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You need bubbles. Anything else is a no.

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Powder can decompose and turn black. If this happens, clean out evaporating dish.

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Separate 1st day.
Identify 2nd.

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Micro= exact melting point.

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1. Heat so that no liquid jumps across to the condensing tube. Don't allow the liquid to climb more than half way up the test tube.

2. If you heat too slowly, you will not complete fractional distillation in the one class period.

3. There are no liquids with boiling points over 105 oC. Do not allow the thermometer to go higher.

4. There is at least 10 oC difference between boiling points of any liquids placed in the sludge test.

5. Only collect and save for further testing the liquids during the plateaus since this is when you get pure liquids in the condensing tube.

6. Don't forget to add 4-5 boiling chips to the mixture of liquids.

7. Take temperature readings every minute. Indicate on your data sheet the time when you switched test tubes.

8. Control heat by: 1) Moving up ring stand before starting to heat. 2) Slide test tube up from burner screen. 3) Turn down Bunsen burner with silver gas valve. 4) Slide burner to the side.

9. Don't forget to check for your dissolved solid. There is ONE inside!!!

10. MAKE SURE THE HOSE IS REMOVED FROM ALL LIQUIDS BEFORE REMOVING THE HEAT.

11. You may stop when you feel you have enough of your last fraction to do all your tests.

12. Dissolved solid will affect the plateau temperatures during fractional distillation. Therefore the plateau temperatures during fractional distillation cannot be used to identify the liquids.

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Heating, stirring, breaking apart.

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Solvent = thing that dissolves the other.
Solute = thing that actually dissolves.

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Water = citric acid, sugar.
Alcohol = citric acid, moth flakes.

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Many different tests are necessary for correctly identifying one. Examples: acetone test, copper wire test (green flame), water test, oil test, boiling test, and alcohol test.

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Physical Properties that do not change regardless of the amount of matter present. Examples: melting point, boiling point, density

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Mass/Volume
High density sinks and low density floats

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USE A GRADUATED CYLINDER NOT A BEAKER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Sludge is a mixture of harmful/ toxic waste that typically pollutes the environment. Ours will contain metals, non-metals, liquids, and a plastic.