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(First Speaker) Abdul's Voice Recordings.

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(First Speaker) Abdul's Voice Recordings.

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(Second Speaker) Nafessa's Voice Recordings.

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(Second Speaker) Nafessa's Voice Recordings.

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Prosodic Features - Phonetics and Phonology

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1. 1. LEXICAL VARIATION LINGUISTIC

2. 2. LEXICAL VARIATION * A lexical variation is to use a linguistic element instead of other without making changes in the meaning of words or phrases. Example: Perhaps - Maybe Complete the chart with the possible lexical variations of the following words Milkshake Rubbish Freeway Autumn Stone Biscuit Cooker Engine Trousers Vacation Post French Fries

3. 3. All languages change over time and vary according to the place and social setting. Time Three main aspects of language change over time: vocabulary, sentence structure and pronunciations. Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get combined or shortened. Some words are even created by mistake. As noted in the Linguistic Society of America's publication Is English Changing?, pea is one such example. Up until about 400 years ago, pease referred to either a single pea or many peas. At some point, people mistakenly assumed that the word pease was the plural form of pea, and a new word was born.

4. 4. * English is spoken in different places and among different social groups. One of the most common differences between dialects is the way in which past tenses are formed. * Most English verbs have a simple past tense that is unmarked for person, such as played, went, saw, did. In other words we simply say I played, you played, he/she/it played, we played and they played and make no adjustment to the ending of the verb. This contrasts quite markedly with the way past tenses are expressed in many other European languages. The verb 'to be' on the other hand has two simple past forms in Standard English - I/he/she/it was and you/we/they were.Apart from the special case of you, the distinction is, therefore, between singular was and plural were. * In some regional dialects, however, this pattern is not observed. In some parts of the country, speakers use was throughout, while speakers elsewhere use were exclusively. There are also dialects where the two different forms are used for the opposite function - singular were and plural was.

5. 5. * Variation in lexis may be systematically used by speakers to index their affiliation with particular social groups. Recently, work has shown that this is also true for sign languages. This variation may function as an index of social variables such as region, gender, ethnicity, and social class, or social factors that are distinctive to sign language communities, such as the language policy of the school attended during childhood or the language background of the signer's family. It may also be indicative of a language change in progress. * "A linguistic change can be said to have taken place when a new linguistic form, used by some sub-group within a speech community, is adopted by other members of that community and accepted as the norm." Jennifer Coates

6. 6. QUESTIONNAIRE 1.Which are the three main aspects of language that change over time? 2.According to Jennifer Coates, when can a change take place? 3.Which are the three main aspects that affect language? 4.What is a lexical variation? 5.Mention 5 places where English is spoken 6.Which is the singular form of pea?

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Published on 1. LEXICAL VARIATION LINGUISTIC 2. LEXICAL VARIATION * A lexical variation is to use a linguistic element instead of other without making changes in the meaning of words or phrases. Example: Perhaps - Maybe Complete the chart with the possible lexical variations of the following words Milkshake Rubbish Freeway Autumn Stone Biscuit Cooker Engine Trousers Vacation Post French Fries 3.

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British Columbia, Canada

Lancashire, United Kingdom (North West England)

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British Columbia

What factors influenced the spread of the English Language in British Columbia?

Lancashire

What factors influenced the spread of the English Language in Lancashire?

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British Columbia

Details of the speaker

Lancashire

Details of the speaker

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ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VARIATIONS: BRITISH COLUMBIA

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ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VARIATIONS: BRITISH COLUMBIA

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Abdul's Voice Recordings

Phonetic Transcriptions

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ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VARIATIONS: LANCASHIRE

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ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VARIATIONS: LANCASHIRE

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Nafessa's Voice Recordings

Phonetic Transcriptions

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Introduction of Phonemic Variation

Speaker Analysis - British Columbia

Speaker Analysis - Lancashire

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Introduction of Prosodic Variation

Speaker Analysis - British Columbia

Speaker Analysis - Lancashire

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Introduction  of Lexical Variation

Speaker Analysis - British Columbia

Speaker Analysis - Lancashire

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COMPARISON OF VARIATIONS BETWEEN BOTH SPEAKERS

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COMPARISON OF VARIATIONS BETWEEN BOTH SPEAKERS

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Phonemic Variation

Prosodic Variation

Lexical Variation

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Name: Abdul
Age: 21 years old
Occupation: Student
Birth Place: Surrey, British Columbia, Canada

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Name: Nafessa
Age: 19 years old
Occupation: Student
Birth Place:  Blackburn, Lancashire, United Kingdom

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Surrey is the largest city in the Greater Vancouver Regional District of British Columbia, Canada, which is only a 35-minute drive southeast of Vancouver. Despite its close proximity to the more well-known metropolis, Surrey has a lot to offer, which is why Surrey has the second-largest population in Greater Vancouver and attracts hundreds of new residents every month (The Curtain Call Custom Interiors, 2014).

According to The City of Surrey BC (2021), Surrey has one of the most ethnically diverse populations in the country, with more than 40% of residents speaking a language other than English as their first language. Surrey also has a substantial East Indian population in the city.

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Surrey was the Coast Salish indigenous people's ancestral territory for over 6000 years. In the mid-nineteenth century, European settlers arrived in what is now Cloverdale, erecting claims and farms along the bend of the Fraser River; they called the city 'Surrey', which covers 190 square miles, after the county in the United Kingdom (The Curtain Call Custom Interiors, 2014). Surrey was officially designated as a town in 1993, and it now consists of six major areas or cities; Cloverdale, Guildford, Newton, Fleetwood, North Surrey, and South Surrey.

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Surrey is the second-largest city in the British Columbia, with a population of 587,000 people. The population expanded by more than 100,000 people between 2011 and 2020 alone (Prepare For Canada, 2020). Surrey's population has been consistently increasing over time. It has a population density of 1,636.8 people per square kilometer. To break down the demographics, males account for 256,400 people, while females account for 261,485.

According to World Population Review 2021 (2021), Surrey residents are currently 39 years old on average. The vast majority of the population is aged between 15 to 64; this age group represents about 68% of the overall population. Children aged 0 to 14 make up 17.9% of the population, while people aged 65 and above make up 14.1% of the population. Having 1.6% of the population over the age of 85, Surrey, like most cities in British Columbia, has a substantial percentage of people living well past 85. According to the most recent census, about 130 Surrey residents have reached the age of 100.

