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This is an example of how you should set up your Padlet posts:
To for the first week only, type your name in this box. I will then be able to name the appropriate column with your name (e.g. replace 'student 1/2/3 etc.' with the correct names.
After your name, you will need to provide the name of the week you are posting about (e.g. Week 1) and then a link to the news report
with your commentary (e.g. what are the 'main points' and what did you learn?).
Be sure to write in your own words and provide a thoughtful, personal,
reflection of what you learned. Each post should be at least 100 words.
Important: you will always
post to the same column each week (identified by your name)

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This article is about Langara Students collaborating with students at a university in Argentina, via a virtual exchange experience known as 'COIL-VE'. I learned that it is possible for Langara students to work with other students on the other side of the Americas,  and participate on assignments together via the internet. It shows how technology is changing the way we connect with others, but it also reminds us that we are becoming increasingly dependent on/ forced to use technology (what do we do about people/ cultures that prefer not to communicate via technology?). Overall, I think COIL-VE will be great for increasing awareness of other cultures, and allow students to meet/work with others without the cost barriers of international travel. I'd like to introduce this into my own courses!

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Vancouver, BC - Social distancing and COVID-19 haven't prevented students at Langara College from collaborating with their peers at Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Langara is introducing cutting-edge pedagogy by supporting faculty to introduce Collaborative Online Intercultural Learning - Virtual Exchange (COIL-VE) to the classroom.

Under the tutelage of Langara's Latin American Studies instructor Jessie Smith and Antonella Romiti (UNGS), students in Latin American Cultural Perspectives created photo galleries that reflect on interculturalism and art for social change from a gender perspective.

The student projects are:

Femicides in the Americas: how media coverage of femicide shields the aggressors

Abortion in Canada and Argentina: a photo-gallery comparison about abortion rights in Argentina and Canada

LGTBIQ Rights in Canada and Argentina

Indigenous Women Under Attack in the Americas

Me Too/Ni Una Menos: how the Me Too movement has involved in each country

Musicians for Change: Women Rising

"This was an exciting opportunity for Langara's students to interact with and exchange mutual ideas with their peers from Argentina," said Smith. "Their final projects exhibited insight and creativity that far exceeded our expectations. It was a joy to collaborate on this creative project with Antonella, my counter-part in Argentina."

COIL-VE intentionally fosters the development of the intercultural competencies that are needed for success in today's world and work force. Student groups from two or more institutions work together virtually to complete a project.

"This experience has been absolutely mesmerizing and new to me," said Sole Castenada, a Langara student taking Latin America Studies. "I feel so privileged to be able to be a part of such an innovative learning process where multiple cultures have the opportunity to mesh into one virtual dimension of academic nurturing and creative collaboration."

Langara's Centre for Intercultural Engagement (CIE) has developed a COIL-VE Community of Practice to support Langara Fellows engaged in virtual exchange. CIE additionally offers COIL-VE workshop training sessions to Faculty partners from external institutions to support development of joint virtual student learning projects. Following these workshops participants become part of the Langara COIL-VE Community of Practice, gaining access to discussions, peers, and resources.

"Virtual learning is a relatively new program at Langara which started in 2019 with the objective of helping students gain intercultural and global competencies. We're encouraged by the results we've seen from the first couple of projects," said Natasha Mrkic-Subotic, Intercultural Engagement Consultant, Langara College. "Given the challenges with in-classroom learning we're facing, this delivery method is an ideal way to engage our students and build relationships nationally and around the world."
More about COIL-VE
Collaborative Online Intercultural Learning, also called Virtual Exchange, is a method for connecting faculty and their students with peers in other countries via the internet. The model involves in-depth cooperation between paired faculty co-designing parts of courses (to entire courses) and students collaborating in small groups to complete shared projects. COIL-VE produces meaningful, authentic intercultural experiences for faculty and students without the cost and extensive time away from home. For students, COIL-VE increases interest in study abroad. For faculty, COIL-VE increases international faculty collaboration and future short-term exchanges.

About snəw̓eyəɬ leləm̓ Langara College
Located in beautiful Vancouver, B.C., Canada, snəw̓eyəɬ leləm̓ Langara College provides University, Career, and Continuing Studies education to more than 23,000 students annually. With more than 1,700 courses and 130 programs, Langara's expansive academic breadth and depth allows students of all ages, backgrounds, and life stages to choose their own educational path. Langara is also known as snəw̓eyəɬ leləm̓, a name given to it by the Musqueam people on whose unceded traditional territory the College is located. Langara is celebrating its 49th year on West 49th Avenue with Beyond 49, an integrated celebration, alumni engagement, and fundraising campaign to reconnect with alumni, and raise funds for student support and important College initiatives.

Mark Dawson
Manager, Public Affairs
604.323.5702
mdawson@langara.ca

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Langara students collaborate online with Argentinian peers to explore social change

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Vancouver, BC - Social distancing and COVID-19 haven't prevented students at Langara College from collaborating with their peers at Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Langara is introducing cutting-edge pedagogy by supporting faculty to introduce Collaborative Online Intercultural Learning - Virtual Exchange (COIL-VE) to the classroom.

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Week 1 - Inti Raymi 2020 in Cusco: A different party of the Sun, virtual and without tourists

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Week 1 - Inti Raymi 2020 in Cusco: A different party of the Sun, virtual and without tourists

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This article discusses the changes in the celebration of Inti Raymi in June 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, lifestyle restrictions (including curfew) did not permit the usual festivities to take place. Traditionally, this event attracts Peruvians from all over the country to Cusco, and a hefty tourist presence. This year, the event was held virtually, with ceremonies available for streaming.

The absence of festivities places an economic and spiritual burden for many Peruvian citizens. However, virtual access to Inti Raymi is an excellent opportunity for Peruvians living abroad and for potential tourists.

