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I chose the Concealed carry law topic because it is something I had interest in obtaining myself. I grew up aware of how to behave and handle firearms, and I took a hunters safety course too, so I value the right to have them especially in defensive situations. My home has always had guns in them, and I was taught to be aware of their dangers when they aren’t handled properly. I find the topic especially important and relevant today with the changing laws throughout the US.

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An appropriate audience would be those who have reservations about gun control and are in search of more information about the issue. I would also recommend it to anyone with children or starting a family, especially those who have people in their family with guns or guns in their own home.

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Effects of Behavioral Skills Training on the Stimulus Control of Gun Safety Responding - Journal of Behavioral Education

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Teaching individuals a safety response when they encounter a firearm may be one way to prevent accidental injuries or death. Previous researchers have used behavioral skills training (BST) with and without in situ training to teach individuals with and without disabilities to engage in a safety response in the presence of a firearm. However, few studies have arranged BST to ensure the safety response occurred in response to a representative sample of all relevant stimulus features for which a response should be evoked. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the extent to which BST conducted in a single context established stimulus control that would evoke the safety response across a range of contexts under which young children could encounter a dangerous stimulus in a room in their house. All participants demonstrated a discriminated safety response following BST. Further, safety responses generalized across all contexts not associated with training for all participants.

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What percentage of violent crimes were committed with a concealed carry firearm?
What is the confidence level of someone with a concealed carry license in a defensive situation to correctly use weapon?

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I used google scholar as my search engine to guide this project.

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I used google scholar as my search engine to guide this project.

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I used key words such as:
Gun control
Gun safety
Gun training
Concealed carry weapon

It was a process of trail and error to find articles within the search results that were informative to my study. I used many different key words to find sufficient search results that were useful to my study on concealed carry weapons

I did a basic google search for my pseudoscience articles finding results that were not peer reviewed.

Where I ran into issues:
My search results were sometimes hard to find and a bit tedious to filter through appropriate information for the topic. I ran into the problem of the articles being too far from the main question, so again, trail and error came into play when getting information gathered.

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Concealed-gun-carrying laws and violent crime: evidence from state panel data

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A recent study concludes that permissive concealed-handgun-carrying (or "shall-issue") laws have sharply reduced crime rates, including the rate of ho...

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Question
• The study’s purpose was to determine whether having knowledge of how to use guns, gun laws, or crime rates with guns influences the increase of gun support
Alternatives
• Making guns harder to access does not stop the usage of guns in defensive or non defensive situations
Logic
• the author discusses a mis-use of language often regarding the “AR” firearm. Automatic rifle is often mistaken as assault rifle.
Methods
• cross sectional approach was used for the essay
•  500 plus English speaking people were studied
Results
• Based on the survey, many believe guns should be regulated, but not banned completely. Those associated with gun related crimes by victimization are more supportive or gun control.
Inferences
• The study was detailed and non bias in its methodology or results. It has potential for further research as gun control continues to change state and nationwide

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Question
• The research question studied was how many non fatal injuries. More specifically, what types of traumas have resulted?
Alternatives
• Mass shootings that resulted with injuries that were non fatal had victims who presented trauma from the experience
Logic
• If mass shootings had victims with non fatal injuries, how many of them report having trauma from the event of the mass shooting.
Methods
• Insight, longitudinal
• Sample size: 403
• Data collected from 13 civilian mass shootings
• Results from 31 hospitals
Results
• In the assaults, 32/50 firearms were obtained legally. 897 individuals reported having trauma as a result of the assault.
Inferences
• many individuals have reported trauma. To avoid future trauma, stimulators and training for these stressful situations can help eliminate trauma.

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Question
• How does Behavioral skills training effect the stimuli of a gun being present.
Alternatives
• Behavioral skills training can minimize the danger of an unknown stimulus in the presence of children.
Logic
• an increase of BST to a range of stimuli can help us understand responses and reduce accidents
Methods
• Insight
• Three children of similar at age and healthy, normal developmental were evaluated
Results
• 2/3 children touched the unknown stimulus the first time seeing it. One left the area of the stimulus. The process was repeated
Inferences
• The presence of an unknown stimulus can be dangerous when children are not trained to appropriately identify or respond to the stimulus. Families with and without firearms in the home should make children aware of the dangers of the weapon.

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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10864-018-9309-8

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Question
• Do shall-issue laws cause homocide rates to increase?
Alternatives
• Past data suggested that shall-issue laws decreased the death and crime rates with firearms, the author of this article argues it has increased and made the situation worse
Logic
• An increase of access to firearms legally increases the number of firearm related homocides and deaths
Methods
• Use of population statistics to analyze the number of states with shall-issue laws, and the number of deaths within the state related.
Results
• researcher argues that shall-issue laws cause an increase in gun violence and stricter gun control laws should be considered to prevent the possibility of violence.
Inferences
• Continues the argument for stricter gun legislation and control . The research may be especially valuable to those with families.