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Lancashire is a county of England, in the northwest of the country.  Lancaster, commonly called as Lancashire, since the fifteenth century, has its boundaries established under the Norman Kings. It was originally built to protect England from invading Scots. Lancaster Castle, from which the county gets its name, was an important English stronghold built at the lowest crossing point of the River Lune. Lancashire gets its name from Lancaster, which translates to 'Roman fort on the River Lune,' combining the river's name with the Old English cæster, which comes from the Roman word for fort or camp. (Lancashire Family History & Heraldry Society, 2021)

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The origins of Lancashire lie in the remote past. About 500 million years ago, in what geologists call Ordovician times, the oldest rocks in the north-west, the Skiddaw Slates, were laid down. These were originally mudstones lying in various depths of water in a shallow sea off a large northern continent.

More recently, coal, and the industrial revolution transformed the economy of both the County and the UK, rising to a golden age of industrial technology, only to crash in the Lancashire cotton famine, which left families across the county destitute and forced into an existence of poverty.

Today, Lancashire ranges from seaside holiday resorts like genteel and refined Lytham and St Annes, to brash and breezy offerings with nightclubs and funfairs like Blackpool. Lancaster is steeped in history, yet there are new towns whose history is relatively recent. The legacy of the cotton famine and the closure of the mills and coal mines means the County probably has more than its share of urban dereliction and industrial wasteland that is now being regenerated. However, it also has some of the most picturesque countryside in England. (A History of Lancashire – Wilcuma, 2021)

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Factors influencing the spread of the English Language in British Columbia

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Factors influencing the spread of the English Language in British Columbia

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Lancashire and its county boroughs had a population of 5,129,416 at the time of the 1971 census, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK. With a population of 2,280,359 in 1961, the administrative county was also the most populated of its kind outside of London. The Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster merged with the High Court in 1972, under the Courts Act 1971, the last significant aspect of the legal system. (Wikipedia Contributors, 2021)

Lancashire county has 1.5 million persons in 2020, with an average age of 41.3 years. A population density of 493 people per square kilometre was recorded. Since 2002, the population has grown by 6.7 percent, while the average age of the population has increased by 2.1 years. (Plumplot, 2020)

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Factors influencing the spread of the English Language in Lancashire

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Factors influencing the spread of the English Language in Lancashire

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According to British Columbia (2011), the official languages of Canada are:

English

French.

Immigrants migrating to the British Columbia does not need to know French. However, if you plan to live, work, or study in British Columbia, you must be fluent in English. In British Columbia, English is the primary language of communication. Being fluent in English will ensure an easier life as well as easier access to services and completing daily tasks.

In addition, although majority of individuals in British Columbia speak English at home, these are the most often spoken languages at home after English:

Cantonese

Mandarin

Punjabi

German

Tagalog

French

Korean

Spanish

Farsi

In 2011, 26% of British Columbia residents did not speak English or French as their first language. Indigenous languages, on the other hand, are only spoken by a small percentage of the population. Indigenous languages are being protected and revitalized by First Nations communities and the provincial government.

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British Columbia is Canada's most western province, with a hilly landscape and a population concentrated mostly in the southwest quadrant. After Québec and Ontario, British Columbia is Canada's third-largest province, accounting for 10% of the country's land area. Within tiny areas, British Columbia is a land of variety and diversity. Coastal vistas contrast with the large forested highlands of the central region and the plains in the northeast, which are marked by high, snow-covered mountains rising above narrow fjords and inlets (The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2020).

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In the 1730s, the region has been known as 'Columbia', after the Columbia River.

Founded by Robert Gray, an American sailor, and named it after his ship, the Columbia Rediviva.

The name 'Columbia' was a bit of a dilemma because it relate to a fur-trading region in the Pacific Northwest. It was originally owned jointly by the United States and the United Kingdom (Hussein, 2018).

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Historical Events That Shapes "Canadian English"

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Historical Events That Shapes "Canadian English"

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The Treaty of Paris of 1763

Ended the Seven Years' War and opened most of eastern Canada to English-speaking settlement.

The American Revolution of 1775–1783

Prompted the first large group of English-speakers to migrate to Canada.

The Industrial Revolution in Britain

Prompted an even larger group to migrate to Canada in the 19th century.

These are all the important historical events that contributed to the development of Canadian English. These and other events shaped the current form of Canadian English, which in turn influenced the patterns of English-speaking settlement in Canada.

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One of Canada's two official languages is English. English is the mother tongue of around 57% of the population, and the first official language of approximately 75% of the population. High levels of immigration from non-English-speaking nations have reduced the number of native English speakers to slightly over half of the metropolitan population in Toronto and Vancouver.

It is also worth mentioning that not all native English speakers in Canada speak Canadian English, as some are immigrants who grew up learning English in other countries and they speak other dialects. The term "Canadian English" will be used to refer to the sort of English spoken by people who learned it as a native language while growing up mostly in Canada (Boberg, 2016).

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Boberg (2016), also stated that current immigration to Canada from all over the world has had very little impact on the development of Canadian English. Today's immigrants' children can  quickly assimilate to the patterns of English already spoken by the majority of people as  there are a huge population of Canadian-born people to blend in with.

Nonetheless, Canadian English, like all dialects and languages, evolves with each generation of speakers, with minor alterations. Even while the core characteristics of Canadian English are largely consistent, new words and ways of stating things emerge on a regular basis, while older idioms fade away.

It is indeed fair to presume that Canada's history of English-speaking settlement has resulted in a hybrid form of English with a distinct blend of American and British elements. Nonetheless, the English spoken by most Canadians today, is unmistakably a kind of North American English, most closely resembling that of the western United States and General American English.

This is especially true of its grammar:

The way words and sentences are put together, (morphology and syntax).

The most systematic features of its pronunciation, (phonology and phonetics).

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1. I have got a date at a quarter to eight; I’ll see you at the gate, so don’t be late.

- aɪ hæv gɒt ə deɪt æt ə ˈkwɔːtə tuː eɪt; aɪl siː juː æt ðə geɪt, səʊ dəʊnt biː leɪt.

- aɪ hæv gɑt ə deɪt æt ə ˈkwɔrtər tu eɪt; aɪl si ju æt ðə geɪt, soʊ doʊnt bi leɪt.

2. Why can’t you be a normal human being for once? It’s embarrassing.

- waɪ kɑːnt juː biː ə ˈnɔːməl ˈhjuːmən ˈbiːɪŋ fɔː wʌns? ɪts ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ.

- waɪ kænt ju bi ə ˈnɔrməl ˈhjumən ˈbiɪŋ fɔr wʌns? ɪts ɪmˈbɛrəsɪŋ.

3. One morning, I shot an elephant in my pajamas; how he got into my pajamas, I'll never know.

- wʌn ˈmɔːnɪŋ, aɪ ʃɒt ən ˈɛlɪfənt ɪn maɪ pəˈʤɑːməz; haʊ hiː gɒt ˈɪntuː maɪ pəˈʤɑːməz, aɪl ˈnɛvə nəʊ.

