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The characteristics and styles of Baroque music are rich and colorful, full of grand and gorgeous emotional expression. It is known not only as an art form, but also as a musical style full of emotion, technique and expressiveness. During the Baroque period, the expressiveness of music was greatly improved. The musicians express emotions and stories through the use of complex harmonies, strong rhythms and rich timbre. At the same time, a large number of decorations and changes began to be adopted in the music, such as grace notes, transnotes, trills, etc., to make the music more gorgeous and emotional.

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Baroque music (UK: /bəˈrɒk/ or US: /bəˈroʊk/) refers to the period or dominant style of Western classical music composed from about 1600 to 1750. The Baroque style followed the Renaissance period, and was followed in turn by the Classical period after a short transition (the galant style).

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The baroque era is often thought of as a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, theater, and music. The style began around 1600 in Rome, Italy, and spread to most of Europe.

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Characteristic: small orchestra

Dynamic: terraced (Sudden change）

Tempo: steady

Tonality: no modulation

Texture: polyphony, homophony

Ornamentation: no ornamentation (The strings are made of sheep's intestines and are easy to break)

Instrument: basso continue, harpsichord, organ, lute

Articulation: detached, staccato, legato

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What Is Rondo Form In Music? (hellomusictheory.com)

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Hello Music Theory | Learn To Read Music

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A Rondo is a very famous style of music that was common throughout the Classical and Romantic eras, and that we still see composed today.

In this post, we'll look at what Rondo form is, exploring its structure and looking at a few examples. First, however, we'll recap just what form is in music exactly.

What is Form in music?

Music is a lot like a language, and Form is essentially the syntax and grammar that gives structure to that language.

Just like English has certain rules for spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation, music can be thought of to have similar rules a conventions.

One way to categorize music by its form is to label each passage or section of a piece of music with a letter - A, B, C, etc.

Then we can make distinctions between different songs by how they repeat (or don't repeat) certain sections.

For example, if a verse of a song is labelled A, and that verse is repeated twice before going to the chorus (B), then we can write AAB as the form for the first part of that song.

For a look at all of the different kinds of form, check out our main post on the topic.

Rondo Form

Rondo Form can be thought of as an extension of Binary and Ternary form.

Binary form is AB and Ternary form is ABA, and a Rondo takes this a step farther by adding other letters - it goes ABACADAEA...

It essentially takes a principle theme, or refrain, and alternates it with one or more different themes, which are called episodes.

So the refrain is the repeating "A" section, and the alternating episodes are the "B", "C", "D", and "E".

This can go on for as long as you want. You can also repeat episodes as well as the refrain.

So the form of a Rondo could look like ABACABA, repeating the "B" episode toward the end instead of using a different "D" section, for example.

In the Classical era, there were three common Rondo forms.

The ABA pattern was sometimes called the "First Rondo", the ABACA pattern called the "Second Rondo", and the ABACABA pattern called the "Third Rondo".

Examples Of Rondo Form In Music

One of the best known examples of a Rondo is "Fur Elise" by Beethoven, which is a "Second Rondo" and has an ABACA form.

Other examples are the third movement of Beethoven's Sonata "Pathetique", Op. 13, and the third movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata in D Major, K.311.

Beethoven's "Pathetique" example is an example of Sonata Rondo form, which combines the alternating theme-episode form of a Rondo and the exposition-development-recapitulation form often found in a Sonata.

Rondo Tonal Structure

In a Rondo, the "A" theme is always in the tonic key.

This could be major or minor, as long as the "A" section is always in the same key.

The alternating "B" and "C" episodes are usually in keys different from the tonic, to differentiate between all of the sections.

In a major key (C major), with ABACABA Rondo form, the tonal structure is as follows:

In a minor key (C minor), the tonal structure is this:

That's Rondo Form

So, that is all there is to know about the Rondo form.

It is the only form that has a single theme that keeps alternating with multiple episodes, going back and forth between them.

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A Rondo is a very famous style of music that was common throughout the Classical and Romantic eras, and that we still see composed today.

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musical forms - What differs between the rondo and its Baroque counterpart, the ritornello? - Music: Practice & Theory Stack Exchange

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There are clear differences between Rondo and Ritornello form:

In a piece of music in rondo form, the main theme (A) keeps 'coming round', with contrasting sections of music called episodes heard in between.

* Rondos can have many episodes and so the main theme then comes round more often. A link may join sections smoothly together and a the ﬁnal appearance of the main theme may be followed by a coda.

* Each time the main rondo theme returns it may be shortened or somehow varied, but it is ALWAYS IN THE TONIC KEY, while each of the episodes visits a related key.

The Italian word ' Ritornello ' means a 'little return'. The main ritornello theme is introduced by the whole orchestra, the tutti (all) group, also called the ripieno (full) if more than one player per part.

* The recurring ritornello theme alternates with solo passages of episodes played a smaller group of soloists (the concertino).

* It is very similar to Rondo Form in that the main theme may return whole or in parts, but, unlike Rondo form, it can RETURN IN DIFFERENT KEYS. Even so, the ﬁrst and last occurrence of the main theme is usually the whole ritornello theme played in the tonic key.

* Also, unlike Rondo Form, the episodes are played by a soloist or group of soloists. They may introduce new musical ideas or base their music on ideas taken from the Ritornello.

* Ritornello form was often used in the fast (and sometimes the slow) movements of Baroque concertos - solo and concerti grossi - but it was also sometimes used in arias and choruses from operas, cantatas and oratorios.

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What differs between the rondo and its Baroque counterpart, the ritornello?

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So, ever since I heard the term ritornello, I have wondered what makes it different from the rondo. So I've listened to several pieces in ritornello form to try to find the difference, but I couldn...

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1. Harpsichord

2. Violin(string instruments)

3. Organ

4. Flute