According to the president of the EMUFEC Board, the local economy will suffer a massive revenue loss, an estimated 172 million soles or roughly 48 million USD. More importantly, the Festival dedicated to the Inca Sun god Inti provides a way for Peruvians to connect to ancestral traditions by viewing historically accurate reenactments of Inca ceremonies and traditional dances, while increasing feelings of community.

Despite this loss, the online ceremonies allowed Peruvians living abroad the same opportunities to connect with their history, perhaps for the very first time, and improving the accessibility of the event to the less wealthy, people with certain health conditions, and interested viewers around the globe!

*although the article is originally in Spanish, Google Chrome provides an accurate translation!

EDIT 16-09-2020:
I learned that Cusqueñxs, in particular, will do their best to adapt in order to preserve tradition and sacred ritual in these times. This new delivery of the Inti Raymi, despite the cost (lost tourism revenue, preparation, and the cost of running/documenting the event) and risk of exposure, shows just how much the population values and desires that connection to their history.

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La explanada de Saqsayhuaman, ubicada a 10 minutos de la ciudad de Cusco, está vacía. Luego de 50 años no será el escenario del Inti Raymi o fiesta del Sol. Por esta vez, el reencuentro del inca con los cuatro suyos quedó en el recuerdo.

En su reemplazo, se hará una ceremonia pequeña denominada " Saludo al Sol", que forma parte de un ritual incaico avalado por historiadores, según informó la Empresa Municipal de Festejos del Cusco (EMUFEC), organizadora del evento.

El ritual fue grabado el último domingo y se transmitirá por las redes sociales de la EMUFEC este miércoles 24 de junio. Además, las imágenes serán replicadas en la página de Facebook de PromPerú.

El alcalde de Cusco y antropólogo, Ricardo Valderrama Fernández, recordó las palabras de uno de los fundadores de las fiestas jubilares de la ciudad, el cusqueño Humberto Vidal Unda.

"En 1944 (año en que se realizó el primer Inti Raymi), él dijo que 'el que rompa la armonía fraternal, el 24 de junio, será considerado un mal hijo' y también dijo que 'el que deje morir el día del Cusco, será un traidor a los destinos de esta ciudad sagrada'", comentó.

"El encargo es de nuestros antepasados cusqueños que fundaron ese día para recordar la memoria de los incas, nuestra identidad de cusqueños. Ese día, para nosotros, constituye una comunión, nuestro bautismo de cusqueñidad ", añadió.

Turismo en cero

En 2019, Cusco recibió unos 200 mil turistas solo en junio. Para este año, se esperaba un 4% más. Sin embargo la pandemia por la COVID-19 frustró las expectativas, dijo Fernando Santoyo, presidente del directorio de la EMUFEC.

"Estamos hablando de cerca de 210 mil turistas que esperábamos el 2020 y que aproximadamente generan cerca de 172 millones de soles que se suman a nuestra economía local. Este monto, lamentablemente, este año no va a circular en la economía de nuestra región", manifestó.

La ceremonia más vistosa y concurrida es el Inti Raymi. Para apreciar el espectáculo, los turistas pagan hasta 150 dólares. Este año se pretendía innovar en el uso de audífonos que traduzcan los diálogos en quechua de la fiesta del Sol para los turistas extranjeros.

Sismos en la historia

Solo los terremotos de Cusco, en 1950 y Áncash, en 1970, provocaron la cancelación de la ceremonia inca que se celebra desde 1940 por iniciativa de los, considerados, ilustres cusqueños Humberto Vidal Unda y Faustino Espinoza Navarro.

El 2020 es la tercera vez que se suspende la ceremonia, esta vez, a causa de la pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus.

El confinamiento por la pandemia de la COVID-19 no impedirá la celebración. La EMUFEC pidió a los cusqueños colocar en sus viviendas la bandera de Cusco como una señal de unidad durante los tiempos difíciles.

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Inti Raymi 2020 en Cusco: Una fiesta del Sol diferente, virtual y sin turistas

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La festividad más importante de la ‘Ciudad Imperial’ fue cancelada al igual que otras actividades costumbristas debido a la pandemia. Así, no estarán los más de 200 mil turistas estimados para este año. Los cusqueños embanderarán sus viviendas como señal de unidad.

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Lina Berhe - Week 1: Palenque de San Basilio in Columbia

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Lina Berhe - Week 1: Palenque de San Basilio in Columbia

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These articles highlights a community of people that kept their culture alive despite all the conflict during the 17th century; slavery, colonization, and even isolation.

The Palenque people of Columbia were African communities that escaped slavery from the Spanish military during the Atlantic Slave trade in the Caribbean and Latin America in order to find freedom. They situated themselves in walled towns to protect them against the military. Due to that protection, they were able to create and maintain their culture that is present until this day. They were both culturally and geographically isolated from the Columbian culture and only recently have been more in contact with people outside of their society. They made their own economic and social structure, and even gained political influence. Although in current times, the culture is starting to fade and they have been struggling economically in which they decided to introduce tourism to need their needs.