- wʌn ˈmɔrnɪŋ, aɪ ʃɑt ən ˈɛləfənt ɪn maɪ pəˈʤɑməz; haʊ hi gɑt ˈɪntu maɪ pəˈʤɑməz, aɪl ˈnɛvər noʊ.

4. Do you think you’re a big boy, throwing three stacks? I will show you how to ball, you’re  a mismatch. Opinionated, but I'm always spitting straight facts. Throw it back, I might throw this on an eight-track.

- duː juː θɪŋk jʊər ə bɪg bɔɪ, ˈθrəʊɪŋ θriː stæks? aɪ wɪl ʃəʊ juː haʊ tuː bɔːl, jʊər ə ˌmɪsˈmæʧ. əˈpɪnjəneɪtəd, bʌt aɪm ˈɔːlweɪz ˈspɪtɪŋ streɪt fækts. θrəʊ ɪt bæk, aɪ maɪt θrəʊ ðɪs ɒn ən eɪt-træk.

- du ju θɪŋk jʊr ə bɪg bɔɪ, ˈθroʊɪŋ θri stæks? aɪ wɪl ʃoʊ ju haʊ tu bɔl, jʊr ə mɪsˈmæʧ. əˈpɪnjəneɪtəd, bʌt aɪm ˈɔlˌweɪz ˈspɪtɪŋ streɪt fækts. θroʊ ɪt bæk, aɪ maɪt θroʊ ðɪs ɑn ən eɪt-træk.

5. A friend to all is a friend to none. Chase two girls, lose the one. When you are young, they assume you know nothing.

- ə frɛnd tuː ɔːl ɪz ə frɛnd tuː nʌn. ʧeɪs tuː gɜːlz, luːz ðə wʌn. wɛn juː ɑː jʌŋ, ðeɪ əˈsjuːm juː nəʊ ˈnʌθɪŋ.

- ə frɛnd tu ɔl ɪz ə frɛnd tu nʌn. ʧeɪs tu gɜrlz, luz ðə wʌn. wɛn ju ɑr jʌŋ, ðeɪ əˈsum ju noʊ ˈnʌθɪŋ.

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1. I have got a date at a quarter to eight; I’ll see you at the gate, so don’t be late.
/aɪ hæv gɒt ə deɪt æt ə ˈkwɔːtə tuː eɪt; aɪl siː juː æt ðə geɪt, səʊ dəʊnt biː leɪt./

- /aɪ hæv gɒt ə deɪt æt ə ˈkwɔːtə tuː eɪ; aɪl siː juː æt ðə geɪt, səʊ dəʊnt biː leɪt./

2. Why can’t you be a normal human being for once? It’s embarrassing.
/waɪ kɑːnt juː biː ə ˈnɔːməl ˈhjuːmən ˈbiːɪŋ fɔː wʌns? ɪts ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ./

3. One morning, I shot an elephant in my pajamas; how he got into my pajamas, I'll never know.
/wʌn ˈmɔːnɪŋ, aɪ ʃɒt ən ˈɛlɪfənt ɪn maɪ pəˈʤɑːməz; haʊ hiː gɒt ˈɪntuː maɪ pəˈʤɑːməz, aɪl ˈnɛvə nəʊ./

4. Do you think you’re a big boy, throwing three stacks? I will show you how to ball, you’re  a mismatch. Opinionated, but I'm always spitting straight facts. Throw it back, I might throw this on an eight-track.
/duː juː θɪŋk jʊər ə bɪg bɔɪ, ˈθrəʊɪŋ θriː stæks? aɪ wɪl ʃəʊ juː haʊ tuː bɔːl, jʊər ə ˌmɪsˈmæʧ. əˈpɪnjəneɪtəd, bʌt aɪm ˈɔːlweɪz ˈspɪtɪŋ streɪt fækts. θrəʊ ɪt bæk, aɪ maɪt θrəʊ ðɪs ɒn ən eɪt-træk./

-/duː juː θɪŋk jʊər ə bɪg bɔɪ, ˈθrəʊɪŋ θriː stæks? aɪ wɪl ʃəʊ juː haʊ tuː bɔːl, jʊər ə ˌmɪsˈmæʧ. əˈpɪnjəneɪtəd, bʌt aɪm ˈɔːlweɪz ˈspɪtɪŋ streɪt fækts. θrəʊ ɪt bæk, aɪ maɪt θrəʊ ðɪs ɒn ən eɪ-træk./

5. A friend to all is a friend to none. Chase two girls, lose the one. When you are young, they assume you know nothing.
/ə frɛnd tuː ɔːl ɪz ə frɛnd tuː nʌn. ʧeɪs tuː gɜːlz, luːz ðə wʌn. wɛn juː ɑː jʌŋ, ðeɪ əˈsjuːm juː nəʊ ˈnʌθɪŋ./

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According to What is phonemic variation? (2020), phonemic variation by definition is the interchangeable relationship between two phones. The phones could be swapped out in the same context without causing a change in meaning, also known as 'free variation'. Free variation can occur between allophones or phonemes.

What are the different types of phonemes?

There are 44 phonemes found in the English language, which include:

Consonants

Short vowels

Long vowels

Diphthongs

Triphthongs

In the English language, phonemes have unique and different roles, such as the consonant sounds /b/, /t/, and /d/, which are absent in certain languages.

What is the difference between phonetic and phonemic?

Phonemic transcriptions depict how humans understand sounds.

Phonetic transcriptions provide additional details on how the sounds are actually pronounced.

To encompass phones or sounds, we use square brackets.

To enclose phonemes, we use slashes.

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According to Gross (2021), the study of all the aspects of language that contribute to acoustic and rhythmic effects, is known as prosody. The name comes from an ancient Greek word that originally signified a song with music or a specific tone or accent imparted to a single phrase. Prosody was recognized as part of grammar by Greek and Latin literary critics as it dealt with the laws that determined the length or shortness of a syllable.

Many languages use length distinctions, so that they have long and short vowels. In most languages, segments that begin with a voiced consonant are longer than segments that begin with a voiceless consonant. In English, emphasis serves as a grammatical distinction between nouns and verbs.

The resulting pitch variations can have an impact on the overall meaning of the sentence or the meaning of individual words. Pitch pattern is also known as intonation. Through switching from a predominantly rising to a mainly falling intonation, the meaning of a sentence in English can be transformed (Ladefoged, 2021).

According to Literary Devices (2015), the four distinguishable prosodic metrical patterns are:

Syllabic Prosody - Each line in syllabic prosody has a fixed number of syllables, with accent, tone, and quantity playing a secondary role.

