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(Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK for CLINICIANS, 2019)

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As a first-year nursing student, my exposure to the 'Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds Competency Standards Framework for Clinicians' has been enlightening. Within this framework, I've critically examined Domain 7, which centres on the application of psychosociocultural models in healthcare (Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK for CLINICIANS, 2019). The Biopsychosocial Model and the Social Determinants of Health Framework have profoundly impacted my perspective. These models have broadened my understanding of healthcare. They emphasize that health encompasses not only biological factors but also psychological and social elements. This newfound awareness is particularly crucial when caring for patients from diverse backgrounds.

It becomes clear that various elements, including language barriers, cultural values, and socio-economic circumstances, significantly shape health outcomes. By incorporating these models into nursing practice, we can embrace a comprehensive approach that honours each person's uniqueness and aspires to achieve fairness in care. Importantly, these models compel us to address and remedy inequalities in healthcare access and results.

Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS. (2019). https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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(Social Determinants of Health - Healthy People 2030 | Health.gov,)

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Income and Social Support: Globally, migrants and refugees face economic disparities and limited social safety nets. In Australia, this leads to wage gaps, job insecurity, and difficulties accessing welfare support, harming their health (Programs & Initiatives, 2019).

Education: Education plays a vital role in integration and employment. In Australia, language barriers and unequal access to schooling hinder economic stability and overall well-being. Understanding these determinants is essential for nurses like me as we consider the health of migrants and refugees, aligning with the WHO's perspective.

Housing and Basic Needs: Suitable housing and essential amenities are crucial for good health. In Australia, migrants and refugees may struggle to find affordable and safe housing that meets their cultural needs, impacting their physical and mental health.

Programs & Initiatives. (2019). Health.gov.au; Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/programs-initiatives-all

Social Determinants of Health - Healthy People 2030 | health.gov. (n.d.). Health.gov. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health#:~:text=Social%20determinants%20of%20health%20(SDOH

World Health Organization. (2023). Social determinants of health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

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(Australian Refugee Health» Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds,)

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Anaemia is prevalent among young refugees in Australia due to factors like inadequate iron intake and infections. The 'Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide' recommends comprehensive screening for anaemia, including serum ferritin tests for at-risk groups like women of child-bearing age, children, and those with fatigue (Australian Refugee Health» Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds). Treatments involve culturally sensitive iron supplementation and education.

Mental health: Refugees often face significant mental health challenges due to traumatic experiences, violence, and resettlement stress. Clinical screening for emotional well-being, mental disorders, and therapy is crucial. Tailored care, considering their unique experiences, is essential.

Tuberculosis (TB) primarily impacts the lungs and spreads through the air. Testing for latent TB infection (LTBI) is vital for refugees, mainly from high-prevalence areas like India, using the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) or Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) (Australian Refugee).

Australian Refugee Health» Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au

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(60 Health Is Wealth Quotes to Inspire Healthy Living, 2022)

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In Indian culture, health isn't just about not being sick. It's about feeling good physically, mentally, and spiritually. People use Ayurveda (a traditional health system), yoga, meditation, and good food to stay healthy (Lad, 2021b).

As a nurse, I make sure to respect these ideas when I take care of Indian patients. I will try to understand their beliefs and traditions.

60 Health Is Wealth Quotes To Inspire Healthy Living. (2022, March 4). Vantage Fit - a Complete Solution to Your Corporate Wellness Program. https://www.vantagefit.io/blog/health-is-wealth-quotes/

Lad, V. (2021, August 24). Ayurveda: A Brief Introduction and Guide. Ayurveda. https://www.ayurveda.com/ayurveda-a-brief-introduction-and-guide/

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"Sarson da Saag" with "Makki di Roti" is a cherished Punjabi dish I adore for its mouthwatering flavours and exceptional health advantages. The star of this dish, mustard greens, packs a nutritional punch. Loaded with vitamins A, C, and K, these greens support my overall well-being, from enhancing skin health to boosting immunity(Bhatia, 2022). Together with spinach and fenugreek, they create a fibre-rich curry that aids my digestion and helps stabilise my blood sugar levels. "Makki di Roti," the cornflour flatbread, is a gluten-free option that aligns with other people's dietary preferences. With its low-calorie content and absence of unhealthy fats, this dish contributes to my heart's health.