Links: 1)https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4822459/                    2)https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.langara.ca/stable/26334887?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

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Week 1 The article I have chosen for this week is from March 2019 and relates to how traditional Bolivian art, textiles and architecture have found their way into modern Bolivian architecture and design in the city of El Alto. I learned that El Alto is one of the youngest cities in Bolivia but has had a large influx of migrants from rural areas in recent years. This has made it one of the more populous urban areas in Bolivia today with most of the people living there claiming descent from the local Aymara culture. I thought that the use of traditional aboriginal art is an excellent way of celebrating age-old cultural traditions while highlighting Bolivia’s economic growth and development in recent years. (110 words)

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/bolivia-buildings-design-aymara-indigenous-patterns-a8813601.html

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This article comes from ‘The Guardian’ and was published Sept.3 2020. I learned that the indigenous language of Paraguayan Guaraní holds official language status in Paraguay along with Spanish and is spoken by a large percent of the population, around 70%. Historical factors that helped keep this language alive and even thriving today were partly due to the country’s landlocked location, the ‘linguistic loyalty’ of its people and the fact that in colonial times the local population rejected learning the language of the invaders and instead forced the Spanish to learn Guaraní. Today this means that in Paraguay, unlike elsewhere in the Americas, Guaraní is spoken by the indigenous and non-indigenous peoples alike by a large majority. However, this has also put other, smaller languages in the area in danger of extinction, for example Guaná, which now has only a few speakers left today. (144 words)

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/03/paraguay-guarani-indigenous-language

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Tis article comes from  'The Scientist' and the article is about if musical tastes are nature or nurture. This was done by testing the response of Indigenous people the Tsimane tribe to clashing notes of what notes are used in common western music. it was shown by testing the response to music of four separated groups in the USA, a nearby rural town an in the capital La Paz. The  Tsimane do not react like people from the West might. The researchers will continue to work with the group especally because the local goverment wants to give all the Rural group access to the internent and electricity so they can now test how their music tastes change with the addition of new media.

https://www.the-scientist.com/notebook/musical-tastes-nature-or-nurture-31922

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A little intro: Saint Martin is an island located in the Caribbean that is split into two governments; the north side (French governed) and the south side (Dutch governed), however the two sides rely on each other to function as a country and even as a society.

While reading the news on current pandemic, I learned that the people of Saint Martin came together to protest after that the north side decided to close the border between the north and south due to the Kingdom of the Netherlands decision to reopen the south border to the US.

As many people commute over the border for work or school on daily basis and the country’s economy rely 70% on tourism (a little note is that the government also relies on tourism and even encouraged it before the pandemic) and 30% on both communities. They came together as a nation to express how both sides are affected by the closure of the border and are economically suffering. Most of communities felt save during the pandemic and are following all of the methods and protocols given by the government. They felt that the border should be reopened so they could regain the structure they had. The protests started when French government began to send back students and workers from the Dutch side that had to go to school and/or work on the north side and were preventing the visitations to the south side without a special border document. How the citizens dealt with this conflict was by holding hundreds of protests.

During these protests, both sides came together to say that: “The people of this land, from both sides, north and south are one. And we want to stay one”.* As both sides stand and stay united, the French government finally came to decision to reopen the border in September, which has now been postponed to October 1st.

The link to anthropology and my biggest take back from this article is how this country despite the pandemic keeps a strong and unified relationship. These country split of two cultures with different languages (3 main languages), history, government and even a border still work together to get through problems and even live as one country in a sense. They rely on each other for social and economical structure, they also support each other and cooperate through any conflict, and are one people living as wider society.

Links: https://caribbeannetwork.ntr.nl/2020/08/09/protest-at-saint-martin-border-you-are-basically-blocking-us-from-living/

https://caribischnetwerk.ntr.nl/2020/09/17/grens-sint-maarten-open-na-tweede-volksprotest/ *Note: I used this article to gather more information about the situation as it is more recent than the English source. I have also used a quote from here.

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My article this week was posted by cbc.ca on July 9th 2020. Geneticists have examined the DNA of over 800 people from across the Polynesian Islands to the Pacific Coast of South America. I Learned that people from 4 of the Polynesian Islands, as well as Easter Islanders (or, Rapa Nui), far off the coast from Chile, had South American ancestry. They have traced this exchange to a single event roughly 800 years ago (which would be around 300 years before Europeans reached the New World!) This is truly incredible considering the distances traveled are comparable, at around 6,800km from Polynesia and roughly 8,000km from Spain. The Polynesians have a strong sailing culture and are the preferred suggestion of who made the journey across the Pacific Ocean and back. Another cultural exchange which happened at this event was the transfer of the sweet potato. Europeans were always puzzled about when and how the plant arrived in the South Pacific from South America where the crop originates. More evidence of it traveling with Polynesian sailors is seen in the language of both peoples. A word for sweet potato in Polynesian is kumara, compared to cumal, or cumar in Quechua (an indigenous language of Peru). (203 words)
https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/polynesians-south-americans-1.5643074

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This article is about who owns land and how do you try to compromise between indigenous groups and immigrants to the area. How to use the land. should it be sustainable or not. but also what to do when they disagree an who does the land belong to.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/09/world/americas/central-america-indigenous-conflicts.html

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Lina Berhe - Week 3: Costa Rican Mentality

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Lina Berhe - Week 3: Costa Rican Mentality

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The article highlights Costa Rica’s beauty, from their beaches, jungles, rainforests, animals to their way of live. My focus in this article is their saying “Pura Vida,” it’s one of the most common phrases said in this country. The literal translation being “Pure Life” but the meaning behind it is much more. This saying has multiple ways of being used; as a greeting, a way of responding to how are you, a way of saying goodbye and even a way to tell someone to relax. However it is also a motto for the Ticos (how the locals are referred to as), meaning to live freely, and happily no matter what. I choose this article because it let me revisit my memories of Costa Rica and how much I have learned from my volunteering trip. I got to visit San José and live by jungle/beach side of Límon. I was amazed by how happy everyone was, their mentality and their way of living. Didn’t matter who I talked to, they were always happy with what they had. The appreciation of life (both the environment and life itself) and happiness is one of the biggest lesson I could learn from the Costa Rican culture. I firsthand got to hear the locals use “Pura Vida” and even get explanations of the meaning from several different people in different regions of Costa Rica. The explanations varied but essentially it’s truly motto they live by. While being there and learning about their culture, my perspective on life had changed. In a way, their mentality and happiness made me see how much happiness is taken for granted.

