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Research Summary by Carine Abraham
In our everyday lives, we react and are affected by the events which occur around us. While developing and growing, we not only learn how to act in various situations, such as not falling off the couch or avoiding getting stung by bees, but we also learn what kind of words or phrases, even what language, to use at different times. Researchers have long been looking into what affects our ability to learn a second language. There are now signs that the amount someone uses a second language, and the amount of exposure they have to that language, may actually benefit using both their first and their second language.

Dominance in one particular language for a bilingual is usually thought of in terms of how much better they speak one of their languages. Previously, research found that the difference in a speaker's strength in the languages they speak can either increase or decrease the amount of time it takes to switch between those languages. For bilinguals switching between languages (whether it's English to Spanish or Japanese to French), having to ignore or remember information in the correct language for a conversation is constantly occurring.

For a long time, it had been thought that the speed to correctly choose the right word in the right language was linked to the difference in the strength of each language. However, a study from the University of Edinburgh, has shown that there are most likely other factors affecting the speed between switching languages.

In this new study, researchers looked at many aspects of the bilingual experience to see if how "good" a speaker was in a language is the only factor that affects speakers' switching powers, or if other factors, such as the age they began learning their languages and the amount they use and hear the languages each day, play a hand in this process.

To help answer this question, the researchers created a task where bilingual speakers named different objects, such as a pair of glasses or a river, in either their first or second language, occasionally switching back and forth between the two languages. After testing 83 speakers, who were either high proficiency Italian-English or Italian-Sardinian bilinguals, the researchers found that the strength of the speakers' languages was not the only factor that affected the speed of the participants to switch between their languages, but both daily use and the age of learning did as well.

While it has been known that the age someone begins to learn a language benefits certain parts of language learning, the finding in this study showing that increased daily use of a second language helps in switching between languages is an exciting discovery. So, if you're now learning a new language, or trying to brush up on one you already speak, try to use it as much as you can.

" Language experience modulates bilingual language control: The effect of proficiency, age of acquisition, and exposure on language switching " by Michela Bonfieni, Holly P. Branigan, Martin J.Pickering & Antonella Sorace

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How daily exposure affects understanding in a second language

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Research Summary by Carine Abraham In our everyday lives, we react and are affected by the events which occur around us. While developing and growing, we not only learn how to act in various situations, such as not falling off the couch or avoiding getting stung by bees, but we also learn what kind of words or phrases, even what language, to use at different times.

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EDITOR'S NOTE: The opinions expressed in this piece are solely those of the author and do not reflect the views of Latino USA.
At a recent visit to the pediatrician, the nurse heard me speak with a foreign accent, and told me to use only English with my child. She said speaking another language would be "confusing" and have long-lasting, detrimental effects on my daughter.

As a Northwestern University professor who has spent more than 20 years studying bilingualism, I knew that was not true.

But most new parents trust the "expertise" of ill-informed nurses, doctors, teachers, school administrators, and even family members and perhaps follow the misguided advice to speak only English to their children.

In the process, not only do they deprive their children of exposure to another language and culture that would enrich their lives, but also of the cognitive, neural, social, and economic advantages that knowing another language can confer.

If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help to improve its mileage, allowing it to go further on the same amount of fuel.

Overwhelming evidence demonstrates that knowing multiple languages has cognitive, neurological, and even economic, professional, and interpersonal advantages.

The Massachusetts Legislature recently passed a bill that would encourage schools to offer bilingual education, overturning a 2002 ballot initiative mandating English-only education.

Yet a recent move in Florida to petition the Department of Education to establish English-only tests in schools is an opposing, ill-informed precedent. It is an asset, not a liability to speak another language in the United States, even in a push for "America First."

At the same time as many children from middle class families take foreign language lessons at school and some parents pay for private language tutors, support immersion programs, or send students to study abroad for purposes of "enrichment," children who are non-native English speakers are discouraged from speaking their native language in schools and elsewhere.

The assumption is this will prevent them from learning English and that, in general, their bilingualism is a problem.

The irony is stunning.

One of the biggest downsides to telling parents not to use the native language with their children is that by eliminating use of the native proficient language, the size and richness of language at home is compromised.

Richness of input influences language acquisition and cognitive development. The richer the input a child receives -auditory, visual, tactile-the more neurons are firing and the more active the brain is.

When you tell parents to use a language they do not know well, you replace a source of rich linguistic input with a limited one, negatively impacting development.

In spite of persistent mythology, there is no empirical evidence that speaking another language to your child will cause the child to stutter, develop specific language impairment, or lead to hearing impairment. Learning another language is not associated with language or hearing disorders and bilingualism does not lead to increased incidence of cognitive disability.