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Texas Goes Permitless on Guns, and Police Face an Armed Public (Published 2022)

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A new law allowing people to carry handguns without a license has led to more spontaneous shootings, many in law enforcement say.

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(1) systenatic empiricism
(2) public verifiability
(3) falsifiability

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Three points
-Media is a very biased source of info and you may only find what you search.
-Professionals don’t like common people opinions and common people don’t trust the experts
-News outlets only put out information that supports their narrative

Relating to gun control:
The media can put out any information it desires regarding gun violence, use, and control. Information has to be thoroughly looked through to determine what is true

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The article discusses how concealed and permit laws have impacted crimes in Texas. It argues that concealed carry laws and permitless carry laws have decreased crime rates. However, while crime has declined, it has made the job of law enforcement much harder to patrol who has legal weapons when you can walk out of a store with a background check and a newly purchased firearm.

While informative, it does not provide much insight on how to alleviate the situation for law enforcement while keeping the laws in place. I would have liked to see evidence from another state and how the state has handled the situation and it’s response by the public and police.
The website also hold its own compilations as its behind a paywall and I was only able to access the website three times before being required to pay. The adds were also not relevant to the content.

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This article discusses the role of carry laws and their effects within the states they preside. The article explains the decrease in requirements needed to obtain firearms for individuals and how its impact has caused guns to wrong in potential dangerous hands. Some laws still require hours of training and background checks to obtain permit for concealed carry. Those convicted of crimes may possess firearms, but are not permitted to have a CCW.

I don’t like this article for my research due to its lack of evidence and research based information. It lacks peer review and pushes a more bias perspective on the subject, rather than informative. It also lacks evidence from state to state.

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Weakened concealed carry laws are associated with an estimated 9.5% increase in rates of criminal assaults with firearms, according to research published last week.

That relationship is most pronounced in places that allow people convicted of violent misdemeanor crimes to carry a concealed firearm. Those states are associated with an estimated 24% increase in assaults with a gun.

"What we saw was that prohibiting violent misdemeanors from obtaining a permit actually ended up mattering a lot," said Mitchell Doucette, an assistant scientist at Johns Hopkins University Center for Gun Violence Solutions, the lead author on the research.

Additionally, Doucette said the research indicates that states removing a requirement that applicants complete live firearms training, like shooting at a gun range, are associated with an 18% increase in assaults with a firearm.

Concealed carry programs vary by state in terms of whether officials have discretion to deny permits even to those who meet all the legal requirements, sometimes for things like character "suitability" or a history of dangerous behavior. States that allow the discretion are known as "may issue" states, as opposed to "shall issue" states.

The study analyzes 34 states that relaxed their concealed carry programs between 1980 and 2019, and compares them against predicted crime rates based on data from "may issue" states. The research was published in the American Journal of Epidemiology.

According to the study, there's a simple relationship between exposure to firearms outside the home and the likelihood of a violent gun crime. As cultural norms and laws around guns change, more hostile altercations are likely to involve guns, the authors wrote. It follows that those convicted of violent misdemeanors, who in some states can lawfully carry concealed weapons, commit gun crimes at seven times the rate of gun buyers without a criminal history.

Given the period studied, the research doesn't consider several GOP states that have removed licensure requirements to carry concealed weapons or a key U.S. Supreme Court ruling overturning New York's may-issue program.

This summer, Ohio joined a list of 24 other states that do not require any special permit to carry a concealed weapon. The law passed solely with Republican support. Now, any adults who meet the requirements for a license may carry it concealed on their persons. They just don't need the license anymore.

The recent research focuses on states that loosen concealed carry programs, but not those that remove licensure as a requirement to carry a concealed weapon. However, Doucette said the study suggests that Ohio may experience more gun crimes in the future by removing its ability to screen out people who have been convicted of violent assaults from carrying a concealed weapon.

"I do think that losing that screening ability is important," he said. "I think it's meaningful."

Ohio's concealed carry program still exists, but it's no longer required in order to carry in-state. Applying gun owners must complete eight hours of training and pass a criminal background check to obtain a permit. While state law allows those convicted of violent misdemeanors to possess a weapon, it does not allow them to obtain a concealed carry permit.

In June, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a landmark opinion with major implications for state concealed carry laws. A 6-3 majority overturned a New York law that required those seeking to carry a concealed weapon to demonstrate that "proper cause" exists to carry a weapon for self-protection beyond that of the general public. This has prompted some may issue states to revisit their programs. Meanwhile, the Ohio Supreme Court noted the federal ruling and asked parties to submit arguments in a case challenging a state law that prohibits people who are under indictment for violent crimes from possessing a weapon.

