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https://youtu.be/n8JW-8Yvi_E?feature=shared

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SK025 EXPERIMENT 5 - REACTIONS OF HYDROXY COMPOUNDS

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https://www.canva.com/design/DAGbDRiY4j0/SwumcD-CaSZKTHTr9GAD5g/edit?utm_content=DAGbDRiY4j0&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton

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1. Approximately 1 mL of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, and alcohol X were placed in 4 separate test tubes.

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(A) Lucas Test

Tertiary alcohol reacts the fastest with Lucas reagent as it is able to form a tertiary carbocation that is highly stable, primary alcohol does not give any result with Lucas reagent because primary carbocation is the least stable.

During the reaction of 2-methyl-2-propanol with Lucas reagent, the formation of two layers immediately is due to the insolubility of 2-methyl-2-chloropropane formed in the aqueous solution.

Alcohol X is a tertiary alcohol because Alcohol X forms cloudy solution immediately with two layers formed after reacting with Lucas reagent.

(B) Oxidation

1-butanol is a primary alcohol that is oxidised to 1-butanoic acid. Orange colour of chromic acid turns green due to the reduction of Cr₂O₇ to Cr³⁺.

2-butanol is a secondary alcohol that is oxidised to 2-butanone and cannot be further oxidised.

2-methyl-2-propanol is a alcohol that does not undergo oxidation because there is no hydrogen atom on the carbon atom attached to the OH group.

(C) Confirmatory Test For Phenol

Phenol forms white precipitate, 2,4,6-tribromophenol when reacted with bromine water.

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Explain the formation of two layers in the Lucas test.

The formation of two layers in the Lucas Test is due to the formation of a secondary or tertiary alkyl chloride.

The upper layer is clear and colourless which is water.

The lower layer is alkyl chloride which is insoluble in water.

Thus, the two layers are formed.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

Chemical test : Lucas Test

Observation : 1-propanol does not form cloudy solution even after heating while 2-methyl-2-propanol forms cloudy solution immediately

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1. Better sensitivity : Alcohol has better sensitivity to insulin

2. Improve patient's health : Alcohol is able to improve the factors that influence blood clotting, such as tissue type plasminogen activator, fibrinogen, clotting factor VII, and von Willebrand factor

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(Individual) All 4 students must submit their discussion separately.  Write your name as the subject 

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(Individual) All 4 students must submit their discussion separately.  Write your name as the subject 

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Hiii we are group 1️⃣☝️!

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(A) Lucas Test

Tertiary alcohol reacts the fastest with Lucas reagent as it is able to form a tertiary carbocation that is highly stable, primary alcohol does not give any result with Lucas reagent because primary carbocation is the least stable.

During the reaction of 2-methyl-2-propanol with Lucas reagent, the formation of two layers immediately is due to the insolubility of 2-methyl-2-chloropropane formed in the aqueous solution.

Alcohol X is a tertiary alcohol because Alcohol X forms cloudy solution immediately with two layers formed after reacting with Lucas reagent.

(B) Oxidation

1-butanol is a primary alcohol that is oxidised to 1-butanoic acid. Orange colour of chromic acid turns green due to the reduction of Cr₂O₇ to Cr³⁺.

2-butanol is a secondary alcohol that is oxidised to 2-butanone and cannot be further oxidised.

(C) Confirmatory Test For Phenol

Phenol forms white precipitate, 2,4,6-tribromophenol when reacted with bromine water.

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Compare and contrast the 3 classes of alcohol- include drawings, specific examples 

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Compare and contrast the 3 classes of alcohol- include drawings, specific examples 

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1. Nurul Athirah binti Ariffin Kamal (MS2417120919)

2. Nurul Izzaty Akhtar binti Syahril Anwar (MS2418122911)

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(A) Lucas Test

Tertiary alcohol reacts the fastest with Lucas reagent as it is able to form a tertiary carbocation that is highly stable, primary alcohol does not give any result with Lucas reagent because primary carbocation is the least stable.

During the reaction of 2-methyl-2-propanol with Lucas reagent, the formation of two layers immediately is due to the insolubility of alkyl chloride formed in the aqueous solution.