Link: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/costa-rica-attractions/pura-vida/

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The source for this weeks article is  AP news published Sept. 30, 2020 and thanks to it, I learned about the amazing underground indigenous womens skateboarding scene in Bolivia. Skateboarding, a sport predominantly practiced by young urban males, is not only gaining popularity in Bolivia, but spreading from the nations central region of  Cochabamba. What may be surprising though, is the fact that the sport is being embraced by young indigenous women. A group known as “ImillaSkate” itself an Aymarenglish (or Aymara and English hybrid) word, is a collective of proud indigenous Aymara women who skateboard wearing their traditional dress, albeit with the exception of Vans shoes. I think that this is just a sublime example of modern cultural diffusion.
(120 words)
https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-bolivia-la-paz-archive-6e9e84098a33655ca65a52202280b01f

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(week 4)

this article is about the country of Nicaragua passing down a law to clampdown on national media from other countries. If this law were to fully come into effect the people of Nicaragua will only see news under the government's supervision.   After the law was set there soon was mass protests with many journalist and writers  arguing about the right's of having free speech and expression, but due to the events happening right now this protest get shoved under the rug in the most news sites.  When I was reading this article I remember about how other protests similar to this one happen all over the world recently these few years.  It makes me think about how many times people come together to fight for their rights in the world.
(130 words)
Link: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/nicaragua-ortega-foreign-media-law/2020/10/04/f6e38f44-064f-11eb-859b-f9c27abe638d_story.html

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Week 4 - Student in Peru makes history by writing thesis in the Incas’ language

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Week 4 - Student in Peru makes history by writing thesis in the Incas’ language

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This fascinating article discusses Roxana Quispe Collantes’ historical doctoral thesis defense. What sets this thesis apart from others is that it was written and defended in Quechua (Cusco dialect), the language of the Incas.

I learned, firstly, that she is the first student to write and defend her doctoral thesis in Quechua the history of the University of San Marcos, the oldest established university in the Americas. I was surprised to discover that the panel was entirely comprised of Quechua speakers.

Secondly, I learned that her topic centered around Quechua poetry, specifically the written poems of Andres Alencastre Gutierrez. This was surprising because Quechua was not a written language.

Thirdly, I learnt that her already distinctive defense included a ceremony, in which she gave thanks to her apus (the spirits of the mountains according to Inca cosmovision), using coca leaves and chicha (a corn-based alcoholic beverage).

I believe this is really impactful because Quechua is frequently associated with peasant Andean communities, poverty, and limited education. Collantes’ work is bringing the language to the highest levels of academia, where it has been historically ignored and undervalued. Her work, in part, is paving the way for future scholars to study and revive Quechua.

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A doctoral student in Peru has made history by becoming the first person to write and defend a thesis in Quechua - the language of the Incas, which is still spoken by millions of people in the Andes.

Roxana Quispe Collantes received top marks from Lima's San Marcos university, the oldest in the Americas, for her study on Peruvian and Latin American literature, which focused on poetry written in Quechua.

Scholars say it is the first time in the university's 468-year history that a student has written and defended a thesis (answering questions from examiners) entirely in the native language - even though it is the most widely spoken indigenous tongue in South America, used by about 8 million people, half of them in Peru.

Beginning her presentation with a traditional thanksgiving ceremony using coca leaves and the corn-made alcoholic drink chicha, she presented her study titled Yawar Para, or blood rain.

"It has been a long road but it was worth it," said Quispe Collantes, who travelled to highland communities in the Canas to verify words used in the Collao dialect of the language used in the Cusco region. "I've always wanted to study in Quechua, in my original language," she told the Observer. Quispe Collantes grew up speaking Quechua with her parents and grandparents in the Acomayo district of Cusco.

Her seven-year investigation focused on the Quechua poetry of Andrés Alencastre Gutiérrez (1909-84), a landowner from Cusco who wrote under the pen name Kilku Warak'aq. She analysed his work and the combining of Andean traditions and Catholicism.
Call me by my name: Peru promotes use of indigenous names in public records
"Quechua doesn't lack the vocabulary for an academic language. Today many people mix the language with Spanish," she said.

"I hope my example will help to revalue the language again and encourage young people, especially women, to follow my path. It's very important that we keep on rescuing our original language."

Quispe Collantes's doctoral adviser Gonzalo Espino said her presentation was hugely symbolic because the language "represented the most humble people in this part of the world: the Andeans, who were once called 'Indians'. Their language and culture has been vindicated."

Peru has joined a global effort to register indigenous names as part of the United Nations International Year of Indigenous Languages, which is trying to help revive 2,680 at-risk indigenous languages around the world - 21 of which are native to Peru.

Earlier this year Peru promoted the official registration of names from its 48 indigenous languages. In 2016, the state television channel aired its first news broadcast in Quechua. It has since broadcast news bulletins in Aymara and Ashaninka, Peru's most widely spoken Amazonian language.

The Bible has been translated into the indigenous language as well as Cervantes' classic Don Quixote, whose translator Demetrio Túpac Yupanqui died last year.

"My greatest wish is for Quechua to become a necessity once again. Only by speaking it can we revive it," Quispe Collantes said.
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Student in Peru makes history by writing thesis in the Incas' language

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A doctoral student in Peru has made history by becoming the first person to write and defend a thesis in Quechua - the language of the Incas, which is still spoken by millions of people in the Andes.