Accentual Prosody - While the overall number of syllables in a line of verse may vary, accentual prosody measures solely the accents or stresses within the line.

Accentual-syllabic Prosody - Each line in accentual-syllabic prosody is measured for both syllables and accents.

Quantitative Prosody - Based on the duration of syllables rather than the number of syllables. The amount of time spent on pronunciation, such as in a free-verse poem with unmeasured lines, can be used to determine this.

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All languages evolve over time and differ depending on location and social context. In comparing the way English is spoken in different regions and across different social groups, we may see a lexical variety (changes in words and phrases). Despite popular notion that dialect terms are no longer extensively used, the world still has a lot of lexical variation (Robinson, 2019).

According to British Library (2021), most native speakers have a variety of words for conveying the same idea, and we change our lexical choices depending on the situation and audience.

As an example, when chatting to young children or foreigners, we tend to avoid using phrases like 'knackered' (which means 'tired,' yet most of us use it without problem among friends.

Individuals differ in whether or whether they use knackered in front of older family members, strangers, or superiors at work.

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What is LEXICAL APPROACH? What does LEXICAL APPROACH mean? LEXICAL APPROACH meaning & explanation

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What is LEXICAL APPROACH? What does LEXICAL APPROACH mean? LEXICAL APPROACH meaning - LEXICAL APPROACH definition - LEXICAL APPROACH explanation. Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license. SUBSCRIBE to our Google Earth flights channel - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6UuCPh7GrXznZi0Hz2YQnQ The lexical approach is a method of teaching foreign languages described by Michael Lewis in the early 1990s.

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According to Lancashire Encyclopedia.com (2018), Lancashire is a north-western county of England and the official language of England is none other than English. However, although English is spoken across the UK, it is not the only native official language because we may also hear:

Welsh in Wales

Cornish in Cornwall, England

Gaelic and Scots in Scotland

Irish and Ulster Scots in Northern Ireland

English language is a West Germanic language belonging to the Indo-European language family, closely related to Frisian, German, and Dutch. English is the prevalent language in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and a number of Caribbean and Pacific island nations. India, the Philippines, Singapore, and several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, notably South Africa, speak it as their official language. English is the most popular foreign language in most other nations, and it is because of this that it has earned the title of global lingua franca. English is presently spoken by around a third of the world's population, or two billion people (C. David, 2020).

Because English belongs from the Indo-European language family, it is connected to the majority of other languages spoken in Europe and Western Asia, from Iceland to India. Proto-Indo-European, the parent language, was spoken by nomads roaming the southeast European plains around 5,000 years ago.

According to British Council (2021), these languages originated in quite different ways than English and have relatively few vocabulary in common. They are most usually heard in rural regions, but many young people are now being taught these languages as a second language in schools, and they are seeing a rebirth. Wherever you go in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, however, English is the dominant language and everyone speaks it fluently.

In addition to these native languages, you will hear a variety of other languages spoken in the United Kingdom. Over 300 languages are thought to be spoken in London alone. Every year, the UK attracts millions of students, tourists, and business travelers from all over the world, including immigrant groups.

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According to Lancashire dialect (2017), Lancashire emerged during the Industrial Revolution as a major commercial and industrial region. The county encompassed several hundred mill towns and collieries and by the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire. Preston, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Wigan, Chorley, Darwen, Rochdale, Oldham, and Burnley were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a major centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.

The Lancashire dialect and accent (Lanky) refers to the Northern English vernacular speech of the English county of Lancashire. Simon Elmes' book Talking for Britain said that Lancashire dialect is now much less common than it once was, but it is not quite extinct, still spoken by the older population.

Within historic Lancashire are dialects belonging to two groups of English dialects: West Midland in the south and Northern in the north. The boundary represented originally the boundary between Mercia and Northumbria and in modern times has tended to move further north. The dialects of south Lancashire have been much affected by the development of large urban areas centred on Liverpool and Manchester.

The dialect of the county, part of the Northern English, and related to the Cumbrian and Geordie dialects to the north, and the Yorkshire dialect to the east, while also having features of the Midland dialect area. Although the Lancashire dialect is particularly associated with the cotton towns of the south-east, such as Burnley, Bolton, and Rochdale, it has many varieties, including the urban dialects of Manchester and Liverpool.

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The History of English Language in the United Kingdom

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The History of English Language in the United Kingdom

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Anglo-Norman, also known as Anglo-Norman French, was a dialect of Old Norman French that was used in England and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere in Great Britain and Ireland during the Anglo-Norman period.

In 1066, When William the Conqueror led the Norman conquest of England ,him and his nobles, and many of his followers from Normandy, but also those from northern and western France, spoke a range of northern varieties of Gallo-Romance. One of these was Old Norman, also known as "Old Northern French". Other followers spoke varieties of the Picard language or western registers of general Old French. This amalgam developed into the unique insular dialect now known as Anglo-Norman French, which was commonly used for literary and eventually administrative purposes from the 12th until the 15th century. It is difficult to know much about what was actually spoken, as what is known about the dialect is restricted to what was written, but it is clear that Anglo-Norman was, to a large extent, the spoken language of the higher social strata in medieval England.

It was spoken in the law courts, schools, and universities and, in due course, in at least some sections of the gentry and the growing bourgeoisie. Private and commercial correspondence was carried out in Anglo-Norman or Anglo-French from the 13th to the 15th century though its spelling forms were often displaced by continental spellings. Social classes other than the nobility became keen to learn French: manuscripts containing materials for instructing non-native speakers still exist, dating mostly from the late 14th century onwards.

Although Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French were eventually eclipsed by modern English, they had been used widely enough to influence English vocabulary permanently. Thus, many original Germanic words, cognates of which can still be found in Nordic, German, and Dutch, have been lost or, as more often occurs, exist alongside synonyms of Anglo-Norman French origin. Anglo-Norman had little lasting impact on English grammar, as opposed to vocabulary, although it is still evident in official and legal terms where the ordinary sequence of noun and adjective is reversed.

The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom still features in French the mottos of both the British Monarch, Dieu et mon droit meaning "God and my right", and the Order of the Garter, Honi soit qui mal y pense that means "Shamed be he who thinks evil of it".

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Historical Events That Influenced English in The United Kingdom

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Historical Events That Influenced English in The United Kingdom

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Among highlights in the history of the English language, the following stand out most clearly:

The settlement in Britain of Jutes, Saxons, and Angles in the 5th and 6th centuries.

The arrival of St. Augustine in 597 and the subsequent conversion of England to Latin Christianity.

The Viking invasions of the 9th century.

