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Marine biologists study the plants, animals, and microorganisms that live in the sea. Take and analyze samples of marine life to investigate species and evaluate how they are affected by human activity.

Their research helps manage and protect marine life, monitor environmental damage and explore ways to make safe use of marine resources.

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Marine biologists apply sophisticated technologies, such as electron microscopes to study samples, and computers to model marine ecosystems. They analyze the results statistically using computers.

Some marine biologists are involved in pure research, for example in the study and mapping of marine populations. Its results help build a national and international image of marine life, and understand the way it changes and is affected by environmental factors.

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A CTD – an acronym for conductivity, temperature and depth – is the main instrument used to determine the essential physical properties of seawater. It provides scientists with an accurate and complete representation of the distribution and variation of water temperature, salinity and density to understand how the oceans affect life.

The onboard CTD consists of a set of small probes attached to a large metal rosette wheel. The rosette sinks to the seafloor via a cable, and scientists monitor the water properties in real time via a data cable that connects the CTD to a computer on the ship. A remote control device allows water bottles to be selectively closed during the instrument's ascent. A standard CTD takes between two and five hours to collect a complete set of data, depending on the depth of the water. Water samples are usually collected at specific depths so that scientists can understand the physical properties of the water column at that specific place and time.

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Is organismal DNA that can be found in the environment. Environmental DNA originates from cellular material shed by organisms (via skin, excrement, etc.) into aquatic or terrestrial environments that can be sampled and monitored using new molecular methods.

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A satellite is a natural or artificial object that orbits another larger object. In the universe it happens that asteroids or satellites like the Moon orbit planets or stars. The Moon is a natural satellite and is the only natural object that orbits the Earth.

Other very complex devices that were created by humans for different purposes also orbit the Earth's atmosphere. These are artificial satellites to send and receive communications for mass use such as telephony, television or the Internet; to make weather forecasts or to provide educational and health services in areas inaccessible to other more traditional technologies; and some satellites have even been launched into space for military and scientific research purposes.

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https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/sonar/multibeam.html

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Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, measure distances (ranging), communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.

"Sonar" can refer to one of two types of technology: passive sonar means listening for the sound made by vessels; active sonar means emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes.

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A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) is a tethered underwater robot that is controlled from a ship or shore-based control station. ROVs are used for a variety of tasks, including:

Inspection: ROVs are often used to inspect underwater structures, such as oil and gas pipelines, bridges, and ship hulls.

Maintenance: ROVs can be used to perform maintenance tasks on underwater equipment, such as cleaning and repairing valves and pipelines.

Exploration: ROVs are also used to explore the ocean depths, including areas that are too deep or dangerous for human divers.

Scientific research: ROVs are used by scientists to collect data and samples from the ocean floor.

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HOVs are submersibles that bring a small group of scientists, pilots, and electronic equipment down in the water column and onto the seafloor, allowing in-person research and observation.

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The deepest-diving ROV is the Kaiko, which can dive to a depth of 10,994 meters (36,070 feet).

ROVs have been used to explore some of the most extreme environments on Earth, including hydrothermal vents and the wreck of the Titanic.

ROVs are playing an increasingly important role in the offshore oil and gas industry.

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Technical diving is a type of scuba diving that exceeds the agency-specified limits of recreational diving for non-professional purposes. It is a challenging and rewarding activity that allows divers to explore new and exciting underwater environments. However, technical diving also carries significant risks, and divers must be properly trained and equipped to mitigate these risks.

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Trawls, fishing nets towed behind boats, have been used for centuries to capture organisms. In fisheries research, trawls provide quantitative data on marine life, including biomass, length and weight, and age distribution. Trawl surveys estimate fish biomass, enabling informed fishing quotas. Length and weight data track fish growth and assess fishery health. Age class distributions reveal recruitment and fishing impact.

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The first dedicated scientific vessel was the HMS Challenger, a British Royal Navy corvette that was converted for scientific research in 1872. The Challenger expedition, led by Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, circumnavigated the globe between 1872 and 1876, collecting a vast amount of data on marine biology, geology, and oceanography. The expedition's findings revolutionized our understanding of the ocean and laid the foundation for modern oceanographic research.

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Vessels, from small boats to large ships, are crucial tools for ocean exploration. Equipped with instruments and tools, they enable scientists to study the ocean's physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Divers and submersibles extend their reach, allowing them to observe and collect samples from underwater habitats. Vessels also act as mobile research stations, providing a platform for experiments and analysis. They play a vital role in marine conservation and resource management.

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Deepest recorded technical dive: 318 meters (1,043 feet)

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The NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) is dedicated to exploring the unknown ocean, unlocking its potential through scientific discovery, technological advancements, and data delivery.

OER uses a variety of tools and technologies to explore the ocean, including ships, submersibles, and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). These tools allow OER scientists to study the ocean's physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.

OER also works to develop new technologies that will help us to better understand the ocean. For example, OER is developing new autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that will be able to explore the ocean for months at a time without human intervention.

OER's work is helping us to unlock the potential of the ocean to improve our lives. For example, OER scientists have discovered new sources of food and medicine in the ocean. They have also developed new technologies that are being used to clean up pollution and monitor the health of the ocean.

OER is committed to exploring the ocean and sharing its discoveries with the world. The office's work is helping us to better understand and appreciate the ocean, and to use its resources responsibl