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In my opinion, it is interesting that both are synchronous. But particularly is that they have a specific characteristic. In the case of Turkey, during the process they can add more tasks or jobs in their project. But in Mexico, it is not a problem. The problem is the time flexibility in Mexico. And Turkey does not like this.

On the other hand, environmental management is controversial. In other words, they express a different opinion to manage the environment. Mexico considers that it does not control the situation or the force of nature. But Turkey, yes. So, you can understand why they have specific features in the other theme and how these dimensions are connected.

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3. Opinion of an expert: Ricardo Pérez Luyo

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3. Opinion of an expert: Ricardo Pérez Luyo

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Director of the International Business career and professor of the Introduction to International Business course at the Univeristy of Lima

A little bit about him: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ricardo-perez-luyo-30a4a13a/?originalSubdomain=pe

Recording of the interview: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1unYsjHdI2ZxhaG6dHaa2j6daHCOgsXdY

Transcription of the interview: "Could you tell us about any specific experiences you have faced with cultural issues throughout your professional career yes when I used to travel abroad for Japan and in the APEC framework I visited Japan in for not yet related with employment and SMS small medium enterprises and in that scenario I could participate in in in a very terrific Cerner and the way that how you I mean have to introduce yourself and to screen down the topic that you are English and has to be in this sort of and they make a scenario you have to be very careful and well as the sort of jokes that you for instance only use in in in in in in Latin America stuff like that because there are some codes some that they are not understood in in in this society especially in Japan for instance right so you have to be very formal you have to be on time yeah and and there and there is space shuttle and so on so there's a lot of respect each other in this sort of scenarios OK thank you and then what did you do to fix that problem you know it's a matter very good question it's a matter of catching up you know to watch or to see you have to verify in this accordingly also talking in in in this seminar about the seminar you have to if you don't have any experience at all you have to follow up people or is it the five people there that you think that has enough experience from and so you from you can learn from from these guys and I applied that that that that that so I also asking for some specific questions in terms of how to behave in this top scenarios right with you and any any kind of training that's the best way to sort of scamper right in in in in in scenarios OK thank you and then how could one work to know how to deal with these kind of problems when coming into contact with the country with countries seeing culture tradition and process well uh yeah right talking about religion culture and traditions etcetera I didn't know they that there are ones that perhaps can capture all these concepts that I could admit this in what we call a moral behavior until trends more upheaval and this is this you have to keep in mind that right in terms of how to behave in a in a global scenario right for instance within a country like United States right there is one more moral style in New England site right and other morals in the Pacific side right for instance right and in Europe in France are they don't like too much jokes for instance yeah I can tell you that right perhaps in Italy I mean it that is not a problem at all right or Spain and in Asia for instance Japan and and Korea South Korea for instance are very close countries but in terms of I mean friendly behavior are different right I will tell you that in in South Korea II I told my colleagues hey you seem to be watching Americans right Korea and South Korea are the Latinos in my understanding right and according to my feeling and Japanese are more formal etcetera so but at the end of the main message is this right trying to think in terms of what are the moral parameters that are in that our is in this society thank you and then uh what would you recommend to people entering into negotiations to prevent these problems from recurring first of all in terms of negotiations you know that you have to focus on the objective is the win win outcome wasn't so do not forget that right the win win outcome so industrial terms if that is the goal right try to align or your behavior right in terms of to reach this situation if sometimes you have to talk or you have to keep in silence also again in Asia for instance right try to understand what are the major ethic codes business ethic codes in this countries right and I think that with that in mind you will reach your goals right thank you and then this is a little bit long but imagine that you work as a manager of a pharmaceutical company in Canada and some difficulties have been reported regarding intercultural teams in various departments such as human resources and logistics due to the pandemic opportunities to access new markets arose new employees from Mexican Turkey were hired to work remotely however some team leaders were assigned to work in person in offices laboratories and warehouses where the problems of interaction with superiors communication work styles time and flexibility and personal space have increased the company has decided to provide you with a training course on cultural dimensions so that you can start the process of organizing knowledge and experience to better understand yourself and your team leaders and build that better sustainable work atmosphere could you share your perspective of it does and don'ts for this context well very good example the point is how so you understand now working in the Pharmaceutical industry with the comments and well this is our business right and in a multicultural dimension again right again I think that talking about ethics is ghost related to  moral parameters and so the point here is to align purposes to align purposes right First things first right so the first three is OK and also taking in mind that job people today I mean it's more frankly and clearing there they are ideas right and the sirens try to try to align this stuff I mean human beings right I don't want to use the worker workers right or if it's easy some means in terms of the part of the company and well sometimes also we have to take rude positions sometimes happens right because OK today we know what's coming right now but two years ago that was not the situation so you have people that's depressing had to take dramatic decisions so the purple I mean the the best the mayor duty of the of the leader is trying to persuade to persuade of this or that situation pros and cons pros and cons that's like sort of a trade off if you if you get it you can see yourself you're that you're a leader right trying to align human beings towards the purposes and feeling down during the place in the better place to work in the best place, thank you"

