. Also,the majority rated with 6.9 out of 10 points the role of their university as a social entrepreneur. However, it seems that the educational offer does not translate into concrete results of entrepreneurship, because - as previously determined - only 3.4% is leading SE.

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6.4 Are they not interested in entrepreneurship?

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6.4 Are they not interested in entrepreneurship?

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62.4% have a high interest in developing social enterprises, and 74.1% state that if they had the opportunity and the available resources, they would do so. There is, as we have
seen, a gap between student demand for entrepreneurship and real entrepreneurship. It seems that the problem is not the provision of resources that universities provide, but the effectiveness of these resources to achieve concrete social undertakings. Indeed, there is a strong correlation between university support and
entrepreneurial intention (Beta=0.332). =

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6.6 So, why are there so few university-based social entrepreneurs?

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6.6 So, why are there so few university-based social entrepreneurs?

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In general, the data show that when comparing leaders of social enterprises with studentswho are not, it is found that the social entrepreneur has greater entrepreneurial intention, feels more capable, has a more positive assessment of this type of entrepreneurship and greater approval of its environment, however, it does not show any difference in the
services, resources and tools that the university offers them.

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6.5 Do they not feel prepared? Do they not feel supported by family, friends or teachers? Do they not have a good perception of social enterprises? 

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6.5 Do they not feel prepared? Do they not feel supported by family, friends or teachers? Do they not have a good perception of social enterprises? 

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According to the results, the 67.9% of students feel capable of initiating and maintaining a social enterprise; clearly showing another gap, now between selfefficacy or ability to do so and entrepreneurial behavior as such. In addition, it should be noted that this gap is increased for the case of social entrepreneurship, since it is greater than the 58.8% reported for commercial ventures in Latin America and the
Caribbean (GEM, 2018). Beside to capacity, other social factors such as the approval and social support of family
members, friends and teachers, as well as the perception that entrepreneurship is a positive and desirable activity, play an important role.

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6.7 Does it mean thatthe university isnot generating an impact on SE?

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6.7 Does it mean thatthe university isnot generating an impact on SE?

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One way to find out is to use structural equations, controlling the measurement error. In this respect our results, there is no direct influence of the university support towards social
entrepreneurship (Beta=-0.01, p=0.559). The significant direct relations, although small, are those that come from the entrepreneurial intention (Beta=0.118, p=0.000) and self- 31
efficacy (Beta=0.113, p=0.002)

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6.8 Is this situation the same for men and women?

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6.8 Is this situation the same for men and women?

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The results show that there is a gender gap to the detriment of women, who have the same entrepreneurial intention as men, but who have less access to university resources and tools to develop their ventures. This may be happening because university services are designed for men or because the specific needs of female entrepreneurs are not being identified and addressed.

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The study shows that there are advances in the university education of SE, but that is not enough. While most students have had access to courses, infrastructure, support or other formal factors of the university that allow them to know and develop an SE. Everything seems to indicate that the formal factors of training need to be strengthened with pedagogical innovations.

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The study suggests strengthening the institutional support to promote students’ social entrepreneurial intention, through practical training that translates into a) improving their self -efficacy, b) creating desirable models of successful social entrepreneurs, c) creating awareness to strengthe n the social supportto these initiatives. Apart from practicaltraining oriented to the power -to -do, a SE university education  with a gender focus is also required, paying special attention to the needs of the students.  Finally, it should be noted that this is only an initial diagnosis. More specialized studiesare required to continue understanding the phenomenon.

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*Wilfredo A. y Arístides A. (2018).  University-bases social entrepreneurship in Latin America. Universidad de San Martín de Porres. file:///C:/Users/mila/Downloads/READING%201B.%20SOCIAL%20ENTREPRENEURSHIP.pdf

* Castillo O. (2022). Emprendimiento de Triple Impacto y cómo generarlo. Telcel empresas. Recuperado el 01/02/2022 de https://www.telcel.com/empresas/tendencias/notas/que-es-emprendimiento-triple-impacto-como-generarlo#

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What are the characteristics of a change agent?
A change agent defines, manages, stimulates, drives, motivates and guides. He is the one who makes decisions, acts accordingly and faces the present with a vision of the future.

What is the “Change Agency” paradigm? it is the transition towards a new paradigm, activating networks so that all people can develop skills that allow them to be and act as Agents of Change.

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5. Social and commercial entrepreneurial ventures

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5. Social and commercial entrepreneurial ventures

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There are significant differences between social and commercial entrepreneurial ventures. Social entrepreneurs focus on a social need, while commercial entrepreneurs in a financial need, so that the perception of the creation of wealth for social entrepreneurs is a means to achieve a social purpose, while for commercial entrepreneurs, it is a way to measure the creation of value, focused on creating surpluses instead of profits to guarantee the viability in facing social problems.

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3.1.4 Social entrepreneurship and social innovation

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3.1.4 Social entrepreneurship and social innovation

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What elements make up social entrepreneurship?
Based on these five elements —regulations, professionalism, inclusion, shared value and sustainability—, it aims to set a standard in the structuring of social entrepreneurship projects.

How is social innovation being generated? This treatment of the concept merged the two sets of literature on social relations and societal impact, such that social innovation occurs when new forms of social relations between disparate groups or individuals create new organisational processes that meet common goals.

What is the difference?  Social innovation refers to a broader field of action, which transcends sectors and levels of analysis to a greater extent than social entrepreneurship. Social innovation is responsible for solving the problems of society in general. For its part, social entrepreneurship is responsible for solving the problems that concern society but from the perspective of business, with which its field of action is considerably reduced.

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6.2 How does it compare to the general population? 

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6.2 How does it compare to the general population? 

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With the results, there are no significant differences between the number of university students who lead social enterprises and the number of social entrepreneurs in the general population. In other words, universities
are not having a significant quantitative impact when their students are compared with the general population. Social entrepreneurs have -in average- a higher level of education than commercial entrepreneurs.

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4. Social entrepreneurship and universities

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4. Social entrepreneurship and universities

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Currently, universities play an important role in sustainable development through the promotion of entrepreneurship and social innovation. For decades, Business Schools have contributed to society through the formation of commercial entrepreneurs, however, today it is also urgent to form social entrepreneurs, since they are the ones who can contribute most to the sustainable development of nations, by attending to needs that go beyond economic gain.

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What are the skills of an
intrapreneur?
Passion. Initiative. Perseverance. Security. Creativity.

What advantages does the
entrepreneur have “within
the company:  Healthy competition for the same resources, revaluation of the employee's work, increased competitiveness and an adequate environment to establish transversal work processes that also facilitate multidirectional communication are the main advantages that intrapreneurship can inform organizations.