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Hemochromatosis is when your body absorbs too much iron from the food you eat, and may lead to life threatening conditions.
Hemochromatosis has a 1 in 200-500 case in hereditary presence found in individual's, mainly in the European origin. For instance, an estimated amount of 10% Caucasians carry one gene for hemochromatosis, which is the HFE recessive gene.
Symptoms of hemochromatosis may include:
- Joint Pain
- Abdominal Pain
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Diabetes
Hemochromatosis may be a cause of a mutation in a gene that controls the amount of iron your body absorbs from the food you eat.  Although it cannot be caused by one inherited abnormal gene, but may be passed on to children.
To prevent hemochromatosis you may need to avoid iron supplements and multivitamins containing iron and vitamin C.
Hemochromatosis is diagnosed by simple blood tests.
A person suffering from this disorder may develop a liver disease including enlarged liver, liver failure, liver cancer. This may also include heart problems, heart failure, and diabetes.
A common treatment is removal of blood, which lowers iron level.
A person with hemochromatosis has a normal life expectancy, but if left untreated may lead to cirrhosis.

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Intro - Causes nerve damage in the brain and spinal cord so it disrupts the communication between the brain and the bodyStatistics - Although it is a rare disease with less than 200,000 cases per year, it affects 2.5 million people worldwide.Signs and symptoms - include vision loss, pain, fatigue, and impaired coordination. The symptoms can vary, meaning can last for a vary of time or have all your life. The symptoms could be chronic and never go away.Causes - they are no known causes, known as an autoimmune disease Prevention - It’s a genetic disease so it cannot be prevented.Diagnosis - relies on ruling out other conditions, due to related symptoms and lots of different tests in the hospital or at eye doctor when it affects the vision.Complications - They include; osteoporosis, urinary tract infections, pressure sores, aspiration pneumonia, depression, muscle stiffness, paralysis (typically in legs), and sexual function.Treatment options - Cannot be treated, but can have slowed progression by medicationPrognosis - The disease is not fatal but can affect life quality. Most people with this disease live a close to normal life just with a few complications or side affects. Many experience much pain throughout their everyday living.

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Intro - Causes nerve damage in the brain and spinal cord so it disrupts the communication between the brain and the bodyStatistics - Although it is a rare disease with less than 200,000 cases per year, it affects 2.5 million people worldwide.Signs and symptoms - include vision loss, pain, fatigue, and impaired coordination. The symptoms can vary, meaning can last for a vary of time or have all your life. The symptoms could be chronic and never go away.Causes - they are no known causes, known as an autoimmune disease Prevention - It’s a genetic disease so it cannot be prevented.Diagnosis - relies on ruling out other conditions, due to related symptoms and lots of different tests in the hospital or at eye doctor when it affects the vision.Complications - They include; osteoporosis, urinary tract infections, pressure sores, aspiration pneumonia, depression, muscle stiffness, paralysis (typically in legs), and sexual function.Treatment options - Cannot be treated, but can have slowed progression by medicationPrognosis - The disease is not fatal but can affect life quality. Most people with this disease live a close to normal life just with a few complications or side affects. Many experience much pain throughout their everyday living.

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Anabel & Brooke (MS)

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Hypertension is a condition in which the force of the blood pressure against the arteries is too high (Blood pressure higher than 140/90). It’s a homeostasis imbalance within the body because the blood pressure is too high causing a higher heart rate. Nearly half of adults in the United States (47%, or 116 million) have hypertension, a greater percentage of men (50%) compared to women (44%). Blood pressure control is higher among non-Hispanic white adults (32%) than in non-Hispanic black adults (25%), non-Hispanic Asian adults (19%), or Hispanic adults (25%). Common symptoms include severe headaches, nosebleeds, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and an irregular heartbeat. Diets high in salt, fat, and cholesterol can cause hypertension, family history/genetics is also a factor. A healthy diet, keeping yourself at a healthy weight, being physically active, not smoking, and getting enough sleep are ways to prevent hypertension. Diagnosis happens through lab tests (specifically urine, blood, and cholesterol tests), ambulatory monitoring (24hr blood test monitoring for confirmation of HBP), electrocardiogram (measures electrical activity). Complications include heart attack, stroke, aneurysm, heart failure, dementia, and trouble with memory. Hypertension can cause the arteries to shrink causing the blood to stop flowing to the heart and brain. Options of treatment include diuretics (“water pills”, meds helping your kidneys eliminate sodium and water from the body), changing your diet, being physically active, and limitations on certain things you drink. Overall, hypertension can lead to disabilities and a poor quality of life. There is possible death because it can lead to heart attack or a stroke.

