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* H. Trumans: During the first half of that year, unemployment and inflation increased, escalating worries that the country's post-war economic boom was coming to an end. Through a combination of high taxes and restrained spending, Truman's economic strategy aimed to balance the federal budget; any surpluses would be used to reduce the national debt. Truman gave up on his desire for a balanced budget in the middle of 1949 as the economy stalled and instead granted some tax relief to corporations. In 1950, the economy improved in response. Truman's actions suggested that he saw maintaining strong economic development as his top priority and saw ever-increasing budget deficits as temporary workarounds. Successive governments would repeatedly adhere to this approach.
* D. Eisenhower: Eisenhower opposed some republican conservatives' extreme ideas, but he did condemn the statist or big government plans of Truman's Fair Deal. Eisenhower embraced what he called Modern Republicanism, a more moderate path of action. Eisenhower believed that the American people should receive some additional benefits from the government. He approved legislation that increased the minimum wage, enlarged Social Security, and established the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Eisenhower won congressional approval for a number of significant new initiatives that enhanced the country's infrastructure.

* J. Kennedy:Kennedy vowed to reactivate American nuclear forces and forewarned of the Soviet Union's expanding intercontinental ballistic missile armament. He also condemned the Eisenhower administration for allowing a pro-Soviet regime to be established in Cuba. The struggle between the free and communist worlds was emphasized in John F. Kennedy's inaugural speech, and he vowed that the American people would "pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty."

* L. Johnson: Johnson dubbed his comprehensive domestic plan "The Great Society." His initiatives to help poor Americans, manage natural resources, and defend American consumers were the most spectacular. Huge sums of money were invested in colleges to support specific students and projects as well as federal aid for elementary and secondary education, particularly to provide remedial services for poorer districts, to address issues of educational inequality. This program, which no President had been able to pass due to disagreements over aid to parochial schools, was also used to fund remedial services for poorer districts. Within six months, the Johnson task teams developed plans for a "community action program" called a "community action agency" (CAA) in each city and county to coordinate all federal and state initiatives intended to help the poor.

* R. Nixon: Nixon terminated the draft in 1973, making the US Military an entirely volunteer force. With the appointment of four Supreme Court Justices—Chief Justice Burger, Chief Justice Harry Blackmun, Chief Justice Lewis Powell, and William Rehnquist—Nixon inaugurated a new era of judicial restraint. Nixon ended the program of forced assimilation and returned Native Americans' sacred grounds, making him the first President to grant them the right to tribal self-determination. Spending on Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security all skyrocketed under Nixon's leadership.

* J. Carter: Carter's major accomplishment was in the area of energy policy, even though he didn't get much recognition for it during his administration. Despite the lip service given to reducing energy dependence by American presidents, the United States' annual oil imports have increased by 65 percent since 1973. One-fourth of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) production was consumed by the country in 1976.The United States continued to squander energy, with per capita consumption 2.6 times higher than that of Japan and 2.3 times the average for countries in the European Economic Community. Carter sought to lessen this reliance. However, Carter received little praise for these successes. By delivering the so-called "malaise" address, in which he expressed doubt about the nation's goals and future, Carter made his image problem worse. Carter acknowledged that there was a lack of trust in his leadership, but he also attributed the decline in American spirit on the people.

* R. Reagan: Reagan's economic plan consisted of two main parts: monetary policy, which was equally essential but was given less attention, and tax and budget cuts, which took center stage. As Reagan discovered when the Senate unanimously rejected an early attempt to amend the Social Security rules, trying to cut back on these programs created a significant political hurdle. Reagan's budget and tax plans, however, sparked debate. Liberals contended that eliminating programs aimed at assisting the impoverished put those Americans at even greater risk. Politicians from all sides of the aisle expressed concern that the combination of significant tax cuts, modest spending reductions, and increased defense spending would result in an imbalanced federal budget and a higher level of debt. Early in the Reagan years, monetary policies—a crucial component of the country's economic health—had a smaller profile. They belonged to the Federal Reserve, which had the authority to take action without seeking presidential or Congressional consent.

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* If Adolf Hitler hadn't been their common mortal opponent during World War II, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union would never have formed a triangular alliance. Unlikely political allies included isolationist Americans, imperialist Britons, and communist Soviet Union. But after Germany's plans for global dominance became painfully apparent, the "Big Three" leaders—Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin—realized that the only way to defeat the Nazis was to set aside their deep-seated political and interpersonal differences in the interest of world security.
*On the morning of August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb ever used in combat obliterated the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The bomb, dubbed "Little Boy," detonated 1,800 feet over the city while being delivered by USAAF B29 bomber "Enola Gay." The bomb, which had an explosive yield of about 12.5 kilotons of TNT, destroyed five square miles of the city's center and resulted in the deaths of an estimated 120,000 people in the immediate aftermath of the explosion. The explosion instantaneously rendered many dead, while others later perished from burns and radiation. Three days later, on August 9, shortly after 11 a.m., a second atomic weapon known as "Fat Man" detonated above the city of Nagasaki. The bomb was significantly more potent than "Little Boy," but because of the geography (Kokura was the planned target, but the B29 carrying the bomb was diverted to Nagasaki because of heavy cloud cover), the destruction it wrought was less than at Hiroshima. However, more than 2 miles2 of the city were leveled, and 73,000 people died.