Doucette said the research indicates if states want to reduce gun crime, they should ensure their concealed carry laws prohibit those with violent misdemeanors from carrying a weapon.
This article has been corrected to reflect that Ohio's permitless carry law requires those who carry a concealed weapon to meet the standards required to obtain the license.

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Weaker concealed carry laws linked to increase in gun crimes, study shows - Ohio Capital Journal

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Weakened concealed carry laws are associated with an estimated 9.5% increase in rates of assaults with firearms, according to research published last week.

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Overall I found this to be an informative topic for the society and world we live in today. I find the research on concealed carry training to be slim, but the research on how many crimes have been committed with guns is much more prevalent. I found evidence from mass shootings to be more common as well, which is not surprising considering the number of shootings we have had within the country.

The research is important no matter what side of the gun control debate you lie on, each family should give safety and awareness lessons for firearms within the household. It is important for parents to inform their kids even if they do not own firearms in the home, having less exposure can lead to potential for dangerous situations with firearms.

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Gun control is important, but effective training and awareness on how to use the firearms can be the difference between a safe and dangerous situation. The research also suggests that providing training and stimulations for the stressful situations of mass shootings or gun violence to help combat the trauma effects from the devastating events.

I believe the research on the topic is not broad enough or widespread enough for the legislation that is being debated and considered. When it comes to voting for gun control and concealed carry weapons, having more widespread information available to the public and without a bias perspective is the best way to get the information out about real problem within the topic.

The project gave me many skills in reviewing scholarly articles for information that is useful to my topic whatever it may be. I also learned it takes a few tries to find the right search results, and adjusting search words even slightly can change the results.

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Author links open overlay panelJens Ludwig a, a, & AbstractA recent study concludes that permissive concealed-handgun-carrying (or “shall-issue”) laws have sharply reduced crime rates. (1998, November 21). Concealed-gun-carrying laws and violent crime: Evidence from State Panel Data. International Review of Law and Economics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014481889800012X

Czaja MP;Kraus CK;Phyo S;Olivieri P;Mederos DR;Puente I;Mohammed S;Berkeley RP;Slattery D;Gildea TH;Hardman C;Palmer B;Whitmill ML;Aluyen U;Pinnow JM;Young A;Eastin CD;Kester NM;Works KR;Pfeffer AN;Keller AW;Tobias A;Li B;Yorkgitis B;Saadat S;Langdorf MI; (n.d.). Nonfatal injuries sustained in mass shootings in the US, 2012-2019: Injury diagnosis matrix, incident context, and public health considerations. The western journal of emergency medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37278791/

Goodman, J. D. (2022, October 26). Texas goes permitless on guns, and police face an armed public. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/26/us/texas-guns-permitless.html

Jake Zuckerman, O. C. J. S. 27. (2022, September 29). Weaker concealed carry laws linked to increase in gun crimes, study shows. Ohio Capital Journal. https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2022/09/27/weaker-concealed-carry-laws-linked-to-increase-in-gun-crimes-study-shows/

Kruis, N. E., Wentling, R. L., Frye, T. S., & Rowland, N. J. (2021, September 30). Firearm ownership, defensive gun usage, and support for gun control: Does knowledge matter? - american journal of criminal justice. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12103-021-09644-7

Lee, N., Vladescu, J. C., Reeve, K. F., Peterson, K. M., & Giannakakos, A. R. (2018, October 10). Effects of behavioral skills training on the stimulus control of gun safety responding - journal of behavioral education. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10864-018-9309-8

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I really enjoyed reading through your project! Very well done!

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1. Self-reflective awareness - 8

Doesn't necessary state them as biases, but clearly explains her personal experiences with guns and that she supports guns in defensive situations.

2. Documentation of Research - 8

Does not provide evidence of documentation like a picture or screen shot, but explains that the process was trial and error with specific key words.

She even explained issues she ran into during the research process.

3. Detect Pseudoscience - 10

Provided two pseudoscience articles, so went above and beyond in that way. Identifies the lack of peer review, research based conclusions, and diverse samples.

4. Ability to find credible sources - 10

Used Google Scholar to find credible sources by searching keywords related to topic. Found four academic research articles.

5. Dissect sources with QALMARI - 9

Dissected each of her four sources with the QALMARI technique. Could have used a more detailed explanation for some of her answers in QALMARI.

6. Ability to communicate research results - 10

Provided a summary of the results for each of the sources and clearly communicated it to her audience.

7. Thoughtful reflection - 9

Discussed the skills gained in the research process and a conclusion on her research. Included takeaways from the research and sources.

8. Creativity & eye - 10

Provided her own background and used vibrant colors with highlighting to emphasize importance.

9. Citations - 10

Citations look correct and can lead readers to the correct sources.