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A mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that changes genetic material forever.

Physical mutagens are: Electromagnetic radiation e.g
gamma rays, x-rays, uv light.

Chemical mutagens can be elements like: nickel, chromium nitrate, etc.

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Reciprocal Translocation is the arrangement of genetic material through two chromosomes, portions of both chromosomes switch resulting in no loss of genetic material.

An example of Reciprocal Translocation is the swapping of genetic material from chromosome 1 and 13

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Inversion Mutation is a chromosome arrangement where a segment of a chromosome gets flipped around.

An Example of a disease caused by Inversion Mutations is hemophilia A

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A Deletion Mutation is a mutation in which genetic material is lost, this can be a single nucleotide or the loss of genes. These can result in many genetic disorders.

An example of a disease caused by deletion mutations is cancer

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A Nonsense Mutation is a mutation that causes a DNA sequence to be shorter than it is supposed to be, resulting in an unfinished product.

An example of a Nonsense Mutation is GAA mutating to TAA and becoming a stop codon.

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Missense Mutation is a when there is a mistake in the DNA which then results in an incorrect amino acid.

An example of a Missense mutation is TGT (Cysteine) mutating into AGT (Serine)

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Silent Mutations are mutations that alter a codon's nucleotides but do not cause observable problems.

An example of a Silent Mutation is codon AAA altering to become AAG.

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A Frameshift Mutation is when a gene mutates due to deletion or insertion in the DNA sequence and changes the way the sequence is read.

An example of a condition caused by Frameshift Mutations is Cystic Fibrosis

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A Point Mutation is when a nucleotide is substituted with a different one within DNA

An example of a disease caused by point mutations are Sickle cell anemia