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* The Cold War and decolonization took place nearly at the same time, and because they both had equally significant global effects at the time and during that period, each had an impact on how the other evolved. All around the world, societies were rejecting their conquerors in favor of establishing free, sovereign nation-states. Although campaigns to end colonialism had been underway for a while, they didn't really take off until the Second World War. The Chinese saw the overthrow of imperialism as the main revolutionary goal rather than the Soviets' priority of replacing capitalism with socialism.
* Aerial surveillance images allowed the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to conclude that the Soviet Union was deploying nuclear weapons in Cuba, sparking the current situation. The provocation required President Kennedy to reply. After Kennedy imposed a naval "quarantine" on Cuba—a blockade with a less bellicose name—and struck a deal with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, the crisis was peacefully resolved. The agreement called for Soviet missiles to leave Cuba in exchange for American nuclear missiles leaving Italy and Turkey.

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*Soviet aid to Cuba in loans, petroleum, war matériel, and technical advice was crucial and amounted to a significant portion of Cuba’s annual budget. The Soviet Union also bought the major portion of the Cuban sugar crop, generally at a price above that of the free world market. Cuban-Soviet relations deteriorated as Soviet political, economic, and social policies were liberalized in the late 1980s. The Cuban government, however, refused to modify its approach to social and economic policy. When the Soviet Union dissolved later that year, the already troubled Cuban economy suffered further from the loss of vital military and economic support that had, in effect, constituted subsidies.
*Castro’s main social policies included: improved healthcare, improved gender equality, and improved education and literacy. Castro wanted to make sure that everyone in Cuba could be able to read. So Castro poured a lot of money into the public school systems to increase the literacy rate in Cuba. He also tried to fight to equal healthcare and gender equality like with jobs and wages. Castro did not believe that a man will always be overpaid than a woman, so he tried to make things more equal and fair.
*Castro wanted to increase gender equality. Castro wanted for men and women to be equal in their wages, as well as the opportunities that they were given. He wanted to make everyone feel equal and that they had the same possibilities. Castro wanted women to also be able to be in the workforce and make the salary they needed. Castro tried to place emphasis on and create opportunities for Black Cubans. He tried to fight against discrimination for them, but it didn’t really help since they were still being discriminated against.

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Cuba's Consolidating + Maintaining Power

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Cuba's Consolidating + Maintaining Power

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*The first congress of the Communist Party of Cuba in 1975, which marked the final political solidification of the new government instituted by the Cuban revolutionaries, is generally regarded as the end of the period of Cuban history known as the "consolidation of the Cuban Revolution," which is generally regarded as starting in the years immediately following the revolution in 1959. This period includes early domestic changes, continuous violations of human rights under the new administration, an increase in international

hostilities, and a political climax triggered by the subpar 1970 sugar crop. The Cuban Communist Party was founded in 1965 by Fidel Castro and his allies, although its roots go all the way back to 1923, when the country's first communist movements were launched. Its status as the "organized vanguard of the Cuban nation" made it the sole party allowed to operate in Cuba under the 1992 amendment to the 1976 constitution. Members of the Third International who had studied at Moscow-based universities

established the Cuban Communist Party in 1925. It followed the Stalinist philosophy for three decades, but in the 1940s and 1950s it actively worked with Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship, and some of its members even got jobs in the labor movement and the government. But from 1954 through 1959, the government did try to put a stop to the communists.

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*Fulgencio Batista's elected administration presided over Cuba from 1940 to 1944 before to the Communist revolution. Batista's base of support during this time was primarily made up of dishonest military and political leaders. Contrasted positively with other Latin American civilizations, Cuba's income distribution was high. Prosperity and social mobility may be expected from a strong middle class. There were those Cubans who endured abject poverty in the countryside. The macheteros, or sugarcane cutters who only worked four months out of the year, were a mass of unemployed people who were continually in debt and barely scraping by. Sugar production was seasonal, and they had to rely on the government for food assistance. A great deal of hungry and malnourished poor peasants were present. The poorest Cubans lived in rural areas without access to either healthcare or education.
* The governments of Cuba between independence from Spain and the Revolution have been regarded as client states of the United States. From 1902 to 1934 Cuban and United States law included the Platt Amendment, which guaranteed the US right to intervene in Cuba and placed restrictions on Cuban foreign relations After Spain's defeat by U.S. and Cuban forces during the War of 1898, Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba. Following the war, U.S. forces occupied Cuba until 1902, when the United States allowed a new Cuban government to take full control of the state's affairs.

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*In 1933, Hitler implemented a number of domestic programs. In order to bolster Hitler's authority and advance the Fuhrer principle, political parties like banning rival parties and destroying the Reichstag were included. Numerous policies also targeted the social climate of Germany. The majority of internal programs were implemented as a result of the expectation that the Nazis would address the