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Introduction- Dehydration is a condition caused b a deficit of liquids in the body.
Statistics- Surprisingly, approximately 75% of Americans are considered dehydrated. Certain poor countries such as Ethiopia and Uganda do not have access to a wealth of clean water, so the citizens of those countries are also considered dehydrated. The shocking thing about the U.S statistic is that Americans have access to clean drinking water, yet 3/4 of citizens are dehydrated.
Signs and Symptoms- Symptoms of dehydration consist of dry mouth, extreme thirst, less urination than normal, dark urine, tiredness, and dizziness.
Causes- People can become dehydrated because of diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating and urination, and not drinking enough water. These all make liquids leave the body, eventually dehydrating it.
Prevention- The main way to prevent dehydration is to drink enough water. Depending on your environment, you may need to drink more than the average person. If you are exercising often, sports drinks with electrolytes will help retain moisture. If you spend a lot of time outside in the heat, you will sweat more, meaning drinking extra water will help replenish the loss of liquid.
Diagnosis: Physical signs such as low blood pressure, faster heart rate.
Blood tests checking for things like level of electrolytes (sodium/potassium)
Urinalysis: checking and to what degree
Complications:
Heat Injury: not enough fluids with vigorous exercise could be ranging from heat cramps, heat exhaustion or life threatening heat stroke
Urinary/Kidney Problems: urinary tract infections, kidney stones, even kidney failure
Seizers: involuntary muscle contractions, loss of consciousness
Low Blood Volume Shock (hypovolemic shock): the more serious, drop of blood pressure, drop in amount of oxygen in the body
Treatment:
Infant/Children: over counter oral rehydration solution that consists of water and salts, in specific portions
Adults: Improve with drinking more water/liquids
Children/Adults in Emergency Room: In severe cases, people transmitted to the hospital are given fluids through a vein which reacts quicker
Prognosis:
Most people recover normally within 2-3 days

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Introduction-  An inherited medical condition where the ability for the blood to clot is severely reduced. The homeostatic imbalance of blood not clotting is due to the inadequate amounts of thrombin.

Statistics- 1 of every 5,000 male births, 30,000 - 33,000 living with it in the US, hemophilia A is about 4 times more common than hemophilia B

Signs and symptoms-  blood in stool, blood in urine, many large or deep bruises, heavy or prolonged periods, nosebleeds, bleeding in mouth or gums, and unexplained bleeding

Cause-  A mutation or change in one of the genes

Prevention- Hemophilia can’t be prevented since it is genetically inherited. If you already have hemophilia you can help prevent excessive bleeding by exercising regularly, avoid pain medications such as Advil and Tylenol, and practice good dental hygiene.

Diagnosis- To make a diagnosis doctors will perform certain blood tests to see if the blood is clotting properly. If it does not, they will then do clotting factor tests to diagnose the cause of the bleeding disorder.

Complications- Hemophilia complications include damage to joints, which can then lead to arthritis or deconstruction of the joint, deep internal bleeding, lessened ability to breathe, infections, and a negative reaction of the immune system that denies the clotting treatment.

Treatment options- replacing the missing blood clotting factor so that the blood can clot properly. This is done by a process called prophylaxis. Prophylaxis is done by infusing commercially prepared factor concentrates. People with Hemophilia can learn how to do these infusions themselves so they can stop bleeding episodes.

Prognosis- If unproperly treated most patients don’t make it to adulthood, but with proper treatment the life expectancy is about ten years less than a healthy adult. There is no complete recovery, and for most patients hemophilia is the cause of their death.