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The article I choose for this week is about the clash of indigenous and western peoples in Nicaragua. The article looks at the groups in the differential environmental regions like in cites compared to rural areas and how they arrival of Europeans effected the cultural practices of the people that already lived there. There were certain groups Meseta group who resisted and have been virtually wiped out. The cultural practices are a mix of Spanish-American is the Ladino tradition from Iberia and the indigenous tradition of Meso America. The most likely cause is a combination of warfare and disease but also by forced assimilation that has been happening in the Americas for centuries and continues in various forms to today.

Source
https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1956.58.5.02a00080

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This article from BBC was published Sept. 17 2020. This week I learned that Columbia is following a global trend of tipping statues of historical figures. Sebastián de Belalcázar was a Spanish conquistador and founding figure of the city of Popayán.  While it’s difficult to judge people of the past by standards of today, it is widely accepted that genocide and slavery are deplorable, irredeemable acts. On the one side, this can be seen as symbolic retribution against colonial oppression lasting more than five centuries against the indigenous population, and on the other, it’s an “act of violence, on a multicultural city”. The mayor of Popayán has decried this an unjustified act, and plans to have the statue restored, meanwhile tensions between indigenous groups and Marxist rebels have been escalating recently, resulting in the murder of an indigenous leader. These rebel groups have been expanding their territory into indigenous lands, resulting in armed conflicts and breaching the peace agreement signed with the Colombian government back in 2016. (166 Words)

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50233674

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Week 5
the article is choose this week is about the struggle of online learning system in time of covid-19.
For the Native Americans access to the internet is of the most importance since most students in that students in native areas are less educated than the average city students. With news of this pandemic not ending anytime soon during this year the changes in how the education system in

Native American reservations  will be a tough hurdle to climb over as  close contact with the students is unsafe as the cases rise higher in less developed places like these reservations.

word count: 102 words
link:https://www.keloland.com/news/local-news/pandemic-brings-new-challenges-to-education-system-on-native-american-reservations-in-s-d/

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This week I choose to write is about the Siriono Indians of the eastern part of Bolivia. They are widely considered by social scientists to have a less defined cultural system. This has a large part to do with the lack of food which means that the food was more focused on survival than making a culture for themselves. This is worsened by the fact that they do not have a custom of food sharing between the people. The lack of food access has led to them having not recreational things like metal work and ship building for the many rivers in the area. But also, they have few ceremonies, myths and also shamans this shows the affect that lack of resources lead to lack of other parts of society.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%252FBF00889540

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Week 5 - Military roadblocks, curfews: Latin America tightens coronavirus controls

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Week 5 - Military roadblocks, curfews: Latin America tightens coronavirus controls

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This article discusses the varied measures Latin American governments have taken to promote public health and exercise control over their population.

I learnt that several Latin American states - namely Colombia, Peru, Paraguay, Ecuador, and Honduras - imposed a curfew to reduce the spread of COVID-19. More nations have taken strict public safety measures including: border closures, the temporary suspension of constitutional rights (such as freedom of assembly), and closing study centres.

I also learnt that, while many nations adopted measures at different rates, most countries were willing to completely shut down important parts of society, such as schools and universities, and completely cut off borders to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

I was stunned by how aggressive I felt these measures were compared to measures in place in BC. I also was shocked these countries’ use of coercive power (in this case military personnel) to enforce curfew. At the time, I was working with students on the Langara COIL project with Argentinian students and was surprised by how calmly they, and my Peruvian relatives, handled the presence of military on their streets. I can’t help but think of how strange/scary it would be to find army officers in front of my home.

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LIMA/ASUNCION/SAN SALVADOR (Reuters) - Countries around Latin America tightened restrictions on Monday to slow the spread of the new coronavirus, with Peru putting military personnel on the streets, Costa Rica and Colombia closing their borders and other countries ordering curfews.

While the region has yet to be hit as hard as Asia or Europe, Latin American governments have moved aggressively to contain the virus that has shut down cities and international transport hubs and battered its financial markets.

Still, not all are moving at the same tempo. A diplomatic tiff erupted when El Salvador's president accused Mexico of allowing people with the virus to board a flight due to leave Mexico City for San Salvador. Mexico denied it.

In Colombia, authorities have overcome frosty relations with Venezuela to start sharing information about the coronavirus with their neighbor, but said that did not amount to politically recognizing the government of Nicolas Maduro.

Colombian President Ivan Duque also said the country would close its maritime, land and river borders from Tuesday to prevent the spread of the highly contagious and sometimes fatal respiratory disease, with plans to keep them shut until May 30.

Duque's move was followed by tougher measures from Maduro, who ordered the widening of a social quarantine across the whole of Venezuela, starting on Tuesday, after the total number of cases in the country doubled to 33.

The coronavirus has been slower to reach Latin America than much of the world. Globally, over 174,100 people have been infected and nearly 6,700 have died.

In Peru, President Martin Vizcarra said leaders from Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Brazil spoke via conference call on Monday to analyze the situation and coordinate actions against the pandemic.

"We have agreed that together we are going to join forces," he told reporters at the government palace, adding countries would look to coordinate demand for medical supplies and to calculate the economic impact on the region.

In Chile, at least six passengers from a cruise ship named the Silver Explorer were being treated in hospitals in Patagonia after they tested positive for coronavirus, the government said.

In Lima, masked military personnel blocked major roads, while police restricted the movement of people, as the country rolled out a state of enforced "social isolation".

Peru has suspended constitutional rights such as free movement and assembly, although the government has said it will guarantee the operation of supermarkets, pharmacies, banks, basic services and the transportation of merchandise.

In nearby Paraguay, which has eight cases of the virus so far, the government said it would enforce a curfew from 8 p.m. daily to restrict crowds.

Certain people, including those doing vital work, delivering food or transportation could continue to move around, Paraguay's interior minister, Euclides Acevedo, told a news conference.