economic problem once in power. The Nazis also implemented social programs to censor German youth, control religion, and advance the notion of the superior Aryan race. On June 20th, 1933, the Nazis and the Pope signed the Concordat, which was effectively a guarantee that the Catholic church would be protected. Despite the creation of this accord, Catholic priests were imprisoned and even the teaching of religion was forbidden. Nazis had control over young people's minds via influencing their educational opportunities. Young children were exposed to and taught the Nazi philosophy.
*In the six years between fascist victory in Germany and the outbreak of war, Nazism had developed a system of production, distribution and consumption. The Nazi system was a combination of some characteristics of capitalism and a planned economy. The change between the new system was that the system in which demand and supply meet coordinating economic activities of millions of individuals was abolished. The Nazi government had subordinated the economic system as an objective which was a war machine. The government has gained complete control over the economy whenever they dominated an organizational structure in which orders were able to be issued to every business man. There was obedience. The government decided what, and how much should be invested, produced, distributed. consumed or even stored. No institution had remained unaffected by changes German Facism brought on.
*The enigma machine used by Nazis in WWII was a cipher device that was meant to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication. It was seen as such a secure machine that it even enciphered some of the government's most top secret messages. The Nazi's had targeted the youth a lot for their propaganda messages. Messages like emphasizing that the party was a movement for youths. Nazism could be seen in extracurricular activities and even in classrooms. The classrooms aimed at teaching the youth Nazi ideas and to produce Germans who were obedient and willing to die for Fuhrer and Fatherland. Hitler wanted for Hitler training to be a big devotion to him and to be swore allegiance to and things in that matter. In schools there were many portraits of Hitler, textbooks describing how it was to see him, and even propaganda toys.

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Germany's Consolidating + Maintaining Power  

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Germany's Consolidating + Maintaining Power  

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*Millions of Germans gave the Nazis their support under a democracy and later during a dictatorship, which helped to further persecution, conflict, and finally genocide. Although not original, the clichés and imagery used in Nazi propaganda were well known to their target audience. The Nazis were brilliant propagandists who disseminated their

ideas using cutting-edge technology and sophisticated advertising strategies. Once in charge, Adolf Hitler established the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda to influence the views and actions of the German populace. Once in charge, Adolf Hitler established the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda to influence the views and actions of the German populace.
*The vast majority of Germans were in favor of Adolf

Hitler's regime. Despite the Gestapo (the secret state police) suppressing open criticism of the regime and the Security Service (SD) suppressing SD, there was some resistance in Germany to the Nazi state and the regimentation of society that resulted from the "coordination" of people and institutions to align with Nazi goals. Resistance to Hitler included acts of disobedience and assassination attempts. One of the first ways people rebelled against the government was through political opposition, which was led by leftist organizations like the Social Democratic Party and

the Communist Party of Germany. Initiatives were also made to "coordinate" religious life once the Nazis came to power. Later, the Nazis repressed Catholic organizations and attempted to discredit the church in a series of mock trials known as the priest trials. While keeping a formal silence over Jewish persecution, the church actively opposed the execution of people who were physically or mentally unable. Additionally, specific church members worked to defend or assist Jews. A very tiny percentage of German teenagers also expressed opposition to the Nazi dictatorship; some of them disliked being forced to join the Hitler Youth.
*When Adolf Hitler took office, his vision for Europe was to create a new racial hierarchy that would be governed by the German "master race." This objective guided Nazi foreign policy, which sought to: circumvent the Treaty of Versailles' limitations; incorporate ethnically German territories into the Reich; seize a sizable new empire in East Europe; forge alliances; and, during the war, convince other states to take part in the "final solution." Nazi Germany's foreign policy was governed by the Nazi ideology that the Germans must own Lebensraum (living space) in the "East." Hitler understood that in order to acquire Lebensraum, war would be necessary, therefore as soon as he assumed power, he started making war preparations. German foreign policy tried to undermine the Treaty of Versailles, form alliances, and annex countries with German people in order to prepare for war. German foreign policy throughout the war sought the assistance of European nations in attaining the Nazi objective of exterminating Jews in Europe.

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* The Weimer Republic, which ruled Germany from 1919 to 1033, was named after the town of Weimar, where a national assembly formed the country's new government after Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated. From its unsure beginnings to a brief period of success and then a devastating depression, the Weimar Republic experienced enough chaos to set up Germany for the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.
* Due to increasing investment as a result of the political environment becoming more stable, German prices steadied and the economy expanded. German income growth boosted its trade deficits for almost a year while delaying the start of the global depression. These internal and foreign pressures caused the German economy to start to falter. The value of the German mark plummeted as the initial repayments to the Allies were made in the early 1920's, and  a period of hyperinflation started.
*The Nazi Party's foreign policy sought to exterminate Jews and other "inferior" peoples from Europe, incorporate pure-blooded Aryans into a substantially expanded Germany, a "Third Reich," and pursue relentless war against the Slavic "hordes" of Russia, whom Hitler regarded as subhuman.  Hitler implemented a determined "coordination" policy during the first two years of his chancellorship in order to align political parties, states administrations, and cultural and professional groups with Nazi objectives. The Nazis took over the economy, the legal system, education, and culture.
* Germany saw the worst effects of the Great Depression, which included widespread unemployment, famine, and misery. Adolf Hitler and the National Socialists (NSDAP) gained power as a result of these circumstances. This withdrawal of funds and investment was too much for the German economy to handle. Banks have trouble lending money and extending credit. German and Austrian banks had runs in 1931, and a number of them went under. To safeguard its own businesses, the US, at the time the country that bought the most German industrial exports, erected tariff barriers in 1930. German businessmen who once had access to US markets now struggle to get loans.
*Because the Nazi Party was well-liked in Germany at

the time, Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933.