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Diabetes is a long-lasting health condition that conflicts with your body and its way of turning food into energy. In 2018, 34.2 million Americans, or 10.5% of the population, had diabetes. Diabetes can affect all sorts of different people, but it is especially burdensome among African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, the elderly, those of the lower socioeconomic classes, and women. There are a plethora of symptoms with diabetes including excessive urination, being super thirsty, losing weight without trying, lots of hunger, blurred vision, numb or tingling hands/feet, fatigue, dry skin.  Diabetes is caused when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, which stores and transports glucose, so the glucose (sugar) builds up in the bloodstream.  High blood sugar levels have long-term effects on the body, causing damage to organs, nerves, and blood vessels.  The symptoms of fatigue and lightheadedness are caused by blood sugar levels.  There are two types of diabetes, type one is not preventable since it is a genetic mutation, but type 2 is preventable and is usually caused by bad habits.  Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by cutting sugar and refined carbs from your diet, working out regularly, drinking plenty of water, and living a healthy lifestyle.  Most people's blood is checked regularly to see if there is a chance of diabetes.  Some tests can be done like a glycated hemoglobin test.  This indicates the average blood sugar for the past few months, it measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin.  Using these numbers, doctors can then conclude if the patient is diabetic. There are many complications that may arise in a diabetic person.  As previously mentioned, the high blood sugar levels can take a toll on nerves organs and other parts of the cardiovascular systems.  Some examples of complications are cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, kidney damage, eye damage, hearing impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease.  Type 2 diabetes has certain medicines that help.  This medicine lowers glucose production and helps with how the body reacts to insulin, this helps decrease organ damage that can be caused from high blood sugar.  For type 1 diabetes, insulin must be taken because the body doesn’t produce it on its own.  There are a few ways that one can take insulin and it is just up for personal preference.  Some different ways include needle and syringe, pen, or insulin pump.  With insulin injections, it helps to maintain steady blood sugar levels so most symptoms are alleviated.  With diabetes, the life expectancy decreases to 70 percent.  Diabetes causes life long symptoms and struggles, stated earlier, for the patients.  There is no cure for diabetes, but there are treatments and medications that can help with symptoms and decrease overall damage to the body.

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Introduction- Crohn’s Disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease which causes inflammation of the digestive tract, and it can lead to life-threatening complications, the cells and bacteria in your intestine or a lack thereof are responsible for this homeostatic imbalance.

Statistics- 20% of people with Crohn’s also have a close family member who has it. Crohn’s disease doesn’t affect one population, and it usually occurs as frequently in men as it does in women. 2 out of 3 crohn’s disease patients will receive a diagnosis before the age of 40.

Signs and symptoms- Some symptoms of crohn’s disease include stomach cramps, diarrhea,

constipation, blood in your stool, weight loss, and malnutrition. If the disease progresses you may have inability to exercise due to anemia, ulcers in mouth or stomach or even the anus, and inflammation of the joints and skin.

Causes- A big cause of crohn's disease is genetics. However you could also develop crohn's disease if you are immunocompromised, or have environmental triggers. Your age, whether you smoke, and the length of time you've had the disease may affect the severity of your symptoms or disease.

Prevention - Crohn's disease is pretty hard to prevent. You can prevent yourself from developing severe symptoms by trying not to smoke and live a healthy lifestyle, but the disease itself is mostly environmental and genetic. If it runs in your family it is pretty much impossible to prevent yourself from getting it, you just have to hope you won’t.

Diagnosis- No single test is able to diagnose Crohn’s, so they use a variety. They will most likely perform blood tests, a stool test, possibly an endoscopy or colonoscopy, and you may need a CT scan, or MRI which will show more than a typical X-ray. If you have a colonoscopy or endoscopy they will most likely do a biopsy, which is a sample of tissue taken from those regions.

Complications- Some complications of Crohn’s disease include bowel obstruction, ulcers, malnutrition, fistulas, and even colon cancer. Because Crohn’s disease can affect the thickness of the bowel, these complications can build on top of each other, which can make the symptoms worse.