Ecuadorean President Lenin Moreno said the Andean country would begin a curfew on Tuesday evening and shut down most normal activities with exceptions for health, safety, banking, and food production and distribution.

Panama's government said it had now reported 69 cases of the coronavirus infection, up from 55 on Sunday.

MIXED REACTIONS

Responses to the virus have varied greatly across Latin America, home to some 640 million people. Some countries, including Mexico and Brazil, have sought to minimize public disruptions. Others such as El Salvador have gone to considerable lengths to keep the virus out.

Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele said on Twitter he had information an Avianca flight from Mexico was due to take off with 12 coronavirus patients on board.

Avianca canceled the flight. Mexican Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard said later authorities checked the passengers and found no evidence of the virus. Meanwhile, recorded infections in Mexico rose to 82 from 53 a day earlier.

Venezuela entered the first day of a quarantine on Monday, imposed by President Nicolas Maduro to stop the virus. But many across the economically struggling country went out anyway, saying they could not afford not to work.

Chile cut interest rates to aid growth, while LATAM Airlines Group, South America's largest carrier, cut 90% of international flights because of weak demand.

Chilean President Sebastian Pinera said his country, which had 155 confirmed coronavirus cases, would close its borders to foreigners starting on Wednesday.

Costa Rican President Carlos Alvarado declared a state of emergency that included shutting borders, and ordered educational authorities to close study centers for a month.

Guatemala suspended all flights and banned foreigners from entering the country for two weeks, while El Salvador and Honduras were in a state of near lockdown.

Honduras suspended various constitutional rights for a week, including freedoms of movement, speech and assembly, and imposed a nationwide curfew for the seven-day period.

Fast-food chain McDonald's Corp said on Twitter it was shutting its stores in Guatemala and El Salvador until further notice, appending a message in Spanish: "Stay at home."

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advocacy groups / pressure groups / lobbies

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quick service restaurants (trbc level 5)

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Marco Aquino, Daniela Desantis, Nelson Renteria

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Military roadblocks, curfews: Latin America tightens coronavirus controls

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LIMA/ASUNCION/SAN SALVADOR (Reuters) - Countries around Latin America tightened restrictions on Monday to slow the spread of the new coronavirus, with Peru putting military personnel on the streets, Costa Rica and Colombia closing their borders and other countries ordering curfews.

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Navpreet kaur
(Week 5)

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/12/us/covid-poor-college-students.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage

The above mentioned article fully focusses on how the students are suffering due to coronavirus.And due to this pandemic,the studies of the students are also getting effected.It is a case of Michelle Macario who is a student in Los Angeles.She got some issue with attending online classes as she was unable to buy laptop and it was problem for her to attend the classes on her smartphone because of the small screen.She used to go to the library for wifi and laptop but due to more covid cases, the libraries were closed and thus she had no other option than to drop all her courses.This is becusr of the ill financial condition of many students that they are unable to cope up with their studies and have to suffer a lot.

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This article highlights that covid-19 is causing a postponement for carnaval 2021. Due to the increasing numbers of cases and deaths, cities in Brazil (this article focuses on Rio De Janeiro, and includes some information about São Paulo’s carnaval situation) had put their yearly celebrations on hold for the first time in 108 years (1912 was the last postponement). What I learned from this article was that postponing carnaval has a big economical impact as it is contributes to boosting the economy, increases tourism and has social/cultural impacts as well. This celebration is not only a yearly tradition, it is a way for people from anywhere to come together and celebrate together. But on the other hand, it is also a source of income for many individuals and families. Although there’s not much information about when or how they will find an alternative for this celebration, they do not want to cancel it. Some places have already a date for next year. São Paulo has delayed their carnaval parade to October 2021, but Rio has not yet set a date. There will be no big celebrations until there’s a vaccine and it is still unknown if street parties for carnaval will still take place.
Link: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54289845?xtor=AL-72-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Binforadio%5D-%5Bheadline%5D-%5Bnews%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D

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For this week the article that I choose is about people in Chile and their upcoming vote for or against a new constitution.  In Chile 1 year ago there was a protest about how the ultra-liberal economic model only benefited the rich creating an unequal system, but there is still a divide on how the constitution should be handled. With the approve side wanting the start the whole constitution system from scratch while the reject side will change the fundamental text without major change. With this divide in opinions and the outbreak crisis and nether side winning yet I wonder about what will happen in the end and how the people of Chile will reconnect together again.
(word count: 117)
article link:  https://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/5187838/South-America-%E2%80%93-Chileans-vote-in-referendum-on-Constitution.html

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Be sure to read the updated assignment instructions and good luck with your final 3 posts!

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Be sure to read the updated assignment instructions and good luck with your final 3 posts!

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Be sure to read the updated assignment instructions and good luck with your final 3 posts!

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Be sure to read the updated assignment instructions and good luck with your final 3 posts!

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Be sure to read the updated assignment instructions and good luck with your final 3 posts!

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Be sure to read the updated assignment instructions and good luck with your final 3 posts!

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Be sure to read the updated assignment instructions and good luck with your final 3 posts!

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Be sure to read the updated assignment instructions and good luck with your final 3 posts!

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Be sure to read the updated assignment instructions and good luck with your final 3 posts!

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Be sure to read the updated assignment instructions and good luck with your final 3 posts!

