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British Establish Political Control (1858)

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British Establish Political Control (1858)

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Description:
In 1858, British Crown power was established in India, ending the East India Company's century-long dominance. The 'Great Rebellion,' the 'Indian Mutiny,' or the 'First War of Indian Independence,' which preceded the formalization of British control, lasted nearly two years and cost £36 million, and is referred to variously as the 'Great Rebellion,' the 'Indian Mutiny,' or the 'First War of Indian Independence.'

Inevitably, the effects of this deadly split shaped the form of British political, social, and economic rule that followed.

Importance: (nationalism)
​​India was considerably distinct from the rest of the empire's provinces. North America and Australia, for example, were sparsely populated and had lower economic development than the United Kingdom. India, on the other hand, had a large population and was exactly as developed as Britain when the British arrived in the 1700s. India was not united, the British were able to gain control of it. Many of the autonomous entities that made up India signed treaties and formed military and trade alliances with the British. Infiltrating these states and gradually gaining control was a very successful strategy for the British. They frequently delegated control of India's various regions to local princes.

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​​Description:
Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who rose to prominence as the head of the anti-British nationalism movement in India. As a result, he became known as the father of his country, Gandhi is known around the world for his nonviolent protest (satyagraha) philosophy of achieving political and social development.

Importance to Nationalism:
Mahatma Gandhi made a vital contribution to the development of India's Nationalism, other perspectives on women's rights, decentralized democracy through Gram Panchayat empowerment, rural development, and the concept of 'Ram Rajaya' have all been shown to be favorable to the growth of 'Nationalism' in India.

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Since 1885 and is still continuing today 

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Indian National Congress (Since 1885 and is still continuing today) 

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Indian National Congress (Since 1885 and is still continuing today) 

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Description:
With the support of the Indian Independence Movement, the Indian National Congress was founded in1885. It was a political party to create and allow Indians to gain more dominance over the ones that ruled them, which were the British.

This led to the spread of nationalistic education to citizens. Among the Congress members were Jawaharlal Nehru, Tilak and Gandhi.

Importance: (nationalism)
The Indian National Congress was the first nationalist movement to emerge in Europe and Asia. It succeedingly led to independence from the United Kingdom.The idea of self-rule and independence also greatly influenced other areas such as Africa and other parts of Asia.

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Muslim League (Founded in 1906 - present)

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Muslim League (Founded in 1906 - present)

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Description:
At the period of British India's partition, the Muslim League led a movement advocating for the creation of a distinct Muslim nation (1947). In 1906, the Muslim League was created to protect the interests of Indian Muslims, due to the fact that  it feared that an independent India would be ruled by Hindus, the league advocated for a separate homeland for India's Muslims. The Muslim League was the driving force behind the partition of British India into separate Hindu and Muslim states, and after Pakistan's independence in 1947, it became the country's most powerful political party, it was then called the All Pakistan Muslim League in that year.

Importance to nationalism:
The league's main goal was to promote and protect Muslim civil rights, until 1913, when the league declared self-government for India as its aim, the British favored and encouraged the league. Until the early 1940s, various politicians, including Mohammad Ali Jinnah, sought for Hindu-Muslim unity.

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Indian soldiers sent around world (1917)

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Indian soldiers sent around world (1917)

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Description:
More over 1 million Indian soldiers served in the British India Army during World War I, with more than 74,000 of them dying in the fight. While much of today's discussion of World War I revolves around the service and sacrifices of British and other European soldiers, the contributions of Indian, Caribbean, and African soldiers who served in the war have been largely ignored in pop culture narratives created in the century since the war ended. During the war, 74,187 Indian soldiers were killed and a similar number were injured. Their experiences and courage have long been overlooked in popular war chronicles, or consigned to footnotes.

Importance (Nationalism):
In the European, Mediterranean, Mesopotamian, North African, and East African , India sent a number of divisions and brigades. Indian soldiers were among the first to endure the horrors of the battlefields in Europe. They were slaughtered in large numbers before the war's second year, and they bore the brunt of multiple German offensives.

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Despite the fact that over 5000 citizens in the protest were unarmed,  still it caused over 1200 people to be injured and killed about 400 people including men, women, children and elderly. These people were essentially trapped in the area as British soldiers blocked the exits.

This event took place on April 13, 1919 where a crowd of people gathered to protest in Jallianwala Bagh. The mass killing was also ordered by General Reginald Edward Harry Dye. Later he resigned from the army and went back to England where some congratulated him and referred to him as a “Savior”.

This protest started in the first place due to the British government system which included the heavy tax for Indian citizens as well as Britain using India’s men, forcing them to join the army and fight for the war.

Importance (Nationalism):
After the massacre, General Dyer made up a “Crawling Order” where Indians had to crawl in streets, showing respect to the British. This act and the massacre showed great oppression from the British which then caused the rise of the non-cooperation movement and the Indian National Congress. Both are key components to the increase of nationalism.

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Non-Cooperation Movement (Launched on Sept.4.1920 - Ended Feb.1922)

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Non-Cooperation Movement (Launched on Sept.4.1920 - Ended Feb.1922)

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Description:
A campaign that was led by Mahatma Gandhi to gain independence and self-governance from the British. This all started when the British Officer General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer led the troops to kill 379 people including women, children and elderlies. Gandhi could not stand his people getting killed which is why he started the campaign in the first place. It was also a nonviolent campaign as Gandhi had to verbally persuade the citizens to leave aside the labour (education, jobs, etc) that is controlled by the British.

The campaign ended when a group of citizens went to the police station in Chauri Chaura where they committed arson and killed several police men.

Importance (Nationalism):
This had a great influence on nationalism as Ghanti words have influenced lawyers to refuse working for the British. Students also withdrew from schools and universities that were organized and controlled under British people. Not buying clothes from Britain or their imports. Lastly, they refused to pay taxes. Everything increased nationalism as more and more citizens of India are gaining independence from Britain.

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On March 12, Gandhi and 78 companions set out from Sabarmati on a 241 mile march to the Arabian Sea coastal town of Dandi. Gandhi and his allies intended to disobey British rules by producing salt from saltwater while they were there. Gandhi addressed big crowds all along the road, and the salt satyagraha grew in popularity with each passing day.

Importance to Nationalism:
The event allowed and made an impact since the protesters refused to obey and accept the dictates of the British government, and they were aiming to bring fundamental and progressive changes to the ruling system. This included absolute independence to India and its people.

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Britain is in debt to India after WWII (1931)

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Britain is in debt to India after WWII (1931)

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Description:
After WW2, the labour party won the election and Gandhi with other nationalist leaders were also released from imprisonment which allowed more supporters to increase the idea of independence of India. Before the war, Britain had complete control over India which included the heavy tax payments from the citizens. But as more and more nationalistic idea start to arose and plus the cost of the war. Britain became bankrupt and owes India 1.3 billion pounds.

Importance to nationalism:
Due to the fact that Britain had less power and support from both the economy and the army to control protests/rebellions, this caused nationalistic leaders to put in front and convince the rest of the citizens to support the idea of India ruling its own nation without the help or the support of Britain.

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World War 2 started due to the Treaty of Versailles to Germany, paying heavy reparations and denying any access to military resources. This caused Germany to join forces with countries such as Japan (1941) and fought against the world. It all started when Germany invaded Poland which at the time were allies with Britain and France. This led to them declaring war again. During World War 2, Britain was still in complete control over India. This meant that Britain can use India men as soldier to fight in the war.

Importance to nationalism:
As Britain did not consult India priorly for men to go to war and fight for Britain. This outraged Indian leaders which led to further protests .