Alcohol X is a tertiary alcohol because Alcohol X forms cloudy solution immediately with two layers formed after reacting with Lucas reagent.

(B) Oxidation

1-butanol is a primary alcohol that is oxidised to 1-butanoic acid. Orange colour of chromic acid turns green due to the reduction of Cr₂O₇ to Cr³⁺.

2-butanol is a secondary alcohol that is oxidised to 2-butanone and cannot be further oxidised.

(C) Confirmatory Test For Phenol

Phenol forms white precipitate, 2,4,6-tribromophenol when reacted with bromine water.

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(A) Lucas Test

Tertiary alcohol reacts the fastest with Lucas reagent as it is able to form a tertiary carbocation that is highly stable, primary alcohol does not give any result with Lucas reagent because primary carbocation is the least stable.

During the reaction of 2-methyl-2-propanol with Lucas reagent, the formation of two layers immediately is due to the insolubility of 2-methyl-2-chloropropane formed in the aqueous solution.

Alcohol X is a tertiary alcohol because Alcohol X forms cloudy solution immediately with two layers formed after reacting with Lucas reagent.

(B) Oxidation

1-butanol is a primary alcohol that is oxidised to 1-butanoic acid. Orange colour of chromic acid turns green due to the reduction of Cr⁷⁺ to Cr³⁺.

2-butanol is a secondary alcohol that is oxidised to 2-butanone and cannot be further oxidised.

2-methyl-2-propanol is a alcohol that does not undergo oxidation because there is no hydrogen atom on the carbon atom attached to the OH group.

(C) Confirmatory Test For Phenol

Phenol forms white precipitate, 2,4,6-tribromophenol when reacted with bromine water.

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(Group) List ONE problem encountered for this experiment 

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(Group) List ONE problem encountered for this experiment 

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1. Leong Zhi Ying (MS2417121685）

2. Kevin Wong Ken Nam (MS2417121269)

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1. Long queue in front of the fume cupboard when handling the experiment.

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(Group) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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(Group) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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Identify the class of alcohol for the above compound.

2-pentanol

Ans: Secondary

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What is the function of Lucas Test?

Ans:To identify the class of alcohol

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Which of the following alcohol does not turn cloudy when react with Lucas Reagent?

Ans: 2-methyl-2-butanol

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What is the positive result for the reaction of alcohol with hot, acidified sodium dichromate?

Ans: Orange solution turns to green

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Which of the following is not the precaution of the experiment?

Ans: Arrange the chemical reagent in orderly.

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Table compare and contrast 3 classes of alcohol 

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Table compare and contrast 3 classes of alcohol 

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1-Butanol

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2-Butanol

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Alcohol X

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Lucas reagent

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2-Methyl-2-propanol

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Concentrated H₂SO₄

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0.04M Na₂Cr₂O₇

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Glacial acetic acid

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Phenol

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Bromine water

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2. 2 mL of Lucas reagent was added into the test tubes.

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3. A stopper was put, and the test tube was shaken.

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4. The observation and the time taken for the reaction to occur was recorded.

5. The class of alcohol X was deduced.

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1. 5 mL of 0.04M Na₂Cr₂O₇ was placed in 4 separate test tubes.

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2. 2 or 3 drops of concentrated H₂SO₄ was added to the Na₂Cr₂O₇ solution in the fume cupboard.

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3. 3 drops of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2propanol and alcohol X were added to each of the mixture accordingly.

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3. The test tubes were heated in a water bath at 70°C - 80°C.

4. The colour change was recorded.

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1. Approximately 1 mL of phenol solution was placed in a test tube.

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Purple Colorful Organic Mind Map Brainstorm

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1. https://byjus.com/chemistry/lucas-test/

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Lucas Test - Detailed Mechanism - Use in Differentiating Between Different Alcohols

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Lucas Test is a Test that is Designed to Differentiate and Categorize Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols Using A Solution of Anhydrous Zinc Chloride in Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid.