The Norman Conquest of 1066.

The Statute of Pleading in 1362 (this required that court proceedings be conducted in English).

The setting up of William Caxton’s printing press at Westminster in 1476.

The full flowering of the Renaissance in the 16th century; the publishing of the King James Bible in 1611.

The completion of Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of 1755.

The expansion to North America and South Africa in the 17th century and to India, Australia, and New Zealand in the 18th.

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Before settling in Britain, the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons lived in Jutland, Schleswig, and Holstein, respectively. The earliest Jutes, Hengist and Horsa, landed in Ebbsfleet in the Isle of Thanet in 449, according to the Venerable Bede, the first English historian. The Jutes later settled in Kent, southern Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight. The Saxons occupied the rest of England south of the Thames, as well as modern Middlesex and Essex.  The Angles finally conquered the rest of England, including Edinburgh and the Scottish Lowlands, as far north as the Firth of Forth. The Angles' name was Angli in Latin and Common Germanic, but it was transformed to Engle (nominative) and Engla in Old English (genitive). Despite this, overwhelming evidence suggests that the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons kept their separate dialects.

The River Humber served as a significant barrier, dividing the Anglian-speaking region into two speech groups: Northumbrian to the north of the river and Southumbrian, sometimes known as Mercian, to the south. Northumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon, and Kentish were the four dialects. The Northumbrian dialect group dominated literature and culture in the eighth century, but that dominance was shattered in 793 when Viking invaders stormed Lindisfarne, an island near the Northumbrian mainland. In the 9th century, as a result of the Norwegian invasions, cultural leadership passed from Northumbria to Wessex. During King Alfred’s reign, in the last three decades of the 9th century, Winchester became the chief centre of learning. There the Parker Chronicle (a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) was written; there the Latin works of the priest and historian Paulus Orosius, St. Augustine, St. Gregory, and the Venerable Bede were translated; and there the native poetry of Northumbria and Mercia was transcribed into the West Saxon dialect. This resulted in West Saxon’s becoming “standard Old English.” As a result of the Norwegian invasions in the 9th century, cultural authority shifted from Northumbria to Wessex. During King Alfred's reign, in the last three decades of the ninth century, Winchester became the most important learning centre in the country. There was written the Parker Chronicle (an Anglo-Saxon Chronicle manuscript); there were translated the Latin works of the priest and historian Paulus Orosius, St. Augustine, St. Gregory, and the Venerable Bede; and there were transcribed the native poetry of Northumbria and Mercia into the West Saxon dialect. As a result, West Saxon became known as "standard Old English." Because of the greater use of inflections in Old English, word order was freer than today.

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The Norman Conquest of 1066 had the effect of bringing the four Old English dialects closer together. West Saxon dominance waned, and the cultural and educational centre relocated from Winchester to London. Although little is known about either of these divides before the end of the 13th century, the original Northumbrian dialect gradually separated into Scottish and Northern dialects. The historic Mercian dialect was divided into two parts: East Midland and West Midland. West Saxon's territory shrank slightly, and the dialect was renamed the South Western dialect. The Kentish dialect was greatly expanded, and it was dubbed South Eastern as a result.

Each of the five Middle English dialects (Northern, West Midland, East Midland, South Western, and South Eastern) evolved its own distinct traits. The so-called Katherine Group of writings, associated with Hereford, a town near the Welsh border, adhered most closely to native traditions, and there is something to be said for considering this West Midland dialect, least disturbed by French and Scandinavian intrusions, as a kind of High Middle Ages Standard English.

Another outcome of the Norman Conquest was to change the writing of English from the clear and easily readable insular hand of Irish origin to the delicate Carolingian script then in use on the Continent. With the change in appearance came a change in spelling. Norman scribes wrote Old English y as u, ȳ as ui, ū as ou (ow when final). Thus, mycel (“much”) appeared as muchel, fȳr (“fire”) as fuir, hūs (“house”) as hous, and hū (“how”) as how. For the sake of clarity (i.e., legibility) u was often written o before and after m, n, u, v, and w; and i was sometimes written y before and after m and n. So sunu (“son”) appeared as sone and him (“him”) as hym. As a result, a lot of spellings were changed to fit in with the current times.

The sounds of the native speech changed slowly. Even in late Old English short vowels had been lengthened before ld, rd, mb, and nd, and long vowels had been shortened before all other consonant groups and before double consonants. In early Middle English short vowels of whatever origin were lengthened in the open stressed syllables of disyllabic words. On the other hand, Old English long vowels were shortened in the first syllables of trisyllabic words, even when those syllables were open; e.g., hāligdaeg “holy day,” ærende “message, errand,” and many more. This principle still operates in current English.

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Transition from Middle English to Early Modern English

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Transition from Middle English to Early Modern English

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The death of Chaucer at the turn of the century (1400) signaled the start of the shift from Middle English to Early Modern English. Many scholars believe the Early Modern English period began around 1500 and ended in 1660 with the restoration of the monarchy (celebrated in John Dryden's poem Astraea Redux). The growth of London English, the creation of printing, and the diffusion of new learning connected with the Renaissance were the three major developments of the 15th century.

Despite having a population of of roughly 40,000 people in 1400, London was by far the largest city in England. York was a close second, with Bristol, Coventry, Plymouth, and Norwich rounding out the top five. The most heavily populated sections of England, the Midlands and East Anglia, supplied London with a steady influx of young immigrants. The capital's speech was a combination of things, and it was evolving. Chaucer's voice had already begun to change his seven long vowels. Incipient diphthongization of high front /i:/ (the ee sound in meet) and high back /u:/ (as in fool) led to instability in the other five long vowels. (Symbols within slash marks are taken from the International Phonetic Alphabet.) This remarkable event, known as the Great Vowel Shift, changed the whole vowel system of London English. As /i:/ and /u:/ became diphthongized to /ai/ (as in bide) and /au/ (as in house) respectively, so the next highest vowels, /e:/ (this sound can be heard in the first part of the diphthong in name) and /o:/ (a sound that can be heard in the first part of the diphthong in home), moved up to take their places, and so on. The table shows the vowel shift in London English; every one of the sounds appearing in this table can still be heard somewhere in living English accents.

In the late summer of 1476, when William Caxton began printing at Westminster, he was acutely conscious of the English language's precarious status. He provided some insightful insights about the challenges he had encountered as a translator and editor in the prologues and epilogues to his translations. Sentence structures were increasingly being adjusted at this time, although many remained dis-organised. Nonprofessional scribes, especially women, were writing long passages for the first time. In terms of language, Renaissance scholars were liberal. They borrowed Latin words from the French or directly from the Latin language; Greek words from the Latin language or directly from the Greek language. The use of Latin in the Church was no longer restricted. After the dawn of the 16th century, English prose moved swiftly toward modernity.