The Nazi Party, however, wasn't always well-liked. In fact, the Nazi movement was marginal, small, and unsuccessful when it originally emerged in the early 1920s. On 5 March 1933, six days after the Reichstag fire and following the Nazi takeover of power on January 30, federal elections were held in Germany. Nazi stormtroopers launched a massive campaign of violence during the election against the Social Democratic Party of Germany [1], the Communist Party (KPD), left-wingers, [1]:317 trade unionists, and the Centre Party. They were the final multi-party elections held in all of Germany before 1990.

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*Japan evolved as an industrial and military force that needed to grow in order to maintain their economic might in the late 19th century  after a time of remarkable modernization. As a result, Japan launched a military campaign that led to the conquest of many nations, including  Indonesia, Papa New Guinea, Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, and sections of modern-day China. Japan would simply abdicate its responsibility to the League of Nations, which was ineffective, and other countries would have to step up on their own.
*In contrast to supporting China, France, Britain, and the League of Nations were greatly engaged with other issues from 1931 to 1941. In order to free Japan from Manchuria and stop their ongoing hostility toward China, China kept requesting assistance. The Lytton Report took months to produce and months for the League to arrive.

Source: https://www.sutori.com/en/story/international-response-to-japanese-aggression-1931-1941--ysy3nR6oSNYPhc1r2ay62kxE

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*For two thousand years, Japan had never been vanquished. In the Japanese vocabulary, the word "surrender" didn't exist. Moreover, the Japanese leadership had plans to negotiate a peaceful end to the war even though it never thought it could defeat the United States. By bombing the fleet at Pearl Harbor, it sought to put off American intervention and buy more time to establish its Asian empire. The United States would thus be forces to negotiate a peace while Japan's old order, including the emperor and the military government, would remain inn power as a result of the decisive battle that it planned to wage.

Source:https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pacific-japans-plan/

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Victory in the Pacific | Article

For 2,000 years Japan had never been defeated. There was no word for "surrender" in the Japanese dictionary. And although the Japanese government never believed it could defeat the United States, it did intend to negotiate an end to the war on favorable terms. It hoped that by attacking the fleet at Pearl Harbor it could delay American intervention, gaining time to solidify its Asian empire. Then it planned to fight a decisive battle that would bloody American forces, forcing the U.S. to negotiate a peace and leave Japan's old order, the emperor and the military government, in power.

Japanese Commanders. U.S. Naval Historical Center

Predicting U.S. Actions
After losing the Mariana Islands and the Battle of the Philippine Sea in July 1944, Japan realized that the decisive battle was likely to be fought on Japan's main islands. In January 1945 Japan's high command anticipated exactly what the U.S. would do -- and began to plan for it. Japanese strategists predicted correctly that Americans would assault the islands of Iwo Jima and then Okinawa, where the Japanese hoped fierce resistance would force a negotiated peace. The Japanese also prepared for an invasion of Japan from Okinawa. American fighter planes' range indicated where the landing would be -- on the island of Kyushu. From Kyushu, planners predicted the Americans would try to launch an invasion of Tokyo. The Japanese called the final decisive battle on the main islands Ketsu-Go.

Suicidal Plans
The Japanese strategy was to destroy the invader's landing vessels before they hit the beaches. For this purpose, Japan had reserved about 5,000 conventional aircraft and a variety of suicide vehicles, including about 5,500 kamikaze planes, 1,300 suicide submarines, and several hundred piloted bombs. There were even frogmen, wearing explosives, who would blow up landing craft - and themselves.

The Last Stand
The invaders who made it to shore would face Imperial Army divisions expected, as always, to fight to the last man. Civilians were recruited to fight alongside the soldiers with sharpened bamboo spears. The government held up as a model to civilians on the main islands the civilians on Saipan who had jumped off cliffs rather than surrender. Richard B. Frank, author of Downfall: the End of the Imperial Japanese Empire, describes their position: "In their war gaming of Ketsu-Go, the Japanese had worked out that they could destroy up to a third of the invasion force while it was still afloat. If you consider how General [George] Marshall recoiled when he saw the defense buildup in early August, I think the Japanese had a substantial basis to believe that Ketsu-Go could deliver something to them better than unconditional surrender."

June Decision
Although the Japanese emperor, Hirohito, had approved Ketsu-Go in January, it was presented to him again on June 8 by a new government. Every government sought the emperor's sanction for its plans. That day the emperor and his war cabinet also considered reports that doubted Japan's ability to continue the war. One report stressed its industry was wrecked, local police were concerned about popular unrest, food was short, and if the fall rice harvest were low, there could be mass starvation. Other reports said the Imperial Navy was sunk and the Imperial Army in China depleted. "And everyone says, 'Well, yes, but let's fight to the bitter end.' The extremity of their situation actually propels them to seek a decisive battle before their condition becomes so hapless, they can't even do that," recounts historian Edward Drea.

Envoy to Moscow
Japan's government was ruled by consensus, and the emperor's role was to sanction its unanimous decisions. Nonetheless, after the June 8th meeting, both the emperor and his chief adviser, Marquis Koichi Kido, were troubled. They began to seek a diplomatic solution, asking the Soviet Union to mediate an end to the war. Two weeks later, on June 22, the emperor did something highly unusual. He opened a conference with his war cabinet by announcing he wanted to send a special envoy to Moscow. The war cabinet agreed for different reasons. The peace faction hoped it would lead to peace. The hard-liners hoped it would keep the Soviet Union, which had recently ended a neutrality agreement with Japan, from declaring war.

