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A species of pathogenic bacteria responsible for Tuberculosis. It belongs to the family Mycobacteriaceae. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. This pathogen was first discovered by Robert Koch in 1882. It divides every 15-20 hours, which is comparatively slower than most bacteria.

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A disease in which Mycobacterium Tuberculosis attacks body cells. This bacteria generally targets the lungs, but has the ability to harm any part of the body.

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Latent Tuberculosis vs. Active Tuberculosis

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Latent Tuberculosis vs. Active Tuberculosis

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There are two types of Tuberculosis: Active and Latent. Latent Tuberculosis is where an individual is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but is not showing symptoms and is not contagious. Active Tuberculosis is classified as an individual who is actively showing symptoms and has active TB bacteria in his or her body, and is contagious.

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Pulmonary Tuberculosis has many symptoms including chest pain, excessive coughing, Hemoptysis (coughing up blood), loss of appetite, fatigue, unintentional weight loss, chills, fever, and night sweats. This is the most common type of TB infection.

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This X-Ray shows how Pulmonary TB can damage lung tissue. The arrows in this image are pointing to a mass of inflamed tissue and the formation of growths that can cause cell death in the lungs.

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Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis is defined as any infection of TB outside of the lungs. This can include any body system and lead to many serious problems such as: Meningitis, Urogenital Tuberculosis, Pleurisy, Miliary Tuberculosis, Pott's disease(an arthritis caused by TB) , and Scrofula (lymphadenopathy of the neck). According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis accounts for less than one-fifth of all cases of TB.

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Tuberculosis transmission can be largely reduced by identifying those with active strands of Tuberculosis and beginning treatment. With proper drug treatment, these infected people will no longer be contagious and cannot spread the disease. Early diagnosis and treatment plays the largest role in preventing the spread of Tuberculosis. There is also a vaccine for TB that can help contribute to prevention. Avoiding exposure to people that have this disease and avoiding close contact with strangers greatly reduces the risk of becoming infected.

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Tuberculosis is acquired by breathing in TB bacteria that has been exhaled by someone with the active disease. When an infected person sneezes, coughs, or talks, they release microscopic aerosol droplets into the air that contain Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. If anyone inhales these droplets, they will more than likely become infected.

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About one-third of the Earth is infected with Tuberculosis, but only 10% of those people will develop an active case and experience symptoms. There are many factors that can increase the risk of becoming infected, some of these are: illicit drug use, malnourishment, patients with HIV or any other immunodeficiency, and living in tight, highly populated areas such as prisons

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Some people can build a resistance to TB, frequent exposure and lengthy duration of exposure strengthen this resistance.

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Because TB is caused by a bacteria, antibiotics are usually prescribed to treat this disease. If someone has Latent TB, they usually are prescribed Isoniazid to eliminate all the bacteria in their body that could become active. For treatment of Active TB, doctors usually try a more aggressive route, using several antibiotics such as Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol. With drug treatment, the Active TB becomes less contagious and greatly reduces transmission of TB. These drugs are usually prescribed in six month regiments and have a 90% success rate.