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According to Varieties of English - Britannica (2021), the abbreviation RP (Received Pronunciation) denotes what is traditionally considered the standard accent of people living in London and the southeast of England and of other people elsewhere who speak in this way. RP is the only British accent that has no specific geographical correlate: it is not possible, on hearing someone speak RP, to know which part of the United Kingdom he or she comes from. Though it is traditionally considered a “prestige” accent, RP is not intrinsically superior to other varieties of English; it is itself only one particular accent that has, through the accidents of history, achieved a higher status than others. Although acquiring its unique standing without the aid of any established authority, it was fostered by the public schools (Winchester, Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and so on) and the ancient universities (Oxford and Cambridge). Other varieties of English are well preserved in spite of the leveling influences of film, television, and radio. In several Northern accents, RP /a:/ (the first vowel sound in father) is still pronounced /æ/ (a sound like the a in fat) in words such as laugh, fast, and path; this pronunciation has been carried across the Atlantic into American English.

In the words run, rung, and tongue, the RP pronunciation of the vowel is like the u in but; in some Northern accents it is pronounced like the oo in book. In the words bind, find, and grind, the RP pronunciation of the vowel sound is /ai/, like that in “bide”; in some Northern accents, it is /i/, like the sound in feet. The vowel sound in the words go, home, and know in some Northern accents is /ɔ:/, approximately the sound in law in some American English accents. In parts of Northumberland, RP it is still pronounced “hit,” as in Old English. In various Northern accents the definite article the is heard as t, th, or d. In those accents in which it becomes both t and th, t is used before consonants and th before vowels. Thus, one hears t’book but th’apple. When, however, the definite article is reduced to t and the following word begins with t or d, as in t’tail or t’dog, it is replaced by a slight pause as in the RP articulation of the first t in hat trick. The RP /t∫/, the sound of the ch in church, can become k, as in thack (“thatch, roof”) and kirk (“church”). In some Northern dialects strong verbs retain the old past-tense singular forms band, brak, fand, spak for standard English forms bound, broke, found, and spoke. Strong verbs also retain the past participle inflection -en as in comen, shutten, sitten, and getten or gotten for standard English come, shut, sat, and got.

In some Midland accents the diphthongs in throat and stone have been kept apart, whereas in RP they have fallen together. In Cheshire, Derby, Stafford, and Warwick, RP singing is pronounced with a g sounded after the velar nasal sound (as in RP finger). In Norfolk one hears skellington and solintary for skeleton and solitary, showing an intrusive n just as does messenger in RP from French messager, passenger from French passager, and nightingale from Old English nihtegala. Other East Anglian words show consonantal metathesis (switch position), as in singify for signify, and substitution of one liquid or nasal for another, as in chimbly for chimney and synnable for syllable. Hantle for handful shows syncope (disappearance) of an unstressed vowel, partial assimilation of d to t before voiceless f, and subsequent loss of f in a triple consonant group.

In some South Western accents, initial f and s are often voiced, becoming v and z. Two words with initial v have found their way into RP: vat from fat and vixen from fixen (female fox). Another South Western feature is the development of a d between l or n and r, as in parlder for parlour and carnder for corner. The bilabial semivowel w has developed before o in wold for old, and in wom for home, illustrating a similar development in RP by which Old English ān has become one, and Old English hāl has come to be spelled whole, as compared with Northern hale. In some South Western accents yat comes from the old singular geat, whereas RP gate comes from the plural gatu. Likewise, clee comes from the old nominative clea, whereas RP claw comes from the oblique cases. The verbs keel and kemb have developed regularly from Old English cēlan “to make cool” and kemban “to use a comb,” whereas the corresponding RP verbs cool and comb come from the adjective and the noun, respectively.

In Wales, people often speak a clear and measured form of English with rising intonations inherited from ancestral Celtic. They tend to aspirate both plosives (stops) and fricative consonants very forcibly; thus, two is pronounced with an audible puff of breath after the initial t, and while may be heard with a voiceless /w/.

Scots, or Lowland Scottish, was once a part of Northern English, but the two dialects began to diverge in the 14th century. Today speakers of Scots trill their r’s, shorten vowels, and simplify diphthongs. A few Scots words, such as bairn, brae, canny, dour, and pawky, have made their way into RP. Scots is not to be confused with Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language still spoken by about 60,000 people (almost all bilingual) mostly in the Highlands and the Western Isles. Thanks to such writers as Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott, many Scottish Gaelic words have been preserved in English literature.

Northern Ireland has dialects related in part to Scots and in part to the southern Irish dialect of English. The influence of the Irish language on the speech of Dublin is most evident in the syntax of drama and in the survival of such picturesque expressions as "We are after finishing, It’s sorry you will be, and James do be cutting corn every day."

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Canadian English was distinguished from all other English dialects by having the greatest number of lexical variants.

However, according to further studies, the variety of Canadian English will decline in the future. The gap between Canadian and American English has faded. Recent research, on the other hand, indicate an increase in lexical variants in the future.

Despite the widespread perception that lexical variations are no longer extensively utilized, and that there is still a considerable lot of lexical diversity in North American English.

Although there is no doubting that Americans have had a significant influence on Canadian English, this does not rule out the possibility of new varieties forming through time as a result of changes in our daily lives (Lexical Variation Essay Example, 2021).

The speaker's pronunciation and vocabulary is clear and precise and listeners can easily understand them.

The speaker also has his own way of pronouncing and putting the stress in the sentence.

In the sentence "I will show you how to ball, you’re  a mismatch", the speaker might use other words such as "fight" rather than the word "ball" as it is an American slang.

In other sentence "throw it back, I might throw this on an eight-track", the speaker might also use other words such as "replay" instead of the phrase "throw it back" as it is also an American slang.

Generally, the speaker's has a good overall speech articulation and lexicon usage.

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NUR LAYLI KHAYANDARI BT MOHD AIN_WRITTEN REFLECTION

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In phonetics, stress is the intensity applied to a syllable of speech by exerting extra effort during utterance, resulting in relative loudness. This emphasis in pronunciation can be purely phonetic (i.e., noticeable to the listener but meaningless). From a linguistic standpoint, every language has a functional differentiation of definite degrees of stress, the number of which varies by language (Britannica, 2021).

According to Beare (2019), the four basic types of stress are:

1. Tonic stress - Refers to the syllable in a word that receives the most emphasis. There is only one tonic stress in an intonation unit. It's vital to keep in mind that a sentence can include multiple intonation units, and multiple tonic stresses.