Final Days
On July 27, when Japan's government ignored an Allied ultimatum from Potsdam, warning of "prompt and utter destruction" unless it surrendered unconditionally, it was still waiting to hear from Moscow. On August 6, the U.S. dropped the world's first deployed atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Japanese-held Manchuria on the night of August 8. The war cabinet met to consider peace terms for the first time the next morning, learning while they were in deliberations that the Americans had used a second atomic weapon on Nagasaki. Government hard-liners still held out, hoping not only to maintain the imperial system, but also for other terms designed to preserve the old order. They even hoped to avoid a U.S. occupation. The emperor had to intervene twice, on August 9 and 14, to break deadlocks in his war cabinet and get it to accept the Allies' terms. On August 15, Japanese citizens heard the emperor's voice for the first time, broadcasting news of the nation's capitulation -- without once using the word "surrender."

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Japan's Plan | American Experience | PBS

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Victory in the Pacific | Article For 2,000 years Japan had never been defeated. There was no word for "surrender" in the Japanese dictionary. And although the Japanese government never believed it could defeat the United States, it did intend to negotiate an end to the war on favorable terms. It hoped that by attacking the fleet at Pearl Harbor it could delay American intervention, gaining time to solidify its Asian empire.

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*After invading Manchuria in 1931, Japan continued its advance in East Asia in 1937 with a bloody assault on China. Japan joined the military coalition known as the "Axis" when it signed the Tripartite Pact on September 27, 1940, alongside Germany and Italy. The US put economic penalties on Japan in an effort to restrain its aggressiveness and compel it to remove its troops from China and Manchuria. As a result of acute oil and other resource constraints as well as a desire to succeed the United States as the leading Pacific power, Japan made the decision to attack the American and British forces in Asia and gain control of Southeast Asia's resources.
Source: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/world-war-ii-in-the-pacific#:~:text=Faced%20with%20severe%20shortages%20of,the%20resources%20of%20Southeast%20Asia.https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/world-war-ii-in-the-pacific#:~:text=Faced%20with%20severe%20shortages%20of,the%20resources%20of%20Southeast%20Asia.

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Origins

Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. On September 27, 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, thus entering the military alliance known as the " Axis." Seeking to curb Japanese aggression and force a withdrawal of Japanese forces from Manchuria and China, the United States imposed economic sanctions on Japan. Faced with severe shortages of oil and other natural resources and driven by the ambition to displace the United States as the dominant Pacific power, Japan decided to attack the United States and British forces in Asia and seize the resources of Southeast Asia.

Japan launched a surprise attack on the United States Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. The attack severely damaged the American fleet and prevented, at least for the short term, serious American interference with Japanese military operations. In response, the United States declared war on Japan. Following Germany's declaration of war on the United States, the United States also declared war on Germany.

The United States Declares War
Pacific Theater
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan achieved a long series of military successes. In December 1941, Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong fell to the Japanese, followed in the first half of 1942 by the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), Malaya, Singapore, and Burma. Japanese troops also invaded neutral Thailand and pressured its leaders to declare war on the United States and Great Britain. Only in mid-1942 were Australian and New Zealander forces in New Guinea and British forces in India able to halt the Japanese advance.

The turning point in the Pacific war came with the American naval victory in the Battle of Midway in June 1942. The Japanese fleet sustained heavy losses and was turned back. In August 1942, American forces attacked the Japanese in the Solomon Islands, forcing a costly withdrawal of Japanese forces from the island of Guadalcanal in February 1943. Allied forces slowly gained naval and air supremacy in the Pacific, and moved methodically from island to island, conquering them and often sustaining significant casualties. The Japanese, however, successfully defended their positions on the Chinese mainland until 1945. In October 1944, American forces began retaking the Philippines from Japanese troops, who surrendered in August 1945. That same year, the United States Army Air Forces launched a strategic bombing campaign against Japan. British forces recaptured Burma. In early 1945, American forces suffered heavy losses during the invasions of Iwo Jima (February) and Okinawa (April), an island of strategic importance off the coast of the Japanese home islands. Despite these casualties and suicidal Japanese air attacks, known as Kamikaze attacks, American forces conquered Okinawa in mid-June 1945.

Atomic Bomb

On August 6, 1945, the United States Army Air Force dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Tens of thousands of people died in the initial explosion, and many more died later from radiation exposure. Three days later, the United States dropped a bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Estimates vary, but at least 120,000 civilians died as a result of the two blasts. On August 8, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria. After Japan agreed to surrender on August 14, 1945, American forces began to occupy Japan. Japan formally surrendered to the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union on September 2, 1945.

Author(s): United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC

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The United States declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor. Learn more about World War II in the Pacific.