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Supply chain manager of "Cementos Pacasmayo"

A little bit about him: https://www.linkedin.com/in/diego-reyes-pazos-930320a/

1.       Could you tell us about any specific experiences you have faced with cultural issues throughout your professional career?

Participated in an international systems and processes integration project for SABMiller that included 3 main groups: Europe Operations, LATAM Operations and South Africa Operation.

Where each group had its own difficulties and problems; and there were even differences within the Country Groups of the same area.

2.       What did you do to fix that problem?

Comparative charts were worked on where the main problems faced by each group were raised and the discussion began on the basis of understanding the differences. Likewise, Leaders responsible for coordinating between the countries were identified, who were in charge of sharing the progress of all the countries and managing their approvals.

3. How could one work to know how to deal with this kind of problems when coming into contact with a country with contrasting culture, traditions and customs?

It is important to understand the other parts, to understand the differences that are not only economic, but even communication and cultural.

The creation of informal spaces to interact helps to improve the understanding of the other parties.

4. What would you recommend to people entering into negotiations to prevent these problems from reoccurring?

Understand the problems of each country / culture, Identifying the differences and understanding the type of communication of each culture and trying to adapt their written, verbal and non-verbal communication to the idiosyncrasy.

Share the differences of your culture also with the other party so that you can understand them better and have a more positive attitude to the differences.

5. Imagine that you work as a manager of a pharmaceutical company in Canada and some difficulties have been reported regarding intercultural teams in various departments such as Human Resources and Logistics. Due to the pandemic, opportunities to access new markets arose, new employees from Mexico and Turkey were hired to work remotely, however, some team leaders were assigned to work in person in offices, laboratories and warehouses where the problems of interaction with superiors, communication, work styles, time and flexibility, and personal space have increased. The company has decided to provide you with a training course on cultural dimensions so that you can start the process of organizing knowledge and experiences to better understand yourself and your team leaders and build a better sustainable work atmosphere. Could you share your perspective SHOULD'S and DON'Ts for this context?

• You should not judge other groups or their work characteristics.

• The work of others should not be underestimated or minimized.

• A brief should be prepared so that everyone better understands the different cultures and idiosyncrasies of the countries and teams.

• You should seek to understand the culture of each group in a respectful way.

• Communication differences between different countries should be shared.

• Informal spaces for interaction should be sought to share differences and seek a better understanding.

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3. Opinion of an expert: Juan Carlos Soto

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3. Opinion of an expert: Juan Carlos Soto

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General manager of the transnational company Teka

A little bit about him: https://www.linkedin.com/in/juancarlossotov/?originalSubdomain=pe

1.       Could you tell us about any specific experiences you have faced with cultural issues throughout your professional career?