The benefits of bilingualism are lifelong.

Older persons who are bilingual enjoy improved memory relative to peers who speak only one language. Bilingual Alzheimer's patients exhibit initial symptoms of the disease four to five years later than monolinguals due to greater "cognitive reserve."

Cognitive reserve refers to the efficient utilization of brain networks to enhance brain function. Those four to five years may mean the difference between being able to hold your grandchild and see her grow, or never recognizing her.

In children, bilingualism is associated with better performance on some perceptual and classification tasks, as well as increased cognitive flexibility and meta-cognitive skills.

For example, bilingual children learn earlier than monolingual children that objects and their names are not one and the same; one object can have more than one name. This understanding that language is a symbolic reference system is an important milestone in cognitive development.

My own research shows learning new languages changes how people see, hear, and think about the world. Speakers of different languages differ in their patterns of eye movements when looking at visual scenes and access information differently depending on the language spoken at any given time. Research on bilingualism shows that decision making, memory retrieval, and self-expression vary across languages.

When detrimental effects of bilingualism are reported, they are usually conflated with poverty and socioeconomic status. That is because non-native speakers are seen often only as lower-income new immigrants. But it is poverty -not bilingualism- that is detrimental.

Marginalizing the native language of immigrant populations does a disservice to a country that is a nation of immigrants. Diversity is the foundation of America's cultural and linguistic history.

Many in this country think of speaking English as the gold standard, of monolinguals as the norm. Yet, the linguistic diversity around the world means that the majority of the world population speaks two or more languages. The ability to communicate successfully is essential to our global engagement.

Instead of vilifying languages other than English in this country and denigrating those who speak a different native language, perhaps actively encouraging all children to learn more than one language is what would help "make America great" as it competes in a multilingual world economy.

***
Viorica Marian is the Ralph and Jean Sundin Endowed Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders and Professor of Psychology at Northwestern, and is a Public Voices Fellow through The OpEd Project.

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Two Is Better Than One: Bilingualism Benefits Young and Old

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EDITOR'S NOTE: The opinions expressed in this piece are solely those of the author and do not reflect the views of Latino USA. At a recent visit to the pediatrician, the nurse heard me speak with a foreign accent, and told me to use only English with my child.

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Research Summary by Carine Abraham
In our everyday lives, we react and are affected by the events which occur around us. While developing and growing, we not only learn how to act in various situations, such as not falling off the couch or avoiding getting stung by bees, but we also learn what kind of words or phrases, even what language, to use at different times. Researchers have long been looking into what affects our ability to learn a second language. There are now signs that the amount someone uses a second language, and the amount of exposure they have to that language, may actually benefit using both their first and their second language.

Dominance in one particular language for a bilingual is usually thought of in terms of how much better they speak one of their languages. Previously, research found that the difference in a speaker's strength in the languages they speak can either increase or decrease the amount of time it takes to switch between those languages. For bilinguals switching between languages (whether it's English to Spanish or Japanese to French), having to ignore or remember information in the correct language for a conversation is constantly occurring.

For a long time, it had been thought that the speed to correctly choose the right word in the right language was linked to the difference in the strength of each language. However, a study from the University of Edinburgh, has shown that there are most likely other factors affecting the speed between switching languages.

In this new study, researchers looked at many aspects of the bilingual experience to see if how "good" a speaker was in a language is the only factor that affects speakers' switching powers, or if other factors, such as the age they began learning their languages and the amount they use and hear the languages each day, play a hand in this process.

To help answer this question, the researchers created a task where bilingual speakers named different objects, such as a pair of glasses or a river, in either their first or second language, occasionally switching back and forth between the two languages. After testing 83 speakers, who were either high proficiency Italian-English or Italian-Sardinian bilinguals, the researchers found that the strength of the speakers' languages was not the only factor that affected the speed of the participants to switch between their languages, but both daily use and the age of learning did as well.

While it has been known that the age someone begins to learn a language benefits certain parts of language learning, the finding in this study showing that increased daily use of a second language helps in switching between languages is an exciting discovery. So, if you're now learning a new language, or trying to brush up on one you already speak, try to use it as much as you can.

" Language experience modulates bilingual language control: The effect of proficiency, age of acquisition, and exposure on language switching " by Michela Bonfieni, Holly P. Branigan, Martin J.Pickering & Antonella Sorace

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Bilingualism research Archives - Bilingualism Matters

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Research Summary by Carine Abraham In our everyday lives, we react and are affected by the events which occur around us. While developing and growing, we not only learn how to act in various situations, such as not falling off the couch or avoiding getting stung by bees, but we also learn what kind of words or phrases, even what language, to use at different times.