Treatment options- There are many treatment options for Crohn’s, you just have to find the one that works best for you. There are certain medications like antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, biologic therapy drugs, and immunomodulators which may reduce inflammation in your abdomen. Diet is another easy treatment option. You can lower fat intake, adjust your fiber intake, limit dairy intake, and make sure you are drinking plenty of water. If less invasive changes don’t help or cure your symptoms, surgery is the next option. Some surgeries will remove the damaged parts of your intestinal tracts and connect the healthy ones, other procedures repair the damaged tissues.

Prognosis- Most people with Crohn’s disease have a healthy and active life. Even though there is no definite cure for Crohn’s disease, there are many treatment options and lifestyle changes you can do to reduce the symptoms. Surgery is also an option for people whose symptoms are unmanageable. However, people with Crohn’s disease do have a higher risk of death.

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Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack), Paige and Marisa

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Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack), Paige and Marisa

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Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)

Introduction:

A myocardial infarction also known as a heart attack is when there is a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. In a myocardial infarction there is a homeostatic imbalance that reflects myocardial oxygen insufficiency. Which basically means the heart isn't getting enough oxygen through the bloodstream and is dying.

Statistics:

Heart disease or heart related injury is the leading cause of death in America among men and women and about 659,000 people die from it every year. Overall between 70% and 89% of sudden heart myocardial infarctions occur in men compared to women. About 1.5 million cases of myocardial infarctions occur annually in the United States.

Signs and Symptoms:

Myocardial infarctions in men and women can look much different. In men heart attacks can show themselves in chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, tightness or pulling in the upper body, jaw neck or back pain,nausea or vomiting. In women some signs are chest pain (but not always), extreme fatigue, fainting, pain or pressure in lower back or upper abdomen, shortness of breath, back or jaw pain.

Cause:

Most often in myocardial infarctions factors such as diet play a heavy role. Over time in your arteries, a buildup of fatty deposits coat your artery walls making it harder for blood to pass through. These fatty deposits include cholesterol which can be found in unhealthy foods. The limiting of blood passing through your arteries makes your heart have to work harder to pump the blood throughout your body. And eventually your heart can’t do it anymore and that's when you'll have a myocardial infarction.

Prevention:

Exercise is a great way to prevent heart attacks. By building up the strength and muscle in your heart and blood vessels, the heart muscle won’t have to work as hard and will therefore last longer. The way exercise does this is by lowering your blood pressure. You can also lower your risk for a myocardial infarction by eating healthier. By eating healthier we mean eating foods with less saturated fats or foods with high cholesterol like greasy foods.

Diagnosis:

A person may have the disease when they show these signs: pressure or tightness in the chest, pain in the chest, back, or jaw, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, feeling like you may faint, and fast heart rate. Tests such as a needle stick for imaging or the insertion of a tube or scope may help show if you did have a heart attack. An EKG (Electrocardiogram) records the electrical activity of the heart showing the timing of electrical phase in your heart beat. This test helps monitor changes in your heart beat, can help determine if a heart attack is developing, and shows if a heart attack has occured. Since fast heart beat is a symptom this could help show if you have had a heart attack or if one is approaching. A chest X-ray may also be used to take a picture of the heart, lungs, and bones of the chest. This is done to see if the heart is enlarged or if fluid is gathering in the lungs which would result if they did have a heart attack. It can show if the heat is damaged since a symptom is chest tightness this affects your heart.

Complications:

Someone who has had a heart attack may experience mild to life threatening complications due to the severity of the heart attack. Someone may experience arrhythmia which is an abnormal heartbeat. The effects of this complication include dizziness or fainting. Heart failure which is when your heart does not efficiently pump blood around your body which can occur when your heart has been damaged. The effects of heart failure include feeling dizzy and possible swelling. Cardiogenic shock is when your heart has been damaged to the point where it can not pump enough blood to maintain the body's function. The long term effects include possible death and damage to organs like the kidney or liver. Lastly, heart rupture is when the heart muscles split apart. The long term effects include death.