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This article was published Aug. 6, 2020 and comes from independent.co.uk. I learned that charlatan shamans are seeking to sell spotted skins to psychedelic sightseers. Drug tourism in countries such as Peru, bring in large numbers of tourists seeking out the traditional brew known as ayahuasca. However, I learned that vendors posing as shamans around these retreats are peddling teeth, skins, paws, and other products made from jaguar. Like many species of big cat around the world, jaguars are threatened by an increase of poaching along with destruction of their habitat due to mass deforestation in the Amazon. These false shamans are preying on naive tourists to cash in on the growing industry, claiming that jaguar parts will ‘enhance’ their experience. The taking of ayahuasca is part of an ancient ceremony, still practiced today by modern indigenous shamans and mestizos all throughout South America. This is occurring in tandem with an increase of jaguar sales internationally, wherein poorer countries like Suriname, are selling to middlemen in order to supply the Asian market for their use in traditional Chinese medicine. (171 words) https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/illegal-wildlife-trade-jaguars-latin-america-amazon-ayahuasca-a9646911.html

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The topic for the News and Media Curation for this week is about the celebrated anthropologist Wade Davis and his new book called. The book is called Magdalena: River of Dreams: A Story of Colombia. This book is about the Magdalena river and the path that it craves through Colombia. Not only how the river is a crossway for hundreds of years for people to carve a new life for themselves. Colombia holds a special place in the authors heart for being the second most biodiverse country in South America after only Brazil. He also hopes that the book will help other countries deal with the political and social problems they are dealing with by learning the solutions of other countries.

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Week 7 -  CARTELS AND CORONAVIRUS: HOW LATIN AMERICA’S DRUG GANGS ARE ADAPTING

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Week 7 -  CARTELS AND CORONAVIRUS: HOW LATIN AMERICA’S DRUG GANGS ARE ADAPTING

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This article chronicles the many changes drug cartels around Latin America have made due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it walks us through the violence, adaptations to reduced income, and gangs’ “charitable” work.

I learnt that the early months of the pandemic saw increased violence in El Salvador, Honduras, and Mexico. Violence briefly dipped in El Salvador and Brazil, only to be followed by prison riots.

This article confirmed my suspicion that a decrease in non-essential travel between countries and a reduction in people’s disposable income would lead to a drop in international illicit drug sales, and thus negatively impact this aspect of the informal economy. In fact, the drop in sales and continued production of drugs and ingredients (like coca leaf) has driven down the price of some drugs.

Furthermore, I learnt that many gangs whose income relied on extorting local business have switched into the cross-border drug trade, and some have even joined a black market for N-95 masks, COVID-19 testing kits, and other medical equipment/PPE.

The most surprising part of this article, for me, was that many gangs have stepped in where government/authorities have failed. The first example is in Mexico, where many gangs have distributed care packages marked with the faces of their leaders! In Brazil, some gangs have decided to enforce a curfew in Rio de Janeiro to limit the spread of COVID-19. I find this strategy very astute – they are not only helping their communities by redistributing food, but earning popular support and solidifying themselves as proven leaders and community-builders.

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The coronavirus outbreak is disrupting companies and industries around the world, and drug trafficking is no exception. The past few months have been marked by a surge in violence among gangs in El Salvador, Honduras and Mexico.

Illicit networks throughout South and Central America have adapted to changing border policies and demand. Prisoners in Brazil and Colombia rioted. And perhaps most bizarrely, criminal organizations have begun to offer food and support to their communities. All of these changes have the potential to permanently transform the criminal landscape in Latin America.

At first, it appeared that the coronavirus outbreak would reduce systemic violence. In El Salvador, there was a rare two day period with no reported homicides on March 24 and 25. Rio de Janeiro, famous for its high level of violence, recorded a precipitous drop in incidents in late March. With government restrictions, criminal activity became more difficult. By late April, the situation in both countries had deteriorated. In a single three day period, 50 homicides were reported in El Salvador and Brazil experienced widespread prison riots.

In other countries, the coronavirus triggered an outbreak of violence from the start. April was the bloodiest month in Mexico in 2020; despite isolation policies, 1,497 homicides were linked to organized crime. Data from the city of Guanajuato demonstrates the scale of this violence. From March 25 until May 3 in this region, there were 458 deaths from homicide and only 33 from the virus. The story is similar in Honduras with two massacres taking place on April 13 in the same town of San Pedro Sula.

Precarious Economics and The Cycle of Violence
The pattern is clear. But, why has the coronavirus outbreak caused an increase in violence among Latin American gangs? The answer is that government restrictions have created severe economic problems: drug smuggling, especially into the US, is more difficult with increased border security.

The loss of sales and the continued production of narcotics has driven down prices for some drugs and forced criminal organizations to compete for reduced profits. Criminal groups have also lost revenue from extortion. In El Salvador, the Mara Salvatrucha and Barrio 18 gangs face an economic crisis because they can no longer extort local businesses. This reduced income is escalating violence because gangs are being forced to compete for control over a smaller market. This contributed to the surge of violence in Mexico between the Sinaloa and Juarez cartels, which left 19 dead in one incident

As traditional sources of revenue have withered, criminal organizations in Latin America are adapting their activities to the coronavirus outbreak. Although increased border security has made smuggling more difficult, it has not halted together. According to research from the Global Initiative on Organized Crime, transport for essential goods between countries has increased while border security forces prioritise COVID-19 screening over illicit goods.

In El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala, gangs have moved from extortion to cross border drug smuggling due to the reduced profitability of extortion. A black market has also emerged in Medicine. In Honduras, shipments of N95 masks have arrived with some of their contents stolen. 15,000 coronavirus testing kits and two million personal protection items were stolen in an incident at Sao Paulo's Guarulhos Airport.

The pandemic has also affected supply chains by changing the prices of narcotics and different stages of distribution. Production of coca leaf - the base component of Cocaine - has continued at a historically high pace in Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia, but reduced demand from narco traffickers has caused its price to fall dramatically in those countries.