This stress is highlighted in the sentence "I have got a date at a quarter to eight; I’ll see you at the gate, so don’t be late" as the speaker only put stress at the end of each words in the sentence.

2. Emphatic stress - This stress calls attention to the extraordinary nature of what you want to emphasize in a sentence.

This stress is emphasized in the sentence "do you think you’re a big boy, throwing three stacks? I will show you how to ball, you’re  a mismatch. Opinionated, but I'm always spitting straight facts. Throw it back, I might throw this on an eight-track" as the speaker put stress in his preferred part of the sentence.

3. New information stress - When a question is asked, the sought information is naturally emphasized more.

This stress is highlighted in the sentence "why can’t you be a normal human being for once? It’s embarrassing" as the sentence is a form of a question.

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According to Britannica (2021), the melodic pattern of an utterance is called intonation in phonetics. Intonation is essentially a matter of voice pitch variation (as well as tone), although emphasis and rhythm are also important in languages like English.

Differences in emotional meaning are conveyed by intonation (e.g., surprise, anger, wariness). In several languages, including English, intonation is used to distinguish between different types of phrases or sentences.

These are some of the common intonations found in native Canadian speaker:

1. Low-rise intonation - Begins at the lowest pitch and gradually climbs to about mid pitch. Low rise has a cautious, unconfident, and unfinished quality to it.

This intonation is emphasized in the sentence "one morning, I shot an elephant in my pajamas; how he got into my pajamas, I'll never know" as the speaker sound cautious and unconfident while uttering the sentence.

2. Fall-fall intonation - To show sarcasm, arrogance and snobbishness.

This intonation is very bold in the sentence "why can’t you be a normal human being for once? It’s embarrassing" as the speaker sounds rather annoyed and sarcastic when uttering the sentence.

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Video Ten, Part Three: Adding Canadian English Intonation

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The speaker who is from Canada seems to be using rhotic English since he was born and raised in Canada. The speaker can be heard clearly pronouncing the consonant /r/ in his recordings. Canada is one of the country to be using rhotic English alongside other countries.

The speaker tend to accentuate on the /r/ sound in these words. As an example, these are how the speaker pronounce the /r/ consonant:

The consonant /r/ sound in the word 'quarter' [ˈkwɔrtər] both in the middle and the end of the word is highlighted by the speaker.

The speaker also accentuate the /r/ sound vigorously in the word 'morning' [ˈmɔrnɪŋ], 'never' [ˈnɛvər], and 'girls' [gɜrlz] when pronouncing the words.

In addition, words like 'throwing' [ˈθroʊɪŋ] and 'three' [θri] were also emphasized by the speaker in the recordings.

According to Nordquist (2016), the term "rhoticity" refers to the sounds of the "r" in phonology and sociolinguistics.  Simply explained, rhotic speakers pronounce the /r/ in words like 'large' and 'park', whereas non-rhotic people does not. "R"-dropping is another term for non-rhotic.

English accents are either rhotic or non-rhotic. Non-rhotic speakers, such as British and Australian English speakers, do not articulate the /r/ in all of these terms. In linguistic terminology, non-rhotic accents are said to omit the sound /r/ from the syllable coda before a consonant or prosodic break, whereas rhotic speakers articulate /r/ in all positions if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit as a "linking and intrusive r."

The United States, Canada, India, Ireland, south-western England, Scotland, and Barbados are the main rhotic countries. With the exception of the Boston and New York City, North American English is rhotic, which means the "r" sound is always pronounced (Demirezen, 2012).

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According to Britannica (2016), stress, in phonetics, intensity given to a syllable of speech by special effort in utterance, resulting in relative loudness. This emphasis in pronunciation may be merely phonetic (i.e., noticeable to the listener, but not meaningful).

In the sentence, ' Do you think you’re a big boy, throwing three stacks? I will show you how to ball, you’re a mismatch. Opinionated, but I'm always spitting straight facts. Throw it back, I might throw this on an eight-track.'

The speaker pronounced the word 'mismatch', 'opinionated' and 'spitting' which can be classified as a prosodic variation under stress. She puts on stress at the initial syllable of the words which makes the underlying stressed syllable can be distinguished from the unstressed one as it is phonetically notable and outstanding in some context.

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A phonological process known as Canadian Raising happens when the onsets of the diphthongs /ay/ [ei] and /aw/ [aʊ] precede voiceless obstruent (the sounds /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, and /f/), and the onsets of the diphthongs elevate to mid vowels. Although this phenomena has been dubbed "Canadian" raising, the term is ultimately deemed too broad, as not all Canadians speak in this fashion (Canadian raising and other oddities, 2021).

Brown (2012), stated that although the process is frequently depicted in simple stereotypes of Canadian speech (for example, "oot" and "aboot" for out and about), it is a far more complex phenomenon in that it is not limited to Canada, does not occur uniformly across the country, and has been claimed to be fading in favour of American standards.

The speaker who is a native Canadian is prone to have the standard Canadian accent. Hence, the speaker spoke with a very clear Canadian accent and his pronunciation of certain words as he speaks.

Canadian raising is a very common occurrence for Canadians as they tend to raised the /ay/ and /aw/ sound in their speech.

The speaker put heavy accentuation of those sounds when pronouncing words like 'date' [deɪt], 'eight' [eɪt], 'gate' [geɪt], and 'late' [leɪt].

Since all of those words consists of voiceless consonant /t/ in the spelling, the emphasized sound of /ey/ [ei] is even more prominent in as pronounced by the speaker.

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VAR_012 - Linguistic Micro-Lectures: Canadian Raising

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Here's What a Lancashire Accent Sounds Like

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Here's What a Lancashire Accent Sounds Like

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Here's What a Lancashire Accent Sounds Like

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The speaker from Lancashire seems to be using rhotic English since he was born and raised in Blackburn, Lancashire. The speaker can be heard clearly pronouncing the consonant [r] in his recordings. A linguist named Peter Trudgill specified a "Central Lancashire" dialect region, defined particularly by its rhoticity, around Blackburn, Preston and the northern parts of Greater Manchester.

The speaker tends to accentuate on the [r] sound in these words. As an example, these are how the speaker pronounce the [r] consonant:

The consonant [r] sound in the word 'embarrassing' /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/.

The consonant [r] sound in the word 'quarter' /ˈkwɔrtər/ both in the middle and the end of the word is highlighted by the speaker.

The speaker also accentuate the [r] sound vigorously in the word 'morning' /mɔrnɪŋ/ and 'never' /ˈnɛvər/, when pronouncing the words.

