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Nuclear envelope: double membrane

controls entry and exit of material

Nuclear pore: allows large molecules passage

Nucleolus: manufacture rRNA

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control center

retain DNA and chromosomes

manufacture ribosomes and ribosomal RNA

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Cristae: provide a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes and other proteins

matrix: contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes, and DNA, allows the mitochondria to control the production of their own proteins

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the site of the aerobic stages of respiration

product ATP

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Function:

provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins

provide a pathway for the transport of materials

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Function:

synthesis, storing, and transport of lipids and carbohydrates

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Process, classify, package, and transport proteins. This type of protein mainly has three routes:

some proteins are secreted out of the cell through vesicles

some proteins are transported to the cell membrane through vesicles and become membrane proteins

some hydrolases are wrapped by vesicles and form lysosomes.

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The site of protein synthesis

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a membrane-less organelle

composed of two centrioles that are perpendicular to each other and their surrounding materials.

Each centriole contains several groups of tubular structures made of proteins.

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regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

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Cellular Respiration : Stage I - Glycolysis (Outside of Mitochondria, at Cytoplasm) 

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Cellular Respiration : Stage I - Glycolysis (Outside of Mitochondria, at Cytoplasm) 

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Glycolysis Reaction:

Glucose -> Glycolysis -> 2 Pyruvate Acid -> 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH

Product: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP (net gain*), 2 NADH

Site: Cytoplasm (Outside of Mitochondrion & not an organelle)

Conditions: With Oxygen Supply,

Pyruvate -with coenzyme A -> Acetyl CoA

+ CO2

Product Acetyl CoA & CO2

*Please note that Acetyl CoA will later be used in the Krebs Cycle in Mitochondrion. *

Extra Knowledge Point:

Conditions: Without Oxygen Supply,

Anaerobic respiration: Fermentation -> Ethanol (Yeast/Plant Cells) // Lactate / lactic acid (Muscle Cells/ lactic acid bacteria)

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1. Krebs Cycle Photograph provided by BioNinja: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-8-metabolism-cell/untitled/krebs-cycle.html

2. Toole, G and Toole, S(2015). AQA Biology: A Level Year 1 and AS[online].Glenn and Susan Toole 2015. Available at: https://online.vitalsource.com/reader/books/9780198378426/pageid/3

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Cellular Respiration Stage II: Krebs Cycle

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Cellular Respiration Stage II: Krebs Cycle

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Site: Mitochondrial Matrix

Krebs Cycle Reaction:

1. Acetyl CoA (2C) + 4C Compound (oxaloacetate)-> 6C Compound (Citrate)

2. Citrate Isocitrate (Isomer of Citrate) -> 5C Molecule + CO2 + NADH

Product: CO2 + NADH

(NAD+ being reduced by H+)

3. 5C Compound (a-ketoglutarate) -> 4C Copmound + CO2 + NADH+ ATP + FADH

Product: 4C Compound (fumarate) ,CO2, NADH, ATP, FADH

(NAD+ being reduced by H+)

(ATP convert from ADP)

(FADH being converted from FAD, during the above process)

Regeneration of 4C Compound:

4. 4C Compound (fumarate) -> 4C Compound (malate)

5. 4C Compound (malate) → 4C Compound (oxaloacetate) + NADH

Product: 4C Compound ( oxalocetate), NADH

[Regeneration of this Compound via oxidation of malate & NAD+ is reduced to NADH by H+]

After 1 Cycle Is Completed:

Total Number of Desired Products:

ATP: 1

FADH: 1

NADH: 3

CO2: 2

---------------------------------Thus after the cycle has been completed twice:

We will have:

2 ATP, 2 FADH, 6 NADH, 4CO2

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Cellular Respiration Stage III: Oxidative Phosphorylation 

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Cellular Respiration Stage III: Oxidative Phosphorylation 

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Site: Inner Membrane of Mitochondrion// Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Final Stage of Aerobic Respiration:

All FADH/ FADH2 and NADH will be converted to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

As the name included, "Oxidative" Thus oxygen is required for this process.

Quick Recap:

I will edit this later.

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A photograph of Oxidative Phosphorylation is provided via ScienceFacts.net

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Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of Anaerobic Respiration.

Site: Inner Membrane of Mitochondrion// Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Producing ATP by converting all FADH & NADH

Total Number of ATP, FADH, NADH produced throughout the anaerobic respiration up till the Krebs Cycle:

Glycolysis:

* Glucose (6C) -> 2x Pyruvate (3C) *

* 2x Pyruvate ->

Per Acetyl CoA:

2 ATP

2NADH

Draft/ notes dont show: Will delete by me, thanks

https://www.tuttee.co/blog/hkdse-biology-aerobic-respiration

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Lysosomes: Basically the stomach/ digestive system of the cell.

Lysosomes are part of the body's defense mechanism. It contains digestive enzymes which can digest bacteria.

Fun Fact: The enzyme is called hydrolytic enzymes.

Role I: Destroy and Digest Pathogens such as bacteria & viruses.

Role II: Aid breaking down & disposal of waste products. E.g. Bacterial / Viral DNA, Worn-out cell parts & debris, proteins, nucleic acids (stores genetic info. ) & Sugar (Could be excess), Carbohydrates & Lipids and so on.

Role III: Cholesterol Transport (Requires Transport Proteins)

There are many more roles played by Lysosomes. The aforementioned roles

Role IV: Detoxication

For further information, please visit:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5201012/

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Plays an important role in cell proliferation