Treatment Options:

To treat a heart attack you may receive a clot dissolving drug, balloon angioplasty, or surgery. A medication such as an antiplatelet agent is used to make sure platelets are not sticking together which helps prevent clots. Since a heart attack involves clogging of arteries this will help reverse this. A balloon angioplasty is when a special tube is attached to a balloon that is deflated and is threaded up the artery. This procedure helps to open blocked or narrowed arteries so that blood can flow from your heart and help decrease the amount of damage to your heart. It can help with symptoms such as chest pain. A bypass surgery is used to create a new passage for blood to flow to your heart. This will help the efficiency of blood being pumped to your heart.

Prognosis:

Having a heart attack can possibly lead to death depending on the severity of it. If you have survived a heart attack your heart will be damaged and can lead to difficulty pumping blood to the rest of your body. The average time it takes someone to recover from a heart attack is about 6-8 months. Depending on the severity of the heart attack and your treatment can depend how long it can take to recover from a heart attack. If a blood clot completely clots the arteries wall and the heart becomes starved for oxygen this can lead to the death of heart muscle cells which can be permanent damage.

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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease which inflames and narrows the airway making it difficult to breathe.
Statistics:
-1 in 8 Americans are diagnosed with asthma

-In 2018, asthma accounted for 178,530 discharges from hospital inpatient care and 1.6 million emergency department visits

-An average of 10 Americans die from asthma each day

-Black children are three times as likely to have asthma compared to white children

-Women are more likely to be diagnosed with asthma than men

Some signs of asthma are shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain, and wheezing when exhaling (commonly seen in children). People can also experience frequent respiratory infections, shortness of breath at night, and coughing when exercising. It’s not clear why some people get asthma and others don’t. It is thought to be a combination of environmental and inherited factors. Asthma triggers differ in each person but some are allergies, respiratory infections, exercise, weather, air pollutants, and strong emotions. Ways to prevent asthma are by taking prescribed meditation, avoiding smoking, staying away from allergens, and using controller inhalers. To diagnose asthma, your doctor will discuss your medical history with you and perform a physical exam. You may need a lung function test and maybe other tests, such as a chest or sinus X-ray. Symptoms can interfere with daily life activities like work and sleep, cause missed days from work or school during asthma flare-ups, affect breathing, result in the need to use long term medications. Some treatment options include rescue inhalers, Bronchodilator, Steroid, and Anti-inflammatory medications, quitting smoking, and oxygen therapy depending on the severity. Most people with asthma grow and learn to live with it and control it. Usually only small amounts of regular medication are needed to proceed with normal life activities.

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Graves’ disease is a immune system disorder which results in an overproduction of hormones in the throat (thyroid) This disease imbalances homeostasis in the way that it produces too many hormones in the throat which causes an unstable internal environment.  Common signs and symptoms of Graves' disease include:

Anxiety and irritability

A fine tremor of the hands or fingers

Heat sensitivity and an increase in perspiration or warm, moist skin

Weight loss, despite normal eating habits

Enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter)

Change in menstrual cycles

Erectile dysfunction or reduced libido

Frequent bowel movements

Bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy)

Fatigue

Thick, red skin usually on the shins or tops of the feet (Graves' dermopathy)

Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)

Sleep disturbance

Graves' disease affects about 1 in 200 people. It occurs more often in women than in men which may be related to hormonal factors. In the rare case of thyroid storm there can be mortality rates as high as 20-50%. Usually this disease is not deadly but it possibly can be.

Graves' disease is caused by a malfunction in the body's disease-fighting immune system. It's unknown why this happens. the immune system produces an antibody to one part of the cells in the hormone-producing gland in the neck (thyroid gland) There is no way to prevent this illness.

Preventable? Experts still aren’t certain what causes autoimmune diseases like Graves’ disease. Currently, there’s no known way to prevent the illness.