In 2010, I went to the Canton Fair in China to develop a line of painting equipment with a new supplier. After negotiating with many vendors, it was always important to them to try to close with a meal and coffee. Not doing so was knowing that the business would most likely not close. At dinner, we offer everything and more, their manners are not the best for our culture, but we had to respect theirs too. They speak very loudly, mix food, make noises while eating, and burp as a sign of satisfaction.

2.       What did you do to fix that problem?

The good part is that this had been announced to avoid committing a foul with them. Although I was the client and they were my supplier, it is about respecting different cultures. I complied with dinner having the experience, being respectful while still being myself.

3.  How could one work to know how to deal with this kind of problems when coming into contact with a country with contrasting culture, traditions and customs?

Today there is a lot of public information, readings and content that tells you about different cultures. It is important to find out enough and prepare. The last thing you want is to ruin a negotiation by not being prepared. Negotiations, small or large, always require a level of preparation. In a globalized world, the experiences of others can also help you.

4. What would you recommend to people entering into negotiations to prevent these problems from reoccurring?

Always recommending asking and finding out. With humility and interest in the other, excellent experiences can be achieved. The same ones that serve you throughout your professional career. The world is spinning and we must recognize that we also have peculiarities. One is not better than the other. They are only intrinsic customs that must be valued.

5. Imagine that you work as a manager of a pharmaceutical company in Canada and some difficulties have been reported regarding intercultural teams in various departments such as Human Resources and Logistics. Due to the pandemic, opportunities to access new markets arose, new employees from Mexico and Turkey were hired to work remotely, however, some team leaders were assigned to work in person in offices, laboratories and warehouses where the problems of interaction with superiors, communication, work styles, time and flexibility, and personal space have increased. The company has decided to provide you with a training course on cultural dimensions so that you can start the process of organizing knowledge and experiences to better understand yourself and your team leaders and build a better sustainable work atmosphere. Could you share your perspective SHOULD'S and DON'Ts for this context?

The active participation of all should be encouraged, the integration of the team with playful activities that always leave positive messages. The moderators must ensure that the team develops at all levels so that communication flows at the different organizational levels. If you can play a little with each other's roles, mockery, discrimination and bullying should be avoided.

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3. Experience of an expert: Tessa Brijs 

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3. Experience of an expert: Tessa Brijs 

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Executive Coach, Trainer, certified in the Cultural Orientations Framework (COF).

A little about her: https://www.linkedin.com/in/tessabrijs-culture/
Interview recording: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1uJbWzktoxOPdOJp26GH85JExO4qv1Ium

Interview transcription:

"Hello good evening, cultural challenges for me is a very broad topic and I see it much broader than just nationalities because any group has its own culture we belong to different groups for example provinces within the same country, areas or studies we do, sports, I think of the departments within a company, operations and sales are 2 different subcultures and I am going to choose a specific example of my cultural challenge and that is when I arrived in Peru, I arrived as a European with direct communication where the trend is more indirect in Peru with which I do not want to say that any Peruvian person has indirect communication, there are both too, but there are tendencies inadvertently putting a country in a drawer and this caused several clashes both at a personal and professional level and it has taken me years to understand the The difference is that indirect communication is not going to hurt the emotions of others where direct communication has the advantage of being more very clear and that there are not so many misinterpretations so both have their advantages but it was only when I met a model of cultural dimensions that invited me to create a new synergy between the 2 cultures, understanding for example that I could continue to be direct in my message or clear and concise but in the way I could approach people I could be more indirect and this mixture is very rich to create a new reality and not have so many shocks so how to solve the problem for me depends on the type of cultural difference it is a matter of Seeing the gem on each of the sides and finding something new that contains these 2 cultures is evident, rather it is a challenge, above all because it is somewhat inconsistent and we do not realize, due to the same experiences that we have had, that we have this culture and in my case There is an underlying value that will define this habit of direct communication. In my case, transparency is very important, but it was only when I realized that people with indirect communication they can also be transparent there I was able to open up to see the advantages of indirect communication because for me before it was tell me things up front in my face is the only way to be transparent then when I was able to unlink this underlying value to The communication there was able to open a gap to appreciate this other culture.