Further down the supply chain, criminal organizations are suffering from a scarcity of supply. This has increased the street price of drugs in countries like Argentina, where marijuana is now sold for twice its previous asking price. In Mexico, drug cartels have standardised the prices of meth, cocaine, and heroin at higher levels in an attempt to prevent the prices for some drugs from fluctuating. As a result of this agreement, the Sinaloa Cartel has instructed its dealers to sell meth at five times the previous price.
An Unlikely Source of Aid
The coronavirus outbreak has affected more than just criminal supply chains. Many cartels and militant groups have fulfilled the role traditionally given to governments by providing support to their communities and enforcing restriction policies. In Mexico, the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, the Gulf Cartel, and Los Viagras have distributed food packages branded with their leader's faces. Criminal groups in Rio de Janeiro's favelas have imposed a curfew to stop the spread of the virus in lieu of a government response. The former Brazilian Health Minister, Luiz Henrique Mandetta, told Brazilian officials to cooperate with these criminal organizations stating "the ones in charge are drug traffickers".

These actions have a strategic motive. The Mexican Secretary of Security and Citizen Protection argues that gangs see an opportunity in the absence of state authority to increase their social influence and build ties in their communities.. They will try to build a strong social base that can be utilized after the pandemic ceases. Community support is critical for drug cartels that want to sustain their recruitment levels and to provide infrastructure of trafficking narcotics.

It is likely that competition over paltry income during the currency crisis will restructure power relations among gangs across the continent longterm. As with past periods of heightened conflict, criminal organizations are fragmenting and will need to restructure: criminal organizations that previously focused primarily on extortion or drug trafficking will control more diversified sources of income- perhaps moving into medicine smuggling or kidnapping.

Finally, the relationships built between communities and criminal gangs during the outbreak will persist after the outbreak has ended. This will enhance the ability of gangs to recruit new members and conceal themselves from the state, and will aid the increasing politicization of gangs in South America.

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Cartels and Coronavirus: How Latin America's Drug Gangs are Adapting

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The coronavirus outbreak is disrupting companies and industries around the world, and drug trafficking is no exception. The past few months have been marked by a surge in violence among gangs in El Salvador, Honduras and Mexico. Illicit networks throughout South and Central America have adapted to changing border policies and demand.

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For this week I found an article about how China is going into South American waters to get seafood as people in South America  can not afford to pay off they debts to China. China has always had a overfishing problem for a long time and by taking advantage of the debt that the Latin America counties and threating to reduce imports they can get away with fishing in their waters. This results in the growing fear of both the environmental effects surrounding the area and the counties that live near ocean that relies more on fishing for their economy. With the United States joining the effort to stop the Chinese boats from illegal fishing on their waters they can work together to  keep nature vibrant and confront their boats to uphold the law.  (word count 134)
article link:https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/10/30/chinas-hunger-for-seafood-is-now-latin-americas-problem/

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Cultural appropriation? Or a celebration of tradition? Today I learned that the toy company Mattel has released a new ‘Barbie’ doll coinciding with the Mexican Holiday Dia Los Meurtos. The doll is decked out with emblematic designs of the holiday such as the already heavy commercialized skull or ‘calavera’ design. In the article, published Nov. 2020 by CNN, the Mexican-American designer states that it was important to incorporate traditional motifs representing his culture, and while the intention may have been innocent, the fact of the matter is, Mattel, a multi-billion dollar American company, is still going to see a fairly large pay day from the already sold-out $76 doll. I also learned that back in 2013, another American company, Disney, attempted to trademark “Dia de Los Meurtos,” the patent was retracted only after backlash. (134 words) https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/01/us/day-of-the-dead-barbie-cultural-appropriation-trnd/index.html

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This week I choose an article about cultural anthropology in Argentina. This article was published in early October is about the Argentinean governments efforts to recognize and also try to revive Argentina’s indigenous language.  This is a year long project to create the countries first comprehensive language map as part of the UN’s international Year of indigenous languages. There are 36 languages of which there are 12 that are classified as “without speakers”. Meaning no one speaks them currently but some might speak the language in the future. It is meant to try re ethnize the region by bringing back the languages to try to help to undo the process of colonialism.

https://worldcrunch.com/culture-society/recognizing-and-reviving-argentina39s-indigenous-languages

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When I was reading and searching for the articles in South America it was kind of difficult to find news unrelated to Covid 19 online.  The first few posts I made before were all connected to Covid or pandemic problems which was current events so they were super important, but since it was all over the news I choose to find different topics. My favorite news report I liked the most was the latest one I did about the China boats. That article had a lot of information and facts I could connect with anthropology. For example how China is crossing the ocean borders to supplement their lack of seafood and how it effects  the counties that relied on the ocean for their economy.
word count: 124

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This week the article I chose is about the effect that social media has on elections. Specifically, on the election in Brazil that happened on September 14, 2020. This was not a surprise for many Anthropologists because far right politicians have been rising in popularity for the last decade or so. This has made ‘Anthropologists in Brazil wonder if this is because or in part the rise of similar media structures. But more specifically the increase of digital campaigns on social media platforms aid in the election of far-right individuals. It seems to the Anthropologists that by having people vote and share that online helps to make them win because humans are inherently social creatures.

https://www.anthropology-news.org/index.php/2020/09/14/when-brazils-voters-became-followers/

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What I have learned most over the last 9 weeks is about how culture changes. I always regarded culture as a mostly static, mostly geographic entity-absorbing small amounts of foreign influence with significant contact when necessary. My article choice originally wanted to gravitate towards large historically important cultural events. An example of this would be week 3 (which was probably my favorite article nonetheless (I was really shipping the Polynesians and the South Americans)).  However, that’s really not how culture works. Its people, its regular people, doing ‘regular’ people things. Everyone has their opportunity to act as a cog in the wheel of culture and time. (106 words)