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International Responses to German Expansion 

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International Responses to German Expansion 

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* Britain sympathized with Germany's wish to undo several provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1933, after Germany left the League of Nations and the Disarmament Conference, Britain made a concerted effort to bring Germany back. It suggested that Germany should be allowed to have 200,000 strong army, rather than the 100,000 authorized by the Treaty of Versailles, that France should similarly lower its army to 200,000, and that Germany should be permitted to have an air force that is half the size of France's.
* However, attempts by the British and French to reinstates Germany into the  League of Nations and to set new terms for rearmaments were unsuccessful after it became clear in 1935 that Germany was implementing conscription and already had an air force. The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles were flagrantly broken by Germany's conduct. The fact that Germany was suddenly catching up military to the other powers clearly worried them. Although the increase in German military spending from 2.7 billion marks in 1933 to 8 billion marks in 1935 was still only a small fraction of the country's overall GDP, Britain and France were concerned. It was obvious that this rearmament would increase German demands for addition treaty changes and that, in fact. If Germany was unable to obtain things through peaceful methods, it would be able to do so through force.
* The prime ministers and foreign ministers of France, Britain, and Italy gathered at Stresa, Italy, for a conference in response to German rearmament and in the wake of Hitler's threatening actions over Austria in 1934. The minister formalized their displeasure with Hitler's disrespect for the disarmament terms of the Versailles Treaty and reaffirmed their support for Locarno and Austrian Independence.

Source:https://www.ysmithcpallen.com/sites/default/files/sites/all/documents/International%20Response%20to%20German%20Aggression.pdf

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*Poland was invaded by Germany on September 1, 1939, sparking the commencement of World War Two. Germany invaded 11 nations the years after that. Most Europeans Jews lived in nations that Nazi Germany would invade or have a significant impact over during World War Two. The period 1941  through 1944. Millions of Jews were sent to ghettos and concentration camps by Nazi Germany's authorities after being deported from Germany, the conquered regions, and the nations that sided with the Axis. Since the day the Nazis took power in late January 1933, the Nazi leadership has been preparing for a war in Europe. Genocidal policies and war would eventually become inseparable.
*Overall,  World War II as a whole provided the backdrop for the Holocaust. History's biggest and most destructive war was World War I. By the eradication  of pre-existing populations, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi dictatorship intended to create a large, new empire of "living space" for Germans in eastern Europe. In order to advance the "master race" of Germany, the Nazis persecuted and killed numerous people, including Jews.
Source: “World War II in Europe.” Encyclopedia.ushmm.org, 14 Mar. 2007, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/world-war-ii-in-europe#:~:text=Germany%20started%20World%20War%20II.

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* Germany and its allies were obligated to disarm, make territorial concessions, and pay reparation's under the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, which obligated them to assume sole responsibility for starting the First World War.  This was serious embarrassment in Hitler's eyes, and he made it his goal to make it right. The alleged "stab-in-the back" conspiracy myth served Hitler's agenda particularly well. Therefore, it wasn't hard to persuade the populace that Jews and Social Democrats had "stabbed the Reich in the back." Hence a fresh conflict broke out within the nation's borders.
*Most Germans believed that Hitler could change their nation up until 1939. Many people experienced an improvement in their economic status during his regime. Consumption rose as the unemployment rate fell. Nonetheless, the administration actually placed more importance on weaponry. Hitler was busy putting the finishing touches on his war plans while Berlin was holding the Olympic Games. The Nazi Wehrmacht was expected to be prepared to conduct the war in the east in four years. Making Germany self-sufficient in many areas was part of Hitler's secret "Four-Year Plan," which he detailed. This would allow Germany to cut itself off from the rest of the world's markets and devote all of its resources to bolstering its military. Soon, spending on armaments accounted for half of all state expenditures.
*Hitler conquered Austria, the nation of his birth, in 1938. Soon after, Hitler made threats to attack Czechoslovakia due of alleged prejudice against the country's German community. Politicians in Britain and France feared a war in Europe and worked to prevents it by pursuing appeasement policies. The idea was to calm Hitler down by granting him what he believed to be his country's right. The border areas of Czechoslovakia that speak German were given to Germany as part of the Munich Agreement, Known as as the Sudetenland.
Source: Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com. “How Nazi Policies of Expansion Led to World War II | DW | 01.09.2014.” DW.COM, 2014, www.dw.com/en/how-nazi-policies-of-expansion-led-to-world-war-ii/a-17889233.

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*People still need to be entertained amid difficult times and conflict. There was no exception for the American population in the 1930's and 1940's. They were open to various sorts of amusement, especially provided they were affordable. The popularity of movies grew as sound was added. They might escape their problems by watching comedies, gangster films, and musicals. Some of the best dramas in American film made their theater debuts in the early 1940's. Radio was also quite popular and had a wide variety of programs, including soap operas and sermons.
*Big bands and swing music were very popular in the 1930's, and Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, and Glen Miller were well-known bandleaders. Band singers like Sarah Vaughan and Frank Sinatra went solo as the bands began to disband in the 1940's. Popular wartime music emerged. Artists and performers all of kinds were among the unemployed during the Great Depression. Government assistance initiatives for these persons led to the creation of plays and works of art that may be appreciated by everyone.
Source: Library of congress. “Art and Entertainment in the 1930s and 1940s | Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress.” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945/art-and-entertainment-in-1930s-1940s/.