How to work it?

With a group, a team or with different countries, it is also first finding a vocabulary to remove certain taboos and put on the table in the sense of being able to explain or name these differences, many times we do not have words for them and we do not realize what is behind them. from this and we start with the interpretations or judgments without realizing it because it is how we have formed ourselves then for the question: What would you recommend for people who start negotiations to avoid this happening repeatedly? It is that they apply a model of cultural dimensions that precisely gives this vocabulary of words to cultural differences so that both groups or both countries have the same party to start negotiating.

In the case that they present about the pharmaceutical company in Canada and the different countries involved plus the different areas that each one comes with their own perspective, their own vocabulary, their own specialty in their area, I recommend that they apply a type of segmentation to that everyone realize their own cultural preferences; there is time management, if one is more focused on monochronic or polychronic work, there are the communication patterns, as I gave the example of direct and indirect communication before, there is also the self-context, the low context, of organizational structures such as preference towards particularism or universalist and realizing what my cultural preference is, how do I behave? What I know is going to help a lot by bringing a lot of data to the table and from there the same team can start to talk or can start to understand... ah, that's why they're reacting this way. Ok, I had not seen it that way, also ways of thinking, for example, someone who thinks more systemically and the other more analytically, it is also a world of difference or how meetings are held, for example, someone who has been with his feet on the ground from the very beginning. inductive cultural preference will already be implementing, for example, and another person comes up with another theoretical question that is more from a deductive cultural perspective, both are going to look at "I am already moving forward and you come with the theory" and it is a way of thinking that We simply have a preference and we need both ways of thinking, to achieve our objectives, this is precisely the wealth of working with different teams. So first bring the light, your own preferences, so you have the vocabulary to talk about it and let the team themselves find their own solutions, start to communicate and understand their own cultural differences"

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1. COMMUNICATION
People that come from Mexico and Turkey have a lot of similarities regarding different cultural dimensions, some tips that they could use to resolve the communication problem are:

Show emotions when you communicate, people from these countries have an orientation towards an affective culture, so they take emotions as sincerity because they provide a sense of trust.

Try to create a personal bond. People from these countries show an orientation towards their relationships, by creating a bond with each other they should be able to have better communication at work and also a better environment to work at.

When managing people from Turkey it's important to understand that people are expected to finish their ideas rather than just interrupt each other. It's important to be aware of this when you have a meeting or a casual conversation. It's also important to set deadlines in order to have every task accomplished, otherwise you shouldn't expect things to be done out of nowhere unless it was set clearly at the beginning.

When you greet Mexican or Turkey women, regarding their cultural backgrounds they would be polite and kind but keep in mind that how they express kindness is different since their religion has a big impact on them, so if you are a man greeting a Turkish woman, don't expect her to greet you with a kiss on the cheek. Be careful to have physical touch with her especially is she's married.

2. PERSONAL SPACE
Regarding personal space, the two countries have different mindsets on what is appropriate to do when you are sharing the same space with one another and how comfortable they feel about it. We have some tips to deal with these differences:

Mexican people tend to feel more comfortable with physical touch, they don't perceive greeting with a kiss on the cheek as something inherently good or bad. It's just how they sometimes greet each other. So be more open to understand they don't want to invade your personal space while they say "Hi", they just are being nice.

Turkish people prefer to handshake while greeting, but be careful and put into practice the skill of the worldwide framework to understand that women (particularly if they're married) will be less willing to have physical touch while greeting.

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Dominant culture: mix of spanish and indigenous culture

Each region/state generally has a unique cultural identity

The rural towns generally continue to follow traditional lifestyles and hold quite conservative beliefs.

many towns and cities are highly industrialized and cosmopolitan, actually It is the second biggest metropolitan area in the world.

Systemic inequalities have made class differences very distinct in Mexico. Class often defines the daily activity and lifestyles of people, as well as the employment opportunities afforded to them.