‌bhatia, bhavana. (2022, July 7). Makki ki roti Sarson ka saag | Makki di roti sarson da saag. SecondRecipe. https://www.secondrecipe.com/sarson-ka-saag-makke-ki-roti/

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Darbaar Sahib and 24/7 Langar Availability: The Golden Temple in Amritsar, India, symbolises Sikhism's core values. It offers Langar (free community kitchen) services 24/7, serving thousands daily. This remarkable practice ensures that individuals receive nourishing meals and demonstrates the Sikh commitment to selfless service and equality. The availability of Langar around the clock is a testament to Sikhism's dedication to the well-being of all, regardless of the time of day or night (Jesani, 2023).

Jesani, K. (2023, May 15). Golden Temple Timings & Langer Timings Amritsar (2023). YatraDham. https://blog.yatradham.org/amritsar-golden-temple-timings/#:~:text=Sri%20Harimandir%20Sahib.-

Wikipedia Contributors. (2019d, November 17). Golden Temple. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Temple

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(Ayurvedic Medicine: History and Principles)

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In Indian culture, Ayurvedic and homeopathic medicines hold a remarkable place. Ayurveda, an ancient holistic healing system, highlights balance and harmony in the body and mind. Its use of herbs, dietary guidelines, and lifestyle choices are consistent with our culture's preference for natural cures (Narayanaswamy, 1981). Both approaches resonate with our cultural values of holistic health and harmony with nature.

Ayurvedic Medicine: History and Principles. (n.d.). Copper H2O. https://www.copperh2o.com/blogs/blog/ayurvedic-medicine-origin-history-and-principles

Narayanaswamy, V. (1981). Origin and development of ayurveda: (a brief history). Ancient Science of Life, 1(1), 1–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3336651/

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I am a Sikh, and the religion I follow is Sikhism. Sikhs believe in one God and strive to live by equality, service, and honesty (Wikipedia Contributors, 2019b). We stand out because of our turbans and uncut hair, symbols of our commitment to Sikh principles. Our faith teaches us to treat everyone equally, serve humanity selflessly, and maintain our Mental state. Sikhism is a source of stability, guiding me to lead a life of kindness, integrity, and devotion to God, and I take great pride in being a Sikh.

Sikhism Facts for Kids. (2019). Kiddle.co. https://kids.kiddle.co/Sikhism

Wikipedia Contributors. (2019, March 25). Sikhism. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism

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The traditional Punjabi suit holds immense cultural significance for me as a Punjabi. It's not just clothing; it's a vibrant expression of our rich heritage and values (Holidify, 2018). The Punjabi suit comprises a colourful salwar (bottoms), kameez (tunic), and dupatta (scarf), often adorned with intricate embroidery and vibrant prints (Holidify, 2018). It's a testament to our deep-rooted customs and a connection to our Punjabi origins, even while living far away from our motherland.

Holidify. (2018). Punjabi Culture - Traditions and Heritage of Punjab. Holidify.com; Holidify. https://www.holidify.com/pages/punjabi-culture-116.html

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The turban (dastar) holds immense significance for Sikhs. It represents identity, equality, and spirituality. It serves as a crown, reminding Sikhs of their commitment to ethical living, service to humanity, and devotion to one God (Dastar 2023). The turban also reflects Sikh history, as Guru Gobind Singh Ji introduced it to distinguish Sikhs from others and promote a sense of pride and responsibility. It embodies Sikh values and cultural heritage, making it an integral part of Sikh identity.

Dastar. (2023, September 17). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dastar#:~:text=Among%20the%20Sikhs%2C%20the%20dast