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May 17, 1954: Brown v. Board of Education

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May 17, 1954: Brown v. Board of Education

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Landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled that racial segregation of children in public schools unconstitutional

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Emmet Till was a fourteen-year-old black boy from Chicago who was visiting relatives in Mississippi. He allegedly flirted with a white woman, and was subsequently abducted and murdered by the woman's husband and an accomplice. After being acquitted by an all-white jury, they publicly bragged about doing it. Needless to say, this event galvanized support for the Civil Rights Movement.

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December 1, 1955-December 20, 1956: Montgomery Bus Boycott

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December 1, 1955-December 20, 1956: Montgomery Bus Boycott

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. It is regarded as the first large-scale U.S. demonstration against segregation. Four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested and fined for refusing to yield her bus seat to a white man.

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As part of the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott, which began on December 5, 1955 as a campaign to desegregate the city’s bus system, Dr. Martin Luther King was arrested on this day for the first time in his civil rights career.

It is estimated that King was arrested and jailed 29 times in his career.

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The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was created on January 10, 1957, when sixty black ministers and civil rights leaders met in Atlanta, Georgia in an effort to replicate the successful strategy and tactics of the recently concluded Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. became it's leader.

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February 1 – July 25, 1960: Greensboro Sit-ins

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February 1 – July 25, 1960: Greensboro Sit-ins

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The Greensboro sit-in was a civil rights protest that started in 1960, when young African American students staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave after being denied service. The sit-in movement soon spread to college towns throughout the South. Though many of the protesters were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace, their actions made an immediate and lasting impact, forcing Woolworth’s and other establishments to change their segregationist policies.

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John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Richard Nixon, a victory largely attributed to their performances in the first ever televised presidential debates. Upon Martin Luther King Jr.’s arrests, JFK responded by showing his support for King and in turn, the Civil Rights Movement.

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May 4 – December 10, 1961: Freedom  Rides

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May 4 – December 10, 1961: Freedom  Rides

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The Freedom Riders were activists who rode interstate buses into the South to challenge the segregation laws. They were often met with vicious brutality from the KKK and their accommodating police friends.

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April 3, 1963: Birmingham Campaign Begins

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April 3, 1963: Birmingham Campaign Begins

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An economic boycott of segregated businesses had already been going on for a while, but in April the SCLC got directly involved, leading sit-ins and marches. The idea was to overfill the city's jails and to draw national media attention.

King was arrested after leading another march. From jail he wrote a letter saying that people have a moral duty to disobey unjust laws.

King was released and the protest continued to grow. The plan was to use high school children as protesters, get them to fill up the city’s prisons and shame the city on a national level. On 2 May police arrested over a thousand young people aged 6-18 years. The next day more children joined the protest. This time ‘Bull’ Connor ordered the police to use clubs and dogs on the marchers and instructed firemen to get rid of the crowds with high-pressure water hoses.

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The March That Led to MLK's Arrest and Famous Letter