The majority of the Mexican population is in the lower socioeconomic bracket.

Due to these big differences it is common to hire household services at very little cost

Class is also strongly correlated with race.

The majority of the population is mestizo, meaning they share a mixture of European and amerindian heritage to some degree

Mexico does not have an official religion. However, Roman Catholicism is the dominant faith and deeply culturally pervasive. Many Mexicans see Catholicism as part of their identity, passed on through the family and nation like cultural heritage

It is believed that “what God has united cannot be separated by man”. Regarding this, family relationships are typically very close. One’s family tends to have a major influence on the individual, providing a sense of identity, community and support.

Regarding business culture, personal relationships play a large role in it. Family networks are often key to business success in Mexico.

Mexicans invest much time and effort into their relationships and getting to know those whom they work with. Mexicans will most likely be eager to know you and may ask many questions about your family and personal life.

Mexico from the point of view of trompenaars

Universalism/particularism: “Mexico is located as a particularist country in the second quartile of records”

Individualism/communitarianism: “In the case of Mexico, there is a lot of convergence in the interviews towards collectivism, considering that the work is group and individual recognition in the workplace is difficult, occupying third place out of 31 countries, in the nineties, that is to say they are collectivists. The foregoing could be exemplified by considering that, when a problem or defect occurs in an installation, and the client demands its repair, it is not very clear, in the case of Mexico, according to Trompenaars who is responsible. This is considered rather individual”

Neutrality/ emotionality: “Mexico is located practically in the middle of the distribution (26th place out of 49 countries), the United States 27th place and Japan 48th place. That is, Mexicans are moderately expressive in the use of emotions. twenty "

Specificity/diffusivity: “Rules such as "do not mix business with pleasure" and "do not talk in the workshop" express the desire of some cultures to try to keep specific spaces separate from others Mexico is in the 21st place out of 51 countries, which places it more as a diffuse culture”

Registration/Affiliation: “Mexico was located in the 29th place out of 44 countries, that is, in the third quartile, closer to achievement than to affiliation”

Time Orientation: “According to the Trompenaars survey, Mexico is more focused on its past and present than worried about its future”

Orientation towards the environment: “Mexico presents an intermediate position, with a bias towards external control”

Compare countries –. (2021, noviembre 23). Trompenaars Hampden-Turner. https://www3.thtconsulting.com/culture-factory/culture-explore/compare-countries/

Country comparison. (s/f). Worlddata.Info. Recuperado el 18 de enero de 2023, de https://www.worlddata.info/country-comparison.php?country1=MEX&country2=TUR

Mexican Culture. (s/f). Cultural Atlas. Recuperado el 18 de enero de 2023, de https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/mexican-culture/mexican-culture-core-concepts

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Located at the crossroads between Europe and Asia.

The Turkish population has become increasingly urbanized, with the majority of people (75.1%) living in industrialized metropolitan areas. This has influenced a shift towards more cosmopolitan lifestyles. For example, the local bazaars are still the main shopping centers.

The concept of honor (onur) is deeply rooted in Turkish culture and greatly influences people's behavior. A person's honor is determined by his personal actions, as well as the behavior of those with whom he is associated. there is cultural pressure on people to protect their personal reputation

Those who live in rural areas also tend to hold more traditional and rigid views regarding the honor code.

honor consciousness highlights the virtue underlying people's actions and generally influences Turks to be generous, warm and honest.

Turkey has a collectivist culture in which strong loyalty is shown to family and social groups, as well as to the nation in general.

daily activity is approached at an easier pace and more time is spent on personal interactions.

When it comes to greeting, people usually greet each other with a handshake when they first meet. However, some Muslims may prefer not to touch people of the opposite gender.

It is polite to bow slightly or nod to someone in authority (higher or higher) when greeting them.

Women can only physically greet other women (ie with a handshake or kiss).

People are often called by their first name followed by "Bey" for men and "Hanim" for women.

