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Inflammation of the urinary bladder. Most common cause - E.Coli. Enters through urethra. More common in women.

Symptoms- dysuria, frequency, hematuria, cloudy urine with odor.

Rx- antibiotics

Prevention- toileting hygiene.

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Bedwetting. Can occur up to the age of 5 as part of normal childhood development. Most children outgrow bedwetting on their own.

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Inflammation of the kidney/glomerulus. Filtration is affected. Proteins like albumin end up in the filtrate and urine. Erythrocytes also end up in filtrate and urine.

Symptoms- Hematuria, foamy urine, swelling, and hypertension. May be acute or chronic.

Acute- develops suddenly. May occur after strep throat or other types of infection. Treat infection- usually patient recovers; may lead to

Chronic- Develops slowly over several years. Often leads to complete kidney failure; often idiopathic or autoimmune.

Treatment- control symptoms.

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Involuntary urination. Inability to control the release of urine. Completely normal for young children.

Causes- weakened/damaged pelvic floor muscles, nerve damage due to diabetes, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, medications, UTI´s, kidney stones, enlarged prostate.

Rx- Medications may help

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Renal calculi / Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)

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Renal calculi / Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)

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Most are made up of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid.

Risk factors- Gout, hyperparathyroidism/high calcium, lower urine volume, bacteria/infections, obesity, diabetes. Crystals stick together, and gradually get larger until they block ureters, and may even fill the renal pelvis.

1st symptom- severe pain- often no symptoms until stone is large/blocking ureter. Additional symptoms- nausea/vomiting, frequency, chills/fever, hematuria.

Diagnosis- by symptoms, ultrasound, x-ray.

Rx- increase fluids to flush out stones, medications for pain, possible lithotripsy or ureteroscopy if stones do not pass.

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Renal calculi / Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)

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Swelling of the kidney due to back up of urine/blocked ureter.

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Occurs when your kidneys lose the ability to sufficiently filter waste from your blood. May be acute or chronic. Oliguria is an early sign. Stages 1-5. When stage 5 is reached, you must have regular dialysis or a kidney transplant.

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Used for kidney failure. Involves the passage of blood through device with semi-permeable membrane. Dialysis serves as substitute kidney. Blood from patient flows through machine and is filtered. Can be done at home or in clinic. Takes 2-4hrs, 2-3x per week.