Diagnoses:  A healthcare provider may make a diagnosis based on your symptoms, such as an enlarged thyroid, and family history of thyroid or autoimmune disease. You may also have these tests to confirm a Graves’ disease diagnosis:

blood tests, Thyroid blood tests measure TSI, an antibody that stimulates thyroid hormone production. Blood tests also check amounts of thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH). A low TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is producing too much hormone. The overproduction causes the pituitary gland to make less TSH.

Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) test: The thyroid collects iodine from blood to make thyroid hormone. With the RAIU test, you swallow a small amount of radioactive iodine.

Thyroid scan: A thyroid scan is an imaging test that utilizes radioactive material to look at how the thyroid is working. It is typically done by injecting a material called technetium before the test, waiting a short period of time and then creating images of the thyroid. During the scan, your provider will see a picture of the gland, as well as being able to see the gland’s uptake pattern. This pattern helps tell your provider how well the gland is working.

Complications: Untreated or poorly managed Graves’ disease increases your risk for these complications: eye disease, heart and skin problems and also a thyroid storm are all possible.

Treatment options:  Graves’ disease is a lifelong condition. However, treatments can keep the thyroid gland in check. Medical care may even make the disease temporarily go away

Prognosis: Keeping thyroid hormones in a healthy range can be tricky when you have Graves’ disease. Treatments are often effective but can have side effects. After treatment, some people start to produce too little thyroid hormone. They then need thyroid hormone replacement therapy for life.

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Muscle Dystrophy is an uncommon disease that is a result of genetics. It affects around 200,000 people a year. It can affect anybody, but is very prevalent in young boys. Some signs/symptoms you may have this disease include frequent falls, difficulty rising from a sitting/lying position, trouble running or jumping, walking on toes, muscle pain and stiffness, learning disabilities, and delayed growth. This disease happens when the body doesn't produce enough of protein called dystrophin. This disease cannot be prevented because it is genetic. They diagnose this by putting the patient through a number of physical tests. Complications caused by this disease include trouble walking, trouble swallowing, trouble breathing, and scoliosis. There is no way to treat this disease, so the best thing someone can do if they have this disease is to find a way to live around it and controlling the things they can. This includes eating a balanced diet and being physically active.

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The Homeostasis imbalance we researched was Hypothermia. Hypothermia occurs when the body loses more heat then it can produce, which causes dangerously low body temperatures. Body temperature must be below 95 F.  It is a homeostasis imbalance because body temperature is lower than equilibrium. The average death rate according to the CDC is 1,300 deaths per year in the United States. Infants and older people are the most susceptible to contracting hypothermia. In order to know if you are at risk, you should be aware of the symptoms. The symptoms are shivering, slurred speech, weak pulse, clumsiness, and loss of consciousness. In order to protect yourself from this problem, you should stay warm in cold weather. Preventative measures in cold weather include Cover, avoiding overexertion, layers, and staying dry. The diagnosis for hypothermia is simple, it is very apparent. It is based on the person’s physical appearance, as well as the condition a person is found in. A blood test can be conducted in order to further confirm it. Complications that can be caused from this disorder are Freezing of body tissues (Frostbite), as well as decay and death of tissue resulting from the interruption of blood flow. (gangrene). Frostbite can cause long term problems such as increased sensitivity to cold, numbness, stiffness and pain in the area. Gangrene can have bacteria spread throughout the body if not treated properly, and may need amputation. Medical treatment can be helpful to counteract Hypothermia. Examples of medical treatment used can be passive rewarming, blood rewarming, warm intravenous fluids, Airway rewarming, and Irrigation. Passive rewarming can be providing someone with a blanket and warm liquids if hypothermia is not serious. Blood rewarming occurs when blood is drawn, then warmed up, and then circulated back into the body to warm up the body internally. Warm intravenous fluids are when salt water solutions are put into the veins to warm up the body directly. Airway rewarming occurs when the use of humidified oxygen administered with a mask or nasal tube is directed into the airways to warm up the body temperature. Finally, irrigation is when a warm salt water solution is introduced to specific organs of the body to warm them up with a catheter. The prognosis for hypothermia in people with mild conditions is not very dangerous, however if the person has pre-existing health issues and it is severe, it has a mortality rate of over 50%.