Two of the ancient wonders of the world are in Turkey.

It has one of the largest markets in the world.

Avoid topics of politics, religion and the role of women in society

Turkish Culture. (s/f). Cultural Atlas. Recuperado el 18 de enero de 2023, de https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/turkish-culture/turkish-culture-core-concepts

Compare countries –. (2021, noviembre 23). Trompenaars Hampden-Turner. https://www3.thtconsulting.com/culture-factory/culture-explore/compare-countries

Country comparison. (s/f). Worlddata.Info. Recuperado el 18 de enero de 2023, de https://www.worlddata.info/country-comparison.php?country1=MEX&country2=TUR

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Similarities:

Past,Present,Future: They are past oriented, which means that the future is often seen as a repetition of past experiences.While doing business, to be oriented to the past, means for example you can rely on projects successfully completed as evidence of capability. Even with this similarity, there may be a difference between the time horizons.

U niversalism - Particularism: People from Mexico and Turkey are oriented towards relationships, categorizing both countries as “particularist societies”. In both cultures Bonds of exceptional relationships (family, friends) are stronger than any abstract rules.

Individualism - Communitarianism: both co untries are oriented towards common goals and objectives, the notion of communitarianism is important in Mexico and Turkey, however there´s something to take into consideration: the way each country understands the concept of “we”.

Specific - Diffuse: they both engage others in multiple areas of life. In these cultures, every life space and every level of personality tends to be mixed, therefore both are diffuse.

Neutral - Affective: in both cultures emotions are spontaneously displayed, the expression of them is acceptable or even required.

Achievement - Ascription: They prefer to use their already given status and not position themselves with what they achieve but with what they inherit. Nevertheless, in Mexico there are more people who still focus on achievements so that they can be recognized.

Sequential- Synchronic: Mexico and Turkey are multi tasking countries, even though turkey can adapt also to the other way of working (single tasking). For them, time is flexible therefore they are less concerned about what single-tasking cultures define as punctuality. Nevertheless, it is important to say that this notion of “synchronic working” is stronger in Mexico, so even though this could be similar, you need to be more aware and careful while doing business with someone from turkey.

Differences:

Mexico tends to have the perspective that the world, life as such, is accompanied by certain forces or laws which cannot be altered by the human race, for the same reason they tend to "go with the flow" instead of trying to retard the forces of nature; which is highly contrasting to what the worldview of Turkey proposes since the citizens of this country state that it is man who, upon perceiving any change that is harmful by nature, must disappear and for the same reason they try to take control instead of taking for granted that nature is stronger, they can change it which in the business world is known as the "technology push" attitude.

How does similarities help people from Mexico and Turkey improve their relationship?

Since these are two countries with particularistic ways of thinking, the relationship between the workers of both countries could be improved since they are flexible in the event that a contract has to be modified; for this reason, they can rely on that "link" and in this way be able to work as a team.

By being similar in the dimension of universalism/particularism, they will try that the relationships they built are not affected by a lot of conflict, because they as “particular societies” will try  that the bonds they built along the journey of doing business are stronger than any unnecessary problem specially if this is caused by a difference on the way of thinking or rule.

Another dimension they can take advantage of, is that both cultures rely on a communitarian attitude. If it is approached the right way, this  could lead to a negotiation or a business where both parties look for a win-win situation.

Finally another topic to take advantage of is the fact that both cultures are defined as “Synchronically oriented people”. This will be during a negotiation because you know people from both places are able to do several tasks at the same time.However in order to avoid an overload, clear explanations and priorities are important, as well as the establishment of a “follow up plan”.

Compare countries –. (2021, noviembre 23). Trompenaars Hampden-Turner. https://www3.thtconsulting.com/culture-factory/culture-explore/compare-countries

Country comparison. (s/f). Worlddata.Info. Recuperado el 18 de enero de 2023, de https://www.worlddata.info/country-comparison.php?country1=MEX&country2=TUR