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Impact of GD on African Americans and Women

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Impact of GD on African Americans and Women

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* Millions of people lost their employment during the Great Depression as a result of the 1929 stock market crash. Yet, employment rates for one demographic, women, increased. In the US, there were 10.5 millions employed women in 1930 and 13 million in 1940, a 24 percent increase. The positions open to women, were considered as "women's work," were in sectors with lower stock market sensitivity, which was the key factor contributing to their higher employments rates.
* Women had been gradually increasing their participation in the workforce by the 1930's. But as thousands of once-breadwinner males lost their employment during the Great Depression, women were compelled to look for work with an increased feeling of urgency. Between 1929 and 1939, the number of marriages fell by 22 percent, increasing the number of single women who had to provide for themselves.
* The jobs that were open to women paid less, but they were less unstable. 90 percent of all women's job by 1940 could be divided into ten categories, such as nursing, teaching, and civil service for white women, while black and Hispanic women were primarily restricted to domestic work. In addition to increasing demand for secretarial positions that women scrambled to fill, the New Deal's fast growth of the government gave women other, albeit limited, career prospects.
Source: Rotondi, Jessica Pearce. “Underpaid, but Employed: How the Great Depression Affected Working Women.” HISTORY, 11 Mar. 2019, www.history.com/news/working-women-great-depression#:~:text=.

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*Throughout the 1930's, there was a severe economic downturn known as the Great Depression that affected many nations. The nation that experienced  first the Great Depression was the US in 1929 with the stock market crash, but its effect ultimately extended well beyond the US. Even before the stock market crash crisis, there were some brewing economic issues in Latin America, which later intensified into a genuine depression. Widespread poverty was caused by the significant reduction in global trade as well as the falling prices of numerous Latin American goods like cereals, fruit, and raw materials.  Together with these economic issues, South America endured severe political difficulties in the 1930's, which made the effects of the Great Depression on regular people even worse. The 1940's saw a gradual improvement in many nations, and Latin America's economic prosperity was largely restores. Some nation recovered more quickly than other. In the majority of Latin American nations, the restoration of democratic administration went hand in hand with the revival of economic prosperity. The only exception to this trend was Argentina, which carried on a dictatorship for many years after the Great Depression ended.
Source: Study.com, 2022, study.com/learn/lesson/great-depression-latin-america-causes-effects-impact.html.

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*The 1930's saw the onset of the Great Depression in Canada and other countries. In Canada, the unemployment rate during  the worst of the Depression was around 30%. Due to the lack of social programs in Canada at the time, this made life incredibly difficult. Due to the Depression, this altered. The government established social initiatives. In the 1930's to assist those in need. Also, it increased its economic involvement.
* The stock market disasters that took place in the autumn of 1929 were the trigger for the Great Depression. Many significant businesses lost a large portion of their worth within a few weeks. Companies created too many items, and the prices of those goods dropped, causing the stock market to fall. There was an excess of supply and little demand. Tens of thousands of Canadians lost their employments as a result of the crash, which caused numerous businesses to go bankrupt.  The economy suffered as a result. Nobody had any money to spend. Hence, more companies filed for bankruptcy. Many people lost their jobs as more companies filed for bankruptcy. That was a never-ending cycle.
* In the western provinces, the issue was particularly severe. Exports and global trade, which were the foundation of the western economies, failed. Years of drought had been hard on the prairies as well. Huge crop failures were a result of this.
Sources: Glover, Fred. “Great Depression in Canada (Plain-Language Summary) | the Canadian Encyclopedia.” Www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca, 9 July 2021, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/great-depression-in-canada-plain-language-summary.

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*The Democratic Party nominated New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt as its nominee for president in the summer of 1932. Roosevelt said in his victory speech to the American people that he pledge's himself to a new bargain for the American people in reference to the issues with the depression. Fall 1932 saw the election that was held. In a landslide, Roosevelt triumphed.
* As soon as Roosevelt was inaugurated in March 1933, the New Deal he had promised the American people started to take shape. A financial reform bill, an emergency relief program, a work relief program, and agricultural programs were all passed during the early days of Roosevelt's presidency on the grounds that the federal government's power was required to help the nation out of the depression. A second New Deal would later take shape, bringing with it measures to safeguard unions, the SSA and aid for tenant farmers and migrant laborers. Many of the New Deal's programs or organizations gained notoriety thanks to their acronyms. For instance, the Civilian Conversations Corps was referred to as the CCC and the Works Progress Administration was referred to as the WPA. The programs of the New Deal were compared by many to alphabet soup.
*The New Deal had reached its end by 1939. The lives of those affected by the events of the depression were temporarily made better by New Deal programs. Long-term, New Deal policies established a precedent for the federal government to be heavily involved in the social and economic life of the country.
Source: Library of Congress. “President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal | Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress.” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, Library of Congress, 2022, www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945/franklin-delano-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal/.

