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One way to escape from this circularity is to translate expressions in the object language into a well-defined metalanguage. We need to understand the context. Knowing the meaning of a sentence will allow us to determine whether that sentence is true in a particular situation or universe of discourse, it's true if its meaning corresponds to the situation being described --> correspondence theory of truth. If we know the meaning of a sentence, the principle of compositionality places an important constraint on the meanings of words which the sentence contains: the meaning of individual words (and phrases) must be suitable to compositionally determine the correct meaning for the sentence as a whole.

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- Ahmad Marvel Al Ayyubi Rochman (200222608429)
- Allegra Rheyandra Rudynatha Fayza (200222608411)
- Andiani Salsa Sabrina (200222608425)
- Diva Ramadhana Constantia (200222608415)
- Hanindya Putri Salsabila(200222608404)

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(3a) in as a direct request, because the grammatical form (imperative) matches the intended speech act (request), same as the sentence meaning.
(3b) in as an indirect request, because the grammatical form (interrogative) does not match the intended speech act (request) the utterance meaning must be understood by pragmatic in ference.

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3. What is the speaker trying to do? what speech act is being performed?
a. Please pass me the salt.
b. Can you please pass me the salt?
What does please mean? It does not seem to have any real semantic content,  does not contribute to the sentence meaning.

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2. What did the speaker intend to communicate?(aspects of utterance )

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1. What did the speaker say?  what is the semantic content of the sentence? (The philosopher Paul Grice used the term “What is said” as a wayn of referring to semantic content or sentence meaning.)

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How a single sentence can be used to express two or more different utterance meanings, depending on the context.
A single sentence can be used to perform two or more different speech acts, i.e., things that people do by speaking. In order to fully understand a given utterance, the addressee (= hearer) must try to answer three fundamental questions: ~

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The relation between the form of a sentence (or other multi-word expression) and its meaning is generally not arbitrary, but compositional. This term means that the meaning of the expression is predictable from the meanings of the words it contains and the way they are combined.
Example:
When a child says see a blue bird, they are referring to an object that belongs to both classes, i.e., something blue and a bird.

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The relation between the form (i.e., phonetic shape) of the word and its meaning is arbitrary. This is not always the case. Onomatopoetic words are words whose forms are intended to be imitations of the sounds which they refer to.
Example:
The sound a cat makes is represented by the English word Meow, the Japanes word Nyan, the Korean word Yaong, and the Korean words Miaou.

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Pragmatics is concerned with aspects of meaning that depend on or derive from the way in which the words and sentences are used, in other words, pragmatics studies language use within its context.
Example:
The idioms “break a leg” would mean brutal or harm, but the actual meaning of it is used to wish somebody good luck (sc: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/).

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Semantics is the study of meaning, precisely it is the study of the relationship between linguistic form and meaning.
Example:
The word “live” can mean not dead or sent out while the event is actually happening, not recorded first (sc:https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/).

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If the sentence is in both written and spoken language, meanwhile an utterance is in spoken language only. It's about our use of speech as well as our goals.
Example:
If we choose to say "AW!" to express if we are injured or when we say "did you sleep well last night ? " if this sentence is asked to a friend, it can be considered as pleasantries, not intending to get real information, but for example, a doctor asks something like so the goal is to get information.

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A sentence is a group of words that express a specific thought.
Example:
"Mrs. Wen shopped a lot, and in the end she regretted it."  here the meaning of the sentence "regretted it" is when she shopped very much.

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A word is a string of characters that can have different meanings.
Example:
The word "second" could mean showing the time or number two.