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2. https://www.britannica.com/science/alcohol/Structure-and-classification-of-alcohols

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Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an s p ³ hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four s p ³ hybrid orbitals. ( See chemical bonding for a discussion of hybrid orbitals.) Alkyl groups are generally bulkier than hydrogen atoms, however, so the R―O―H bond angle in alcohols is generally larger than the 104.5° H―O―H bond angle in water. For example, the 108.9° bond angle in methanol shows the effect of the methyl group, which is larger than the hydrogen atom of water.

One way of classifying alcohols is based on which carbon atom is bonded to the hydroxyl group. If this carbon is primary (1°, bonded to only one other carbon atom), the compound is a primary alcohol. A secondary alcohol has the hydroxyl group on a secondary (2°) carbon atom, which is bonded to two other carbon atoms. Similarly, a tertiary alcohol has the hydroxyl group on a tertiary (3°) carbon atom, which is bonded to three other carbons. Alcohols are referred to as allylic or benzylic if the hydroxyl group is bonded to an allylic carbon atom (adjacent to a C=C double bond) or a benzylic carbon atom (next to a benzene ring), respectively.

As with other types of organic compounds, alcohols are named by both formal and common systems. The most generally applicable system is that adopted at a meeting of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in Paris in 1957. Using the IUPAC system, the name for an alcohol uses the -ol suffix with the name of the parent alkane, together with a number to give the location of the hydroxyl group. The rules are summarized in a three-step procedure:

1. Name the longest carbon chain that contains the carbon atom bearing the ―OH group. Drop the final -e from the alkane name, and add the suffix -ol.

2. Number the longest carbon chain starting at the end nearest the ―OH group, and use the appropriate number, if necessary, to indicate the position of the ―OH group.

3. Name the substituents, and give their numbers as for an alkane or alkene.

The first example below has a longest chain of six carbon atoms, so the root name is hexanol. The ―OH group is on the third carbon atom, which is indicated by the name 3-hexanol. There is a methyl group on carbon 3 and a chlorine atom on carbon 2. The complete IUPAC name is 2-chloro-3-methyl-3-hexanol. The prefix cyclo- is used for alcohols with cyclic alkyl groups. The hydroxyl group is assumed to be on carbon 1, and the ring is numbered in the direction to give the lowest possible numbers to the other substituents, as in, for example, 2,2-dimethylcyclopentanol.

Common names

The common name of an alcohol combines the name of the alkyl group with the word alcohol. If the alkyl group is complex, the common name becomes awkward and the IUPAC name should be used. Common names often incorporate obsolete terms in the naming of the alkyl group; for example, amyl is frequently used instead of pentyl for a five-carbon chain.

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alcohol - Structure and classification of alcohols

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alcohol - alcohol - Structure and classification of alcohols: Similar to water, an alcohol can be pictured as having an sp3 hybridized tetrahedral oxygen atom with nonbonding pairs of electrons occupying two of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals. (See chemical bonding for a discussion of hybrid orbitals.)

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3. https://byjus.com/chemistry/types-of-alcohols/

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Types of Alcohols - Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Alcohols

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Types of Alcohols - Alcohols are classified as primary alcohols, secondary alcohols & tertiary alcohols based on their structural formulas. Know more about the structure, examples and applications of alcohol @Byju’s

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4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7171081/

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Ethanol and isopropranol are found as an active ingredient in oral, parenteral, and topical (including inhalational) prescription and nonprescription drug products. Although it is primarily used because of its solvent properties to help solubilize many drugs, it also possesses several concentration- …

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5. https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/healthy-drinks/drinks-to-consume-in-moderation/alcohol-full-story/)

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Moderate drinking can be healthy—but not for everyone. You must weigh the risks and benefits. –Introduction–What’s Moderate Alcohol Intake? What’s a Drink?–The Downside of Alcohol–Possi…

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1. Make sure to handle chemical reagents in a fume hood.

2. Make sure to keep the chemical reagents closed because it is volatile.

3. Make sure the temperature of water bath is within 70-80°C.

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The 3 classes of alcohol have the same functional group, which is hyroxyl (-OH)

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The 3 classes of alcohol have the same general formula, which is CnH2n+1OH

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The hydroxy carbon of primary alcohol is bonded to only one carbon , whereas secondary alcohol is bonded to two carbons, while tertiary alcohol is bonded to three carbon.