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Political and Economic Causes of the GD in the US

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Political and Economic Causes of the GD in the US

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*Political decisions, such as those related to post- WWI war reparations, protectionism, such as the installation of legislative tariffs on European commodities, or speculative actions that led to the 1929 stock market crash may have been the cause of the Great Depression, a global economic disaster. Globally, there were more unemployed people, less money going to the government, and less trade. More over 25% of American workers were unemployed in 1933, the year the Great Depression was at its worst. The economic upheaval caused a change of government in some nations.
* Black Tuesday, the stock market fall on October 29, 1929, is often used to refer to the Great Depression in the United States, despite the fact that the nation had already experienced a recession months earlier. The American President at the time was Herbert Hoover. Hoover's successor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, presided over the country after the start of WWII, which extended the Depression.
Source: M. S., Agricultural Economics, and Journalism B. A. “These Theories Explain the Historic Economic Collapse of 1929.” ThoughtCo, www.thoughtco.com/great-depression-causes-3367841#:~:text=The%20Great%20Depression%20was%20a

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Economic and Diplomatic effects of WWII on US and one other country in the America

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Economic and Diplomatic effects of WWII on US and one other country in the America

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*WW2 allowed the US expansionism and transition on their industries during wartime
*WW2 allowed the US economy to grow at a high rate
* The US economy became a "global economic powerhouse"
*The US was neutral before the war and after the war the US   joined "the allies against the Axis powers."
*Post war, the US "led a new capitalist alliance against the USSR's communism"
*Alike the US, Canada's economy transformed which led to economic growth and recovery from depression
*Canada transitioned into wartime production in order to assist their allies with production material
*In Canada employment grew
*Canada received the position as respectable diplomatic because of the efforts against the Axis powers
*Canada decided to be buddy buddy with the US after the war
Source: https://prezi.com/p/msiniwgklbhl/economic-and-diplomatic-effects-of-ww2/

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Reasons for US using atomic weapons against Japan

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Reasons for US using atomic weapons against Japan

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Reasons:
*Truman made the decision of dropping atomic weapons because he wanted the war to end quickly and in an effective manner.
*Truman believed that by ending the war quickly it would save a lot of Japanese lives
Possible reasons:
* Test the possible outcomes of the atomic weapons
*Truman wanted to impress the Soviet Union
*To respond to Pearl Harbor
*Making Japan call quits
Source: https://www.historyonthenet.com/reasons-for-dropping-the-atomic-bomb

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Treatment of Japanese American's during WWII

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Treatment of Japanese American's during WWII

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*After the attack of Pearl Harbor, various Americans were suspicious of Japanese Americans being spies. A film by the name, "Know your enemy- Japan (1945)," was the cause of all the suspicion due to its propagandism against Japanese Americans or individuals of Japan descent. This film led president Roosevelt to remove Japanese Americans and of those Japan descent to relocation centers.
* Japanese Americans as well as individuals of Japanese descent were taken away from their homes and many of their things were also taken away from them. Families were separated if the government was suspicious of any involvement, and were then sent to "an internment camp."
Source:https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/history/incarceration-japanese-americans-during-world-war-ii/

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Social Impact of WWII on women and minorities

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Social Impact of WWII on women and minorities

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*Before WW2 began, women were restricted from working jobs that are not considered appropriate for women. They worked jobs like typing and sewing, in other words, " traditionally female" jobs. Women were expected to leave their jobs once they had children or when they are married. When WW2 began, women finally got the opportunity to work jobs that men usually work in. Millions of women entered the workforce between the years 1940-1945.
*Women finally gained new opportunities as well as experiences in the workforce, for example they earned more money than what they were used to. This does not mean that they earned the same or more money as men when they were working these types of jobs. As a matter a fact they earned less for doing the same type of jobs with the same effort.
*During this time there was also "cultural resistance," meaning women had to follow a image working these jobs, because men were scared that women were going to seem to masculine working these types of jobs, and so in order to impede women from becoming masculine, some factories included lessons on how to apply makeup. The reason behind this was to reassure men and for American women to keep "looking their best" because it was seen as an "important for morale."
*Minority women struggled a lot in WW2. African American women faced various challenges in finding jobs in the workforce. A challenge they faced was that white women didn't want to work beside them. In addition, they faced discrimination and were fired after the war.
Source:  https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/us-wwii/a/american-women-and-world-war-ii#:~:text=World%20War%20II%20provided%20unprecedented,adequate%20childcare%20during%20working%20hours.

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Involvement of US and one other country from the America's in WWII

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Involvement of US and one other country from the America's in WWII

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* The US involvement in WW2 made an impact especially their assistance with men and women overseas in armed forces.  individuals who stayed home, assisted by support and involvement with what was available. Women took jobs that men usually worked in like, "aircraft manufacturing plants, munitions plants, military uniform production," etc.
* The US economy sky rocketed, jobs where available for everyone, and individuals who were employed were able to pay off debts, and have opportunities to save money.
* In South America, Brazil was the only country who sent troops abroad in WW2.  Bolivia and Columbia were the only ones who followed the US lead when the declared war on the Axis powers.
Sources: https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945/world-war-ii/#:~:text=On%20December%207%2C%201941%2C%20following,in%20the%20Second%20World%20War.
https://omniatlas.com/maps/south-america/19450420/#:~:text=Brazil%20was%20the%20only%20South,America%20to%20the%20Allied%20cause.

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Reactions to the rise of Fascism in Europe in the Americas (1930's) including Good Neighbor Policy

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Reactions to the rise of Fascism in Europe in the Americas (1930's) including Good Neighbor Policy

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*Fascisms has been modelled, more specifically Italian fascisms, in political parties as well as movements. Fascism was initiated in Europe and then moved across the Atlantic ocean and impacted South America by influencing their politics.
*Italian Fascism had an impact on " at least six political parties in Latin American," in the year 1934.  Fascist corporatism was looked up to by economic policies, for example, the first couple of Argentinian dictators.
* The Italian regime made a great impact by spreading fascist propaganda to immigrants and the whole continent.

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America