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In short, both speakers from Canada, British Columbia and Lancashire, United Kingdom has almost similar yet different variations in terms of phoneme, prosodic and lexical. These variations have an important role in distinguishing between the British Columbia and Lancashire English. Both British Columbia and Lancashire English although not having much difference, still has their own colours and history.

Besides, the history of English from both inner circle English are fascinating and informational.  Lancashire, no doubt has a lot of history going on about English and so does British Columbia, and both histories were an eye-opener. As there are still so many variations of English out there with diverse cultures and histories, knowing even just some parts of the knowledge was insightful. The English language still has so many histories and cultures to unfold. In addition, a lot of research was made, as the English language is still evolving throughout the world.

In a nutshell, this assignment has helped us to understand more about the English language, and gain more knowledge in the linguistic features of both British Columbia and Lancashire' English. Moreover, knowing that every country has their own linguistic features that they are comfortable with shows the power of language and how it connects people.

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Consonants, Short vowels, Long vowels, Diphthongs, Triphthongs 

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Consonants, Short vowels, Long vowels, Diphthongs, Triphthongs 

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The use of /aɪ/

An /aɪ/ is what you use to see with. It’s generally spelt with an ‘i’ like in LIKE, RIGHT and TIME, but in this case it is referring to ourselves, for instance, in the sentence, 'I have got a date'.

The speaker clearly emphasized the sound /aɪ/ more because she has a heavy accent of both the Lancashire accent and British accent.

/aɪ/ starts with the jaw open and the tongue more or less in the centre [ɑ] then it glides to [i]; /aɪ/. It starts more open and back in posh. It might start to the front in Northern English.

/h/ deletion

/H/ deletion consists in elision of /h/ in function words in unstressed positions of pro-nominal and auxiliary forms; in Lancashire, however, the process  was  also  found  in lexical words.

This can be clearly heard by the speaker that she did not stress on the /h/ in Human and Elephant.

/t/ deletion

This process occurs when the segment /t/ is elided and was annotated excluding the cases of the same segment in a cluster such as want to:

In the sentence, the speaker did not stress on the /t/ in the word eight as /eɪt/ but more towards /eɪ/.

‘Ing’ fronting

It denotes the type of pronunciation with an alveolar /n/ rather than a velar nasal /N/ and is often referred to as g-dropping. Apart from gerund forms, ‘ing’ fronting was evidenced in lexical nouns such as nothing and something.

Words that the speaker mentioned was: embarrassing, morning, throwing, spitting, nothing.

Tapping

This involves replacement of /t/ with a tap; true stops involve a ballistic movement which can be prolonged, whereas taps involve a more dynamic, ‘hit-and-run’ action of the tongue.

Words that the speaker mentioned was: 'I’ve got a date at a quarter to eight' and 'spitting straight facts' .

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According to Speech Talk (2019), the typically British feature here is the use of a fall-rise intonation. This means that a high pitch is reached in the ‘nuclear’ syllable. followed by a sharp fall to low pitch, with a little rise at the end of a sentence.

The speaker has the tendency to use high falling intonation, hitting the main stress high and dropping down.

This can be heard when she is saying,  'Why can’t you be a normal human being for once? It’s embarrassing.'

In this pronunciation sentence, the primary stress is on the word 'once' and 'embarrassing'. This is because the speaker is feeling emotional, acting frustrated and emphasizing the words in a high pitch and then dropping it down as if she is giving an order and she stresses more on the second syllable of the words.

Pitch plays an important role in both tone and none-tone languages but in different ways depending on the phonological systems of the languages.

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British Columbia

Using rhoticity English as the speaker tend to accentuate on the /r/ sound in his speech.

The speaker also accentuate the /r/ sound vigorously in words like 'morning' [ˈmɔrnɪŋ], 'never' [ˈnɛvər], and 'girls' [gɜrlz].

In addition, words like 'throwing' [ˈθroʊɪŋ] and 'three' [θri] were also emphasized by the speaker in the recordings.

Accentuation of the diphthongs /ay/ [ei] and /aw/ [aʊ] in his speech, also known as the Canadian Raising.

The speaker put heavy accentuation of those sounds when pronouncing words like 'date' [deɪt], 'eight' [eɪt], 'gate' [geɪt], and 'late' [leɪt].

Lancashire

Using rhotic English due to the fact that the consonant [r] is stressed more heavily.

The heavy sound of /aɪ/ and is spoken clearly unlike the speaker from British Columbia who pronounces it normally.

Often omits a consonant or vowel in the words for instance /h/ and /t/ which can sometimes cause confusion to the listeners while the speaker from British Columbia pronounces the words nice and clear.

Stresses more in the 'ing' form in words causing it to have more volume when speaker unlike the speaker from British Columbia.

The tapping is often heard when the speaker is talking fast and the words contain a lot of /t/ in them.

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British Columbia

Using tonic stress which the speaker only put stress at the end of each words, emphatic stress which the speaker put stress in his preferred part of a sentence and new information stress as some sentence is a form of question.

The speaker uses low-rise intonation which the speaker sound cautious and unconfident and fall-fall intonation which the speaker sounds rather annoyed and sarcastic.

Lancashire

Stresses the words at the initial syllable.

Intonation of the speaker is under the fall-rise category which starts off with a sharp fall to low pitch with a little rise at the end of the sentence.

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British Columbia

The speaker's pronunciation and vocabulary is clear and precise and listeners can easily understand them.

The speaker also has his own way of pronouncing and putting the stress in the sentence.

The speaker might use a few different word choice in the given sentences.

The speaker's has a good overall speech articulation and lexicon usage.

Lancashire

Speaks clear and with her own pace although it is sometimes fast and sometimes moderate.

Clear pronunciations overall although they were minor issues in the way she says a certain word that can cause misunderstandings..

The way she speaks can identify what words are singular and what words are in plural form.

Definitely has some words that she would say it differently from other countries.

Has a good lexicon usage.

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Firstly, the speaker's vocabularies are clear and easy to understand.

At some sentences, she speaks a bit too fast which will make it difficult for listeners (especially those who are not a native English speaker) to understand what she is saying. Some might have to listen to the speaker at least once or two more times to fully capture some words.

Has her own way of speaking the certain words that gives off a heavy accent and also has her own reading pace.

Can easily differentiate between singular and plural vocabularies.

In all honesty, coming from where the speaker is from, the people there tend to use other words that represent the same meaning of words or phrases that other people in other countries do not usually use. For instance, using the word 'perhaps' instead of 'maybe' is common in Lancashire, and is widely used throughout United Kingdom.

Overall, the speaker from Lancashire, United Kingdom has a good lexicon usage.

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Nur Layli Khayandari

Sarah Qistina

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British Columbia References

Lancashire References