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Explain the formation of two layers in the Lucas test.

When a secondary or tertiary alcohol reacts with the reagent, it forms a secondary or tertiary alkyl chloride.

The alkyl chloride is not soluble in the original layer.

Water which is clear and colourless forms the upper layer.

Alkyl chloride which insoluble in water forms the lower layer.

Thus, the two layers are formed.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-pentanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

Chemical test: Lucas Test

Observation: 1-pentanol does not form cloudy solution within 10 minutes of heating.

Observation: 2-methyl-2-propanol forms cloudy solution immediately.

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https://www.canva.com/design/DAGbDmCLbWE/vHRupge8FvwlOFsD1axBrA/edit?utm_content=DAGbDmCLbWE&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton

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2. Bromine water was added dropwise until precipitate was formed.

3. The observation was recorded.

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The complexity of the alkyl chain of primary alcohol is unrelated to the classification of any alcohol considered as primary, whereas The two alkyl groups of secondary alcohol present may be either structurally identical or even different, while in tertiary alcohol, the presence of -OH group allows the alcohols in the formation of hydrogen bonds with their neighbouring atoms.

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6. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://penndentalmedicine.org/blog/is-alcohol-bad-for-your-teeth/#:~:text=But the negative links between,greater risk of oral cancer.&ved=2ahUKEwjRnLO04fSKAxVMfGwGHSWYDmEQFnoECCEQBQ&usg=AOvVaw0xm-XGHXpPToPSZYv7y-_G

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Explain the formation of two layers in the Lucas test.

When a secondary or tertiary alcohol reacts with the Lucas reagent, it forms a secondary or tertiary alkyl chloride and water.

The upper layer is clear and colourless which is water.

The lower layer is alkyl chloride which insoluble in water.

Thus, the two layers are formed.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-butanol and cyclobutanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

Chemical test : Lucas Test

Observation:

1-butanol does not form cloudy solution even after heating for 10 minutes. (primary alcohol)

cyclobutanol forms cloudy solution within 10 minutes after heating. (secondary alcohol)

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Stopper

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Dropper

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Test tube

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Stopwatch

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Water bath

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10 mL measuring cylinder

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1. Alcohol can be classified into primary alcohol, secondary alcohol and tertiary alcohol.

2. Lucas test and oxidation reaction can be used to differentiate the three classes of alcohol.

3. Reaction with bromine water is used as confirmatory test for phenol.

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Ethanol and isopropranol are found as an active ingredient in oral, parenteral, and topical prescription and nonprescription drug products.

Although it is primarily used because of its solvent properties to help solubilize many drugs, it also possesses several concentration-dependent pharmacological actions, including sedative, carminative, cooling, antipyretic, rubefacient, cleansing, and antiseptic properties. Concentrations of 40% or more may be found in some oral preparations, thus resulting in patients consuming a significant amount of alcohol during the course of the day. A concise compilation of nearly 500 alcohol-containing prescription and nonprescription American drug products is presented.

The table, which contains the proprietary drug name, manufacturer, type and concentration of alcohol, route of administration, and prescription : nonprescription status, is intended to aid clinicians in counseling patients receiving alcohol-deterrent drugs or patients in whom alcohol should be avoided.

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Explain the formation of two layers in the Lucas test.

When a secondary or tertiary alcohol reacts with the reagent, it forms a secondary or tertiary alkyl chloride.

The alkyl chloride is not soluble in the original layer.

The upper layer is clear and colourless which is water.

The lower layer is alkyl chloride which insoluble in water.

Thus, the two layers are formed.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-propanol and 2-propanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

Chemical test : Lucas Test

Observation :

1-propanol : No cloudy solution formed even after 5 minutes heating.

2-propanol : Cloudy solution formed within 10 minutes after heating.

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1. Toxicity: Alcohol can be toxic when consumed in prolonged periods, leading to liver damage, neurological impairments, and other health complications.

2. Addiction potential: Alcohol has addictive properties, and its use in medical treatments, if not carefully monitored, can contribute to substance abuse issues.