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CD8+

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Originate from stem cells in bone marrow

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Originate from stem cells in bone marrow

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T-cells are divided into helper T-cells (CD4) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8). Helper T-cells can act as the antigen presenting cells (APCs) by presenting the antigen on its surface so that the cytotoxic Tcells can recognise the antigen and kills the antigen. The antigen is normally broken down into small peptides to be able to presented on the cell surface membrane by the APCs.

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Cells of innate immunity system that present antigens to T cells to activate adaptive immunity

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Regulatory T cells and Memory T cells

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Cells of adaptive immune system. Type of lymphocytes that produce antibodies against specific pathogen

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T cells, or T lymphocytes, are white blood cells crucial to the adaptive immune system, providing specific, long-lasting immunity by identifying and eliminating infected, cancerous, or foreign cells; they originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus, which gives them their name.

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T cells are part of adaptive immune system. T helper cells present antigen that is recognised by macrophages or B cells continuing immune response cascade.

T cells develop in stem cells in bone marrow.

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APC cell, which was first APC to T cell

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Once the monocytes is moved into the blood vessels of the tissue, they are known as macrophages. They are responsible for presenting the antigen and engulf the antigen via phagocytosis.

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These are type of WBCs called lymphocytes. These produce high affinity Antibodies to fight diseases. Generates an immunological memory. Also acts as antigen presenting cells. Secretes cytokines

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T cells are part of adaptive immunity. They function by recognizing and responding to antigens using their T cell receptors, which specifically bind to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells.

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Granular lymphocytes

Process NK receptor

Contain CD16/32 receptors

Cytotoxic activity: anti-tumor and anti-virus

Function enhanced by ADCC

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B cells, or B lymphocytes, are white blood cells essential for humoral immunity, producing antibodies, presenting antigens, and forming immunological memory to fight extracellular pathogens.

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B cells produce antibodies and mediate humoral immunity

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Are a type of White blood cell. Helps fight pathogens and harmful cells.

Two types of:

Helper T cells: Called CD4+ as has CD4+ receptor on membrane

Cytotoxic T cells - known as CD8+ as has CD8 receptor on membrane

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Cells of innate immunity that release cytokines to kill invading pathogens

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Educated in the thymus through rounds of positive and negative selection

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Significant part of adaptive immune system

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They mature in secondary lymphoma tissue

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They mature in secondary lymphoma tissue

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Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that also activate T cells

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Plasma cells are responsible is producing antibodies against the antigen. When the cell is infected by the same antigen again in the future, immediate response can be generated to attack the antigen as there is memory B cells produced during the first attack.

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Contain B cell receptors(BCRs) which bind to foreign antigens

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Contain B cell receptors(BCRs) which bind to foreign antigens

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Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that detect pathogens, process antigens, and present them to T cells, serving as a critical bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

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monocytes when circulating into blood differentiate into macrophages and contribute to immunity by carrying out phagocytosis of the pathogen

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All BCRs recognize same epitope

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First innate immune cells that comes into play when there in an invasion of pathogen. It kills the pathogen by engulfing it via phagocytosis.

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Boosts immune response by presenting the Antigen on its surface to T cells.

They originate from bone marrow. Forms a link between innate and adaptive immune system.

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Monocytes are circulating white blood cells that migrate to tissues and differentiate into macrophages, which are specialized phagocytic cells involved in immune defense, antigen presentation, and tissue repair.

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They identify and destroy virus-infected cells

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Origin from myeloid stem cell

Released from bone marrow into the blood as undifferentiated cells

Found in wide variety of connective tissues

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Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that detect and destroy virus-infected, cancerous, or abnormal cells without prior sensitization, using mechanisms like cytotoxic granules and cytokine secretion.

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Involved in maintaining immune tolerance

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Responsible for phagocytosing pathogens and releasing mediators of inflammation.

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utilise MHC to identify antigens - so require the antigen to be processed by a different cell before they can act

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Both are cells of the innate immune system involved in inflammatory response. Basophils are WBCs that release histamine to generate inflammatory response. Eosinophils are also WBCs that move to sites of inflammation to trap and kill pathogens.

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Type of white blood cell that can kill infected cells and cancer cells in the body. Part of Innate immune system.

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Neutrophils are short-lived, highly abundant white blood cells in the innate immune system that act as first responders to infections, destroying pathogens through phagocytosis, degranulation, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).

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Found throughout the body especially in lymphoid organs and areas of contact with the environment

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Basophils and eosinophils are granulocytes involved in immune responses, particularly against parasites and in allergic reactions:

• Basophils: Release histamine and other inflammatory mediators during allergic reactions and play a role in defense against parasites.

• Eosinophils: Combat parasitic infections, modulate allergic responses, and contribute to inflammation in conditions like asthma.

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Mast cells are immune cells found in tissues that release histamine, cytokines, and other mediators during allergic reactions and inflammation, playing a key role in defense against parasites and in hypersensitivity responses.

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Basophils are granulocytes mainly working in allergic and inflammatory responses of the body, by releasing histamine and eosinophils fight parasitic infections and also function in allergic reactions.

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NK cells (also called effector lymphocytes) are part of innate immune response.

Natural killer cells constantly contact other cells and if the cell is intact excitatory and inhibitory receptors balance and NK does not activate. In case of intracellular pathogen or some mutations inhibitory pathway (MHC 1) becomes inactive, therefore inducing NK cell to be activated.

NK cells secrete cytokines to modulate immune response acting on cells like macrophages and dendritic cells.

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Release histamine and other mediators when activation in the body.

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Part of mononuclear phagocyte system(MPS)

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Part of mononuclear phagocyte system(MPS)

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MPS is family of cells consisting of bone marrow progenitor cells, blood monocytes and tissue macrophages.

Monocytes are bone derived leukocytes that recognize danger signals.

Macrophages secrete chemokine to recruit other immune cells and surrounds and kills harmful microorganisms.

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part of innate immune system; attack cells that lack MHC class I (which should be present on all self-cells, so its absence implies something is wrong). Also contain Fc receptors for some antibodies.

Induce lysis in target cell via targeted release of granzymes

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3 types of macrophages: Activated macrophages(M1), Wound-healing macrophages(M2), Regulatory macrophages(Mregs) 

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3 types of macrophages: Activated macrophages(M1), Wound-healing macrophages(M2), Regulatory macrophages(Mregs) 

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Had large quantities of histamine

When activated they degenerate and